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Over ten years ago, Benefiel called for the creation of a philosophical foundation for the spirituality at work movement, which she believed to be at risk because of the lack of theory and disagreement about key terms. This paper examines problems involved in setting up such a foundation.

It is often asserted that UK school-leavers know less grammatical terminology than in earlier years. However, objective data on this supposed phenomenon are somewhat scarce. The study reported in this paper aimed to see whether and to what extent knowledge about language (KaL) has declined over three decades, and how this might relate to university studies and the English school-leaving examinations known as A-level. We analysed data collected in a test-based survey of UK university undergraduates and compared them with a similar test-based survey conducted in 1986. We also put the studies in context by comparing the performance of UK home students with that of students in and from other countries. In addition, we analysed recent pre- and post-test data on whether courses of instruction in grammar improve undergraduates’ knowledge of grammatical terminology. Our results show a general reduction in school-leavers’ knowledge of grammatical terminology since 1986. Moreover, UK students have a much weaker knowledge than do non-UK students. Studying a foreign language leads to somewhat better levels of KaL, but this is not true for English language A-level. However, our results confirm that university-level instruction does improve awareness of and ability to use grammatical terminology. We end by discussing the value of KaL.

The UK Linguistics Olympiad, like similar olympiads that have been offered in other countries since they first took place in Moscow in 1965, is an annual competition in which school students test their ability to sort out the underlying patterns and rules in linguistic data. The UK olympiad has only existed since 2010 but by 2012 it already had 2,000 competitors aged between 11 and 18. Its success shows how enthusiastic young people can be about studying language structure. Linguistics olympiads help schools to promote languages and to interest all pupils in language structure; in the UK, this is particularly important in state-funded schools.

This comment on Sydney Lamb’s article “Language structure: A plausible theory” explores the similarities and differences between Lamb’s theory and my own theory called Word Grammar, which was inspired by Lamb’s work in the 1960s. The two theories share Lamb’s view that language is a symbolic network, just like the rest of our knowledge. The note explains this claim, then picks out a number of differences between the theories, all of which centre on the distinction between types and tokens. In Word Grammar, tokens are represented as temporary nodes added to the permanent network, and allow the theory to use dependency structure rather than phrase structure, to include mental referents, to recognise the messiness of spreading activation and to include a monotonic theory of default inheritance.

This study is a cost-analysis that calculates the impact of three interventions for patients identified as ‘at risk’ for Acute Coronary Syndrome - a cardio-vascular exercise programme, point-of-care digital diagnostics, and telemonitoring adherence tools. The methodology utilizes a model of the annualized costs of ACS for the entire treatment value chain, and measures the impact of the three interventions by the change in treatment cost, incremental net benefit, and QALY. The results demonstrate that the largest impact is measured when all three interventions are utilized simultaneously producing a cumulative savings of €4424 and 0.126 QALY per patient. We also find a significant decrease in Emergency Room visits by 15% and changes in rates of utilization of Catharization (−59%), Angioplasty (−59%), Bypass (−17%), Medication (−14%) and Rehabilitation (−13%).

Through stratification, this simulation shows that there is great potential to improve the efficiency of treating breast cancer. By segmenting the female population at the age of 50 based on family history and genetic testing, our model shows a reduction in costs of breast cancer treatments by 37% with no loss of efficacy accomplished primarily through a 60% drop in incidence of metastatic stages of the disease. These programmes are not inexpensive, and require substantial upfront investments of roughly 2 billion GBP and continued annual investments of several hundred million GBP. However, our simulations show a positive NPV and ROI in approximately year 7 of the programme.

This paper illustrates the processes needed to ensure the necessary information is available to prepare a marketing strategy for your clinical service of choice. This is often described in marketing publications as a 'situation analysis' or 'marketing audit'. The situation analysis will lead to the identification of the organisation's key strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats it faces. The second part of the paper illustrates how to identify marketing objectives and subsequently select generic marketing strategies for your chosen clinical services. Once analysis and determination of strategy have been completed, the next stage of the market planning process should be identifying specific marketing activities to support the chosen generic strategy. However space does not allow further elaboration on this process here. While this paper is intended as a simplified guide for acute NHS trusts, the marketing processes described can be applied to the marketing of clinical services in...

Arrow Energy operates a fleet of four-stage reciprocating compressors in the Surat Basin, boosting low-pressure coal-seam gas (at 60 kPag) to transmission pipeline pressure (in excess of 9000 kPag). Historically, the compressors and the gas engine drivers exhibited persistent problems associated with high vibrations, inadequate engine and process gas cooling, poor compressor valve reliability and premature engine component failures. Hot Queensland summer conditions further exacerbated these problems, which resulted in frequent unit trips during hot periods when gas and electricity prices demanded consistent gas production at nameplate capacity. Since 2014, Arrow Energy has carried out systematic analytical studies to establish the compressor package component limitations and develop technical solutions to address these. Stub shaft-driven air coolers, compressor valves, gas engine heads and valves, compressor frame and crosshead mounting arrangements were some of the key components studied in detail. Utilising systematically designed field tests with laboratory calibrated test instruments, scale model laboratory tests, advