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Nanjing city is taken as a case in this urban rainstorm disaster risk research. Using the data of meteorology and social-economy statistics of Nanjing area, the paper selected ten indicators to establish the risk assessment system of urban rainstorm disaster from the aspects of the vulnerability of hazard-affected body, the fragility of disaster-pregnant environment, and the danger of hazard factors. Multi-layer weighted principal component analysis (MLWPCA) is an extension of the principal component analysis (PCA). The MLWPCA is based on factor analysis for the division subsystem. Then the PCA is used to analyze the indicators in each subsystem and weighted to synthesize. ArcGIS is used to describe regional differences in the urban rainstorm disaster risk. Results show that the MLWPCA is more targeted and discriminatory than principal component analysis in the risk assessment of urban rainstorm disaster. Hazard-affected body and disaster-pregnant environment have greater impacts on the risk assessment of rainstorm disaster in Nanjing, but the influence of hazard factors is few. Spatially, there is a large gap in the rainstorm disaster risk in Nanjing. The areas with high-risk rainstorm disaster are mainly concentrated in the central part of Nanjing, and the areas with low-risk rainstorm disaster are in the south and north of the city.

Education risk research has become the requirement of the current national security situation, the reference of the current situation of education development and the responsibility of rich theory. The research on college education risk is of great significance, but it is still in its infancy in China. This paper aims to further discuss how to identify risks, analyze risks qualitatively and quantitatively by referring to the mature risk management methods of other industries and starting from the analysis and research on the characteristics and types of educational risks, and propose feasible risk coping strategies and prevention mechanisms.

Public trust in the authorities has been recognised in risk research as a crucial component of effective and efficient risk management. But in a pandemic, where the primary responsibility of risk m...

Increasing antibiotic resistance across the world seems to reflect a failure of research and development (R&D) to keep pace with societally important disaster risks. This article uses the example of steadily increasing antibiotic resistance to question whether current R&D systems are able to timeously deal with certain societally important research problems. A review and discussion of new theoretical developments is offered, to suggest how novel technologies might be applied to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health-related disaster risk research. This article seeks to make a conceptual contribution through a critical review and synthesis of novel theory. Theoretical propositions are derived from conceptual analysis. Four key challenges are related to the derived propositions, to derive guidelines for how the disaster risk management process can be supplemented to improve its near real-time research capability. The theoretical propositions derived here relate to certain overarching challenges facing disaster risk research. The theoretical arguments made in this article seek to offer a heuristic perspective that may be useful to those seeking to apply novel technologies in disaster risk research to address societally important research problems such as antibiotic resistance. This research identifies evidence of the failure of the contemporary research system to solve problems like antibiotic resistance. On the basis of a synthesis of novel literature and theory, conclusions suggest certain useful avenues for the improvement of the research process. Urgency is recommended because of mounting societal costs of slow research responses to societal problems.

This paper comprehensively analyses various risks of the blockchain technology in circulation, including wallet security risks, code vulnerability, risks on the validity of the consensus mechanism, Hash algorithm risk, 51% attack risk and exchange risk. At present, with the vigorous development of the blockchain technology and the absence of government and legal supervision, users can only rely on themselves to fully identify risks to effectively avoid loss.

The concept of ultrahigh risk (UHR) has reached maturity and is now an established part of the clinical and research field in psychosis. In this chapter, we discuss the validity of the UHR concept as a predictor of psychosis and suggest possibilities for increasing its utility and accuracy. We discuss the gap in current treatment options primarily focused on psychosis prevention, while other prominent and persistent symptoms in the UHR population still lack adequate interventions. Finally, we discuss risk in a broader sense, including childhood and drug use. We recognize accomplishments by pioneers in this field and propose areas for further focus in the future.

Recent research on risk diversification is characterized by a strict dependence of risk on the natural environment. At present, the relationship between humans and the environment is the most important subject of consideration, and any changes taking place in the environment are the subject of an increased interest in it. Indeed, the concept of risk and decision-making in conditions of uncertainty about future events is still important, but in the mainstream, the relationship of risk with the environment in which humans live and treating the risk from the point of view of the global perspective becomes more important. Contemporary risk management is therefore characterized by increased social awareness and multilayered issues, while at the same time, the research is interdisciplinary. Despite this awareness, it has not yet been possible to develop a single risk research concept or a universal definition of risk. We can safely say that it is just the opposite. Risk research has to a large extent become an area of formulating contradictory research paradigms and contradictory goals and assessments. This does not mean, however, that in a few years this will not lead to positive solutions in this area, both for the benefit of humans and the environment in which they live.

Bencana longsor merupakan salah satu bencana yang sering melanda Indonesia. Data yang dihimpun dari BPBD Kota Bogor, menunjukkan pula bahwa kejadian longsor menempati urutan pertama dari 6 jenis bencana yang ada di Kota Bogor; pada tahun 2017 terdapat 179 kejadian longsor (40.5%) dari 442 kejadian bencana yang tercatat. Guna mendukung program pembangunan di kota ini, penelitian risiko longsor sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai dan memetakan risiko longsor Kota Bogor dan merumuskan rekomendasi mitigasinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah Multi Criteria Evaluation dimana bobot dan skor dari setiap parameter diperoleh dari Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kerawanan dan bahaya longsor tertinggi luasannya terdapat di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, hal ini sesuai dengan kondisi landform yang ada di wilayah tersebut, dimana 60.5% wilayahnya merupakan bentuklahan lereng bawah kerucut vulkanik denudasional, tebing sungai, serta lembah dan teras alluvial. Namun demikian untuk risiko tertinggi luasannya terdapat di Kecamatan Bogor Utara. Hal ini dikarenakan dominasi penggunaan lahan permukiman dan jumlah penduduk yang tinggi, sehingga faktor kerentanan menjadi indikator naiknya nilai risiko. Untuk Kota Bogor yang dominan dengan penggunaan lahan permukiman, arahan mitigasi yang direkomendasikan meliputi perlakuan teknik sipil, teknik vegetatif, dan teknik sosial pada kelas risiko sedang dan tinggi. Kecamatan Bogor Selatan dalam hal ini merupakan kecamatan yang paling luas areanya untuk diterapkan tindakan mitigasi.

In this chapter, we relate our analysis of risk to what has sometimes been called ‘the material turn’ in the social sciences. We introduce some insights from this line of thinking that we consider important for an intersectional analysis of risk. Although it has not been elaborated upon in previous chapters, these bear some relation to the conceptual developments discussed so far, for example post structuralism and dualism. Following a brief overview of the materialist turn and how it contributes to our own framework, we consider the influence of new materialism on risk research. Returning to intersectional risk theory, we use different examples to illustrate what rejection of the dualist epistemology means (and does not mean) from our perspective.

Anxiety symptoms in childhood and adolescence can have a long-term negative impact on mental and physical health. Although studies have shown dysregulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis is associated with anxiety disorders, it is unclear how and in what direction children's experiences of anxiety symptoms, which include physiological and cognitive–emotional dimensions, impact the functioning of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis over time. We hypothesized that higher physiological symptoms would be contemporaneously associated with hypercortisolism, whereas cognitive–emotional symptoms would be more chronic, reflecting traitlike stability, and would predict hypocortisolism over time. One hundred twenty children from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Research Project were followed in successive data collection waves approximately 3 years apart from childhood through midadolescence. Between ages 10–12 and 13–15, children completed self-report questionnaires of anxiety symptoms and provided salivary cortisol samples at 2-hr intervals over 2 consecutive days. The results from hierarchical linear modeling showed that higher physiological symptoms were concurrently associated with hypercortisolism, involving cortisol levels that remained elevated over the day. In contrast, longitudinal results over the 3 years between data collection waves showed that chronic worry and social concerns predicted hypocortisolism, showing a low and blunted diurnal cortisol profile. These results have implications for broadening our understanding of the links between anxiety, the stress response system, and health across the course of development.

Empirical research aiming to elicit risk attitudes faces problems of within- and between-method inconsistencies, which reduce the explanatory and predictive power of risk research. In this paper, we investigate the relevance of context and task involvement on these inconsistencies. Our analysis is based on a sample of 244 German agricultural sciences students, which were performing an iterative multiple price list (iMPL) and a simple self-assessment question on risk preferences. We find that using a real life and subject context specific (here, agricultural) framing of the iMPL is leading to fewer within- and between-method inconsistencies. This is due to the fact that contextual framing has an increasing effect on task involvement (proxied with the time spent in the iMPL). Additionally, we find that contextual framing triggers the role of subjects’ context involvement (proxied using an indicator for students’ involvement in the agricultural domain). More specifically, both higher task and context involvement are found to decrease within-method inconsistency in the iMPL task. While also between-method inconsistency is decreasing in subjects’ task involvement, we found no effect of context involvement. In conclusion, our results suggest that by framing a risk elicitation method according to the subjects’ specific context, involvement can be triggered and inconsistencies and misspecifications can be reduced.

There exist rare researches about economic risk in sectoral level, which is significantly important for risk prewarning. This paper employed status coefficient to measure the symmetry of economic subnetwork, which is negatively correlated with sectoral risk. Then, we do empirical research in both cross section and time series dimensions. In cross section dimension, we study the correlation between sectoral status coefficient and sectoral volatility, earning rate and Sharpe ratio respectively in the year 2015. Next, in the perspective of time series, we first investigate the correlation change between sectoral status coefficient and annual total output from 1997 to 2015. Then, we divide the 71 sectors in America into agriculture, manufacturing, services and government, compare the trend terms of average sectoral status coefficients of the four industries and illustrate the causes behind it. We also find obvious abnormality in the sector of housing. At last, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the federal government.

Resilience has become an important concept in safety and risk research and applications. There are many definitions, but the fundamental idea is that resilience has to do with the ability of a system to sustain or restore its functionality and performance following a change in the condition of the system (referred to as an event). Describing or measuring the degree of resilience is challenging as it is not obvious what events should be considered; also unknown types of events occurring need to be taken into account. Considerable efforts have been made to understand and describe the resilience concept and its relationship to risk, and the purpose of the present paper is to contribute to this work by arguing that to analyse and manage resilience, risk considerations and assessments can provide useful input. Resilience management is not depending on risk considerations and assessments to be effective, but could benefit from such considerations and assessments if properly conducted. They need to extend beyond traditional quantitative risk assessments; broader qualitative or semi-quantitative risk considerations and assessments are needed which highlight uncertainties and the knowledge and strength of knowledge that the uncertainty judgments are based on.

We investigate the influence of providing expected lottery results to experiment participants in two common risk attitude elicitation tasks. In a between-subject design, either the Holt and Laury task or the Eckel and Grossman task is carried out by a sample of 208 students. We find no significant effect of shown expected values on the risk attitude measured by the tasks. This result even holds true if we divide the experiment participants into specific sub-groups, i.e. female and male, or lower numeracy and higher numeracy participants. Furthermore, comprehension and processing time are not significantly influenced by presented expected values. Therefore, we conclude that providing information on expected values does not influence decision-making in tasks involving risk. This result indicates the robustness of elicited risk attitudes to variation in common experimental methods, and demonstrates that more information could be provided without creating bias in the results.

This special issue on the legacy of Ulrich Beck is aimed to stimulate reflection both on the specific uses to which Beck’s conceptual and theoretical apparatus can be put within risk studies and the wider significance of his academic project for the social sciences. In this end-piece, we draw out the key themes which surface in the different contributions relating to five particular areas: the nature of risk; advancements in methods; issues of non-knowledge and uncertainty; the development of cosmopolitan risk communities; and the situated character of individualization. We discuss the implications of the accounts contained in this special issue and reflect on the impact and influence of Beck’s sustained engagement with colleagues around the globe, concluding that the concepts and methods that Beck bequeathed the social sciences are set to live on and thrive.

While risk research normally understands risk as an entity that can be calculated using statistics and probabilities – and which therefore also can become the object of insurance technology – it is...

The ‘relational theory of risk,’ proposed by Asa Boholm and Herve Corvellec in Journal of Risk Research in 2011, offers a theory of human constructions of risk, a theory that has not only sociologi...

