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The provision of critical ecosystem services like carbon sequestration by peatlands has been degraded around the globe. Peatland restoration represents an opportunity to tackle the twin global emergencies of climate breakdown and biodiversity decline. Nonetheless, restoration success relies on a sound understanding of recovery trajectories associated with different restoration techniques. Focusing on temperate/boreal Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands, we used a quantitative meta‐analysis of 28 studies representing 275 sites in 11 countries to test for effects of peatland status (intact, restored, and degraded), varying restoration interventions and time since restoration on vegetation as a key indicator of peatland condition and functioning. Enhanced restoration (such as active revegetation) resulted in recovery to predisturbance levels within 30–35 years for Sphagnum mosses, and 20–25 years for many other peatland specialist species, and was the only restoration approach where positive outcomes were seen across all vegetation response variables. The use of standard restoration techniques, such as rewetting, was projected to result in cover of Sphagnum mosses and peatland specialist plants reaching that of intact sites within 45–55 years post‐restoration. Passive restoration (cessation of the degrading activity with no active restoration) generally elicited limited recovery of keystone peatland vegetation (Sphagnum spp.) even after multiple decades. A lack of standardization in monitoring severely constrains the analysis of peatland restoration outcomes. Increased funding for monitoring and reporting outcomes, and improved monitoring consistency, could greatly enhance our understanding of peatland restoration ecology and improve practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite bryophytes being well adapted to various ecological settings, they are rarely considered in reclamation projects. In this study, propagation regenerative capabilities of bryophytes on different substrates (sand, amphibolite, and pegmatite) and conditions (with or without peat amendment, shade and shredding) were tested in greenhouse and field experiments. In the greenhouse trial, after 6 months of reintroduction, Racomitrium species (Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid. and Racomitrium elongatum Frisvoll.) had higher regeneration compared to Polytrichum species (Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. mixed with Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.; a combination of shade (65% shading) and peat amendment (0.5 cm depth) was found to be particularly effective, resulting in up to 100% of Racomitrium species regeneration; shredding the stems of Polytrichum species into small pieces of 0.5–1.0 cm inhibited its regeneration. In the field trial, peat amendment had no effect on moss regeneration. The addition of fluvioglacial sand or till on waste rocks promoted bryophytes regeneration in both the greenhouse and field. These results provide science-based practical knowledge to support the inclusion of native bryophytes in waste rock restoration plans for mines located in northern boreal forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern peatlands are sinks for atmospheric carbon (C), but peat extraction converts these ecosystems to C sources. Due to a dry regional climate, undisturbed bog peatlands in western Canada often have a tree cover of Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Thus, a coniferous forest plantation may be an appropriate land use for cutover peatlands. This study determined the effect of a 7-year-old P. mariana plantation on C balance of a cutover peatland. We measured C stored in P. mariana biomass and carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) and methane (C[H.sub.4]) fluxes from bare peat at each of four fertilizer doses. Carbon stored in biomass of Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) that had spontaneously colonized the postfertilized site was also determined. Given that the water table remained very deep and that the sphagnum moss--ericaceous shrub peat- accumulating vegetation was not present, the site remained a source of C when only the planted P. mariana trees were considered, primarily in the form of C[O.sub.2] emissions by soil respiration. However, C accumulation in trees, including B. papyrifera biomass, resulted in a net C sink in fertilized plots. Results from this study indicate that tree plantations on cutover peatland may be a suitable land-management strategy on sites difficult to effectively rewet. Key words: carbon dioxide, peatland restoration, forest plantation, methane, soil organic matter. Les tourbieres nordiques sont des puits de carbone (C) atmospherique mais l'extraction de la tourbe convertit ces ecosystemes en source de C. A cause d'un climat regional sec, les tourbieres ombrotrophes non perturbees de l'ouest du Canada ont souvent un couvert arborescent de Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Par consequent, la plantation de forets de conifere peut constituer une utilisation appropriee des terres dans le cas des tourbieres qui ont subi une coupe. Cette etude a examine l'effet d'une plantation de P. mariana agee de 7 ans sur le bilan du C dans une tourbiere qui a ete coupee. Nous avons mesure le C emmagasine dans la biomasse de P. mariana ainsi que les flux de dioxyde de carbone (C[O.sub.2]) et de methane (C[H.sub.4]) dans la tourbe denudee pour chacune de quatre doses de fertilisant. Le carbone emmagasine dans la biomasse de Betula papyrifera Marsh., qui avait spontanement colonise le site apres une fertilisation, a egalement ete mesure. Etant donne que la nappe phreatique est demeuree tres profonde, et qu'il n'y avait pas de vegetation, mousse de sphaigne et ericacees arbustifs, qui permettait d'accumuler de la tourbe, le site est demeure une source de C lorsqu'on tenait compte seulement des tiges de P. mariana, surtout sous forme d'emissions de C[O.sub.2] provenant de la respiration du sol. Cependant, l'accumulation du C dans les arbres, incluant la biomasse de B. papyrifera, se traduisait par un puits net de C dans les places echantillons fertilisees. Les resultats de cette etude indiquent que la plantation d'arbres dans les tourbieres qui ont ete coupees peut constituer une strategie d'amenagement appropriee des terres pour les sites qui sont effectivement difficiles a rehumidifier. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: dioxyde de carbone, restauration des tourbieres, plantation forestiere, methane, matiere organique du sol., Introduction When a peatland is used for commercial peat extraction, vegetation is removed and open ditches are installed to dry the land. Drainage of peatland and extraction of peat leads [...]