The uninterrupted increase of extreme events has vitalized disaster risk research (DRR). DRR, as a multi- and transdisciplinary endeavour, should be framed and implemented within the context of sustainable development, climate change and other challenges. In order to facilitate the adoption of knowledge-based solutions in policy and practice, innovative and integrated approaches to transdisciplinary research have to be matched by appropriate and effective governance structures. Based on the findings of an independent Review of the ICSU11 ICSU and ISSC has merged after the mid-term review process of IRDR to form ISC (International Science Council). As institutions and documents mentioned in this paper refer to the pre-merger situation the abbreviations ICSU and ISSC are kept. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) Interdisciplinary Body, lessons have been learned that can also be relevant for other collaborative, policy-practice oriented science programs. Keywords: Integrated disaster risk research, Governance of science programmes

Controlled human infection (CHI) models have been developed for numerous pathogens in order to better understand disease processes and accelerate drug and vaccine testing. In the past, some researchers conducted highly controversial CHIs with vulnerable populations, including children. Ethical frameworks for CHIs now recommend vulnerable populations be excluded because they cannot consent to high risk research. In this paper we argue that CHI studies span a wide spectrum of benefit and risk, and that some CHI studies may involve minimal risk. The categorical exclusion of children from CHIs therefore departs from the standard approach to evaluating research risks, as international regulations and ethical guidance for pediatric research generally permit non-beneficial research with low risks. The paradigm in research ethics has also shifted from focusing on protecting vulnerable participants to recognizing that inclusion can be important as a matter of justice, providing new reasons to question this default exclusion of children from CHIs. Recognizing that pediatric CHIs can raise complex ethical issues and are easy to sensationalize in ways that may threaten the public's trust in research and sponsor institutions, we conclude by describing additional complexities that must be addressed before pediatric CHIs beyond licensed vaccine studies might be ethically acceptable.

LA RED (Network of Social Studies on the Prevention of Disasters in Latin America) has become the most influential group analysing disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its contributions have paved the way for a new way of understanding disasters, disaster risk, and their management, concerning: (i) that disasters are not natural, but socially constructed; (ii) the inherent nexus between disaster risk, development, and the environment; (iii) the significance of small- and medium-sized disasters and extensive and intensive risks; (iv) disaster risk management at the local level; and (v) integrated disaster risk research and the need for forensic investigations of disasters. As a result of this unification of challenges, intellectual communities of connected individuals were formed. Nonetheless, a focus on territorial management, exposure, and vulnerability remains a challenge for academia. In addition, the labyrinths of disaster risk governance must be disentangled by other stakeholders, such as national authorities, policymakers, and practitioners.

Die Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie untersucht die psychische Entwicklung und ihre Störungen bei Kindern mit unterschiedlich ausgeprägten Risiken mit dem Ziel, Empfehlungen für die Verbesserung der Prävention, Früherkennung und Frühbehandlung von psychischen Störungen bei Kindern abzuleiten. Dazu begleitet sie eine Kohorte von anfangs 384 Kindern in ihrer Entwicklung von der Geburt bis zum Erwachsenenalter. Die Erhebungen fanden in regelmäßigen Abständen statt, beginnend im Alter von 3 Monaten, mit 2 Jahren, 4;6, 8, 11, 15, 19, 22, 23 und 25 Jahren. Geplant ist eine weitere Erhebung mit ca. 30 Jahren., The Mannheim Study of Children at Risk investigates the psychological development and its disorders in children with different risks with the aim to delineate recommendations for improvements of prevention, early identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders in children. Assessments are conducted at regular intervals, starting at the age of 3 months of the child, at 2, 4.5, 8, 11, 15, 19, 22, 23, and 25 years. A next assessment is planned for the age of about 30 years., Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe, 556

The following reflections stem from my personal experiences in risk research rather than from a systematic literature review. This research note therefore should be understood as personal preferences and observations that are not intended as a kind of research agenda, although they perhaps might be of some use for such an endeavor. My academic experience with risk is grounded – and on that note also biased – first by a sociological concern with risk (e.g., Douglas & Wildavsky, 1982; Beck, 1992; Luhmann, 1993; Beck, 1994; Furedi, 2002; Lyng, 2005), and second by an empirical engagement for half of my academic career with the institutional field of organized gambling (e.g., Kingma, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2004, 2008a, 2010, 2013, 2015). For instance, I quickly learned that gambling not only deals with individual risk-taking behavior but, more interesting, at the same time with risk-taking by organizations and governments who commodify, legalize and liberalize this peculiar social activity (which on closer inspection is difficult to classify as either productive or consumptive). This became particularly salient from the 1970s onward when gambling in many jurisdictions gradually transformed from an illegal and deviant activity into a more or less respectable part of the consumer society. In other words, gambling became part of our “institutionalized risk-environment” (Giddens, 1990). In this context, gambling risks such as problem gambling assume the character of “normal accidents” (Perrow, 1999), and gambling organizations, particularly casinos, develop the features of “high-reliability organizations” (Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001) with comparably high levels of risk-awareness and protective measures.

A large proportion of the global tourism industry is highly exposed and vulnerable to environmental hazards and has over the last years been highly affected by subsequent disasters and crises. Tourism involves the interactions of organizations, people, and events in a variety of subsystems. The complexity of this interconnected system and the relatively early-stage of tourism-related crisis and disaster studies suggests that a dialogue between the tourism and the disaster risk research communities could be beneficial in order to share knowledge and define gaps regarding crisis and disaster affecting the tourism industry. Our study aims at giving directions to fill this gap by reviewing key contributions on crisis and disaster risk management and adopting a systematic approach to review the tourism-oriented literature on the topic. Grounding on the analysis of 113 relevant publications, this note describes how the literature has developed to this point and where the field seems to be heading in the future. The findings point towards a research agenda for the future.

This review article maps the shifts and trends in the risk literature regarding particular risk types across the past 30þ years. Not only does it address which hazards and risks receive scholarly attention, but also from which perspective. A similar review on crisis literature (Kuipers & Welsh, 2017) reported that on average only 14 percent of the articles in three crisis and disaster journals pertained explicitly to risk research. Does risk research perhaps pay more attention to crises than the other way around? Our multivariate regression analysis of the different types and themes reveals how some risk types are researched and discussed almost exclusively from a particular angle. Also, the large majority of articles from some perspectives only take a limited variety of risks into account. Mapping risk research indicates not only which topics and themes have received increasing or structural attention but also which ones, or which combination of risk types and perspectives, perhaps deserve more study than they currently receive.

As rainfalls exceeding the designed level have increased, so has damage associated with pluvial flooding. Typhoon Hagibis, which swept Japan in 2019, left 140 municipalities in 15 prefectures scarred from flooding. The sewage networks damaged by the typhoon affected civic life by paralyzing urban functions, raising concerns in urban flood risk and management. Increases in heavy rainfall events associated with global climate change are expected to increase damage from pluvial flooding, thereby necessitating reviews of current urban flood risk management for the purpose of making further improvements against future threats. As we enter an era of frequent urban flooding, it is vitally important that we prepare for urban flood risk management by sharing scientific and technological knowledge among academics, private companies, and administrators. In this context, the current issue is a compilation of contemporary research studies in academia, technological advances in private companies, and practical applications in public administrations in Japan. The works include: the application of urban flood modeling in safe evacuation strategies, the assessment of economic loss, and the impact of climate change; state of the art technologies for urban flood management with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet Communication Technology (ICT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and the next generation of weather radars; and best practices for flood countermeasures, based on knowledge and experience from historical flooding and applied in prefectural governments and local municipalities. We are grateful to all the authors and reviewers who contributed to this special issue, and we hope that it may internationally enhance knowledge-exchange in preparation for growing urban flood risks.

Prof Ortwin Renn was one of my PhD supervisors at Clark University (along with Prof Robert Mitchell and Prof Roger Kasperson) where I studied risk research and energy policy between 1988 and 1992. ...

This article addresses a fundamental feature of risk discourse, namely, risk association, defined as the process whereby an agent establishes a connection between something, x, and the notion of risk. In addition, risk association can be defined as the result of such a process, i.e. an established connection between x and risk. A special case of risk association is when x is linked to harmful properties and thus is represented as a risk. Although fundamental to any analysis of socio-cognitive attention to risks, the process of risk association is often taken for granted in risk research. A layered model of risk association is presented taking linguistic practices, i.e. the use of words, as the point of departure. Accordingly, there are both central and more peripheral means of risk association. The central means include the morpheme ‘risk’. More peripheral means of risk association are close synonyms and antonyms of risk (e.g. ‘hazard’, ‘danger’, ‘safety’ and ‘security’) and other related words (e.g. ‘cri...