Abstract: Choosing past and present-day indicators could strengthen the reference ecosystem used for ecological restoration projects. Based on the paleoecological analysis of four peat cores and the characterization of 13 [...]

Abstract: We have developed an approach to restore bogs after peat extraction, but, when sedge-peat layers are exposed, the minerotrophic remnant peat conditions require restoration towards a fen ecosystem. Three [...]

Peatland ecosystem restoration following oil mining activities in Alberta, Canada, aims at reestablishing crucial peatland functions, such as wildlife habitat, water storage and filtration, peat accumulation, and carbon sequestration. To reinstate peatland functions, characteristic hydrological conditions are necessary to support the establishment and growth of characteristic wetland vegetation. Following in situ oil sands well pad disturbances in the Peace River and Cold Lake Oil Sands regions in Alberta, we evaluated the efficiency of peatland restoration approaches including different groundwork and revegetation techniques. Groundwork techniques included the complete removal (CR) or partial removal (PR) of the former in situ well pads' mineral fill and revegetation included the spontaneous revegetation via natural ingress of diaspores from nearby peatlands, or managed revegetation via planting of Carex aquatilis, Larix laricina, and Salix lutea. We assessed the plant species composition, biochemical and hydrological properties of all study areas, including restored peatland areas, an unrestored area, and reference areas (REF) for comparison. Ten years post‐restoration, in the restored areas the mean total plant cover was 57% with an average of 35 vascular plant and bryophyte species, while in REF 68% mean total plant cover and an average of 64 plant species were recorded. Respectively, characteristic peatland species contributed to 61 and 100% of the species composition. PR and hydrological connection to the adjacent peatland resulted in near surface water table and the highest peatland plant species diversity, while CR promoted the formation of a shallow open water area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) published the second edition of its International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration in 2019. We conducted a pan‐Canadian study using semi‐structured interviews with restoration professionals to explore the extent to which restoration practitioners are aware of the document and use it. Overall, we found that direct uptake of the document by practitioners was lower than expected, with approximately 37.7% of all participants that were both aware of and consulting the publication for guidance in their practice of ecological restoration. This is due in part to low awareness of the document itself, with only a small majority (56.5%) of interviewees being aware of it. Other reasons listed by practitioners such as the structure of the publication, its added value, and its suitability for on‐the‐ground work revealed why some individuals aware of the existence of the document still failed to consult it. Here, we present a more nuanced assessment of these observations and share our findings with the ecological restoration community to address this disconnection. With intensifying pressures to achieve restoration success internationally, SER's guidance is critical. We analyze why it seems guidance from SER is not being taken up as fully as it might, and ways in which future versions may be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]