In recent years, in Vietnam, economy has been developing rapidly. To ensure rapid and sustainable economic growth, strong support from the energy sector is required. Governments in Vietnam have invested in numerous hydropower projects, many of which employ the EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract. However, the EPC general contractors are facing many difficulties, resulting in schedule delays and considerable losses. This research is conducted to highlight the main risk factors in the delays of hydropower construction projects in Vietnam. The research employs the method of statistical calculations and risk analysis to obtain feedback from experts participating in similar projects. The research outcomes are as follows: identifying the risks that can cause delays in EPC hydroelectric construction projects in Vietnam; calculating and classifying the degree of impact of each risk to the progress of the construction. The practical significance of this study is to ensure the timely completion of projects, benefits for the investors, and the EPC general contractors.

This chapter summarises the implications of the four sections for the sociology of risk and uncertainty. It analyses what these developments in methodology, methods, and research strategies have to offer for interdisciplinary risk research in general. The chapter will conclude with suggestions for further development and research.

Research on schizotypal personality and schizotypy has emerged as an important methodological alternative to the investigation of manifest schizophrenia. Contrary to the assumption that schizotypy/schizotypal personality is specifically associated with schizophrenia, some studies have shown that psychiatric controls at times achieve similar scores in schizotypy assessment tools to patients with schizophrenia. We compared patients with schizophrenia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as nonclinical controls using different schizotypy scales. Further, we explored the impact of response tendencies on schizotypy scores. Patients with schizophrenia achieved higher scores on positive schizotypal scales, but no scale distinguished this group from controls. We developed a schizophrenia-specific scale, the Schizophrenia Proneness Scale, consisting of 17 items that discriminated patients with schizophrenia from all control groups. Many (sub)scales were correlated with social desirability and infrequency. Whether these items are predictive of later schizophrenia remains to be tested in independent and preferably longitudinal studies. Response biases distorted results and deserve greater consideration in the future. We also recommend that disorganized (Bleulerian) symptoms should be examined in more depth. In view of the low predictive accuracy of existing scales and the high stigma of a diagnosis of schizophrenia, clinicians should not overemphasize to patients the remote possibility of future psychosis.

There are increasing concerns that research regulatory requirements exceed those required to manage risks, particularly for low- and negligible-risk research projects. In particular, inconsistent documentation requirements across research sites can delay the conduct of multi-site projects. For a one-year, negligible-risk project examining biobank operations conducted at three separate Australian institutions, we found that the researcher time required to meet regulatory requirements was eight times greater than that required for the approved research activity (60 hours versus 7.5 hours respectively). In total, 76 business days (almost four months) were required to obtain the necessary approvals, and site-specific processes required twice as long (52 business days/approximately 10 weeks) as primary Human Research Ethics Committee and Research Governance Office processes (24 business days/ approximately five weeks). We describe the impact of this administrative load on the conduct of a one-year, externally-funded research project, and identify a shared set of application requirements that could be used to streamline and harmonise research governance review of low- and negligible-risk research projects.

Flood preparedness of private households is regarded an essential building block of integrated flood risk management. In the past decade, numerous empirical studies have employed the protection motivation theory (PMT) to explain flood mitigation behavior at the household level. However, much of this research has produced mixed results and could not consistently confirm the strength and direction of the relationships between the PMT components. Based on a survey of 2,007 households in flood-prone areas, this study revisits the model structure of the PMT by means of structural equation modeling. Compared to the methods used in previous studies, this modeling technique allows us to capture the PMT components in greater detail and to comprehensively test their hypothesized interrelations. Our results point to two separate routes leading to two different response types: A protective route from coping appraisal to protective behavior, and a non-protective route from threat appraisal to non-protective responses. Risk perception is not found to be part of the protective route, neither are non-protective responses confirmed to undermine protection motivation. The two separate routes are observed consistently across all combinations of the six protective and four non-protective responses assessed in this study. In the light of encouraging private flood adaptation, risk communication measures should specifically target the protective route and avoid (accidentally) providing incentives that fall within the non-protective route. This cross-sectional study, however, cannot establish how the two routes interrelate over time. More experimental and longitudinal research is required to address potential feedback effects and the role of decision stages.

The DoReMi Network of Excellence (2010–2015) was designed to promote the sustainable integration of low dose risk research in Europe, in order to facilitate efforts to resolve the key policy questi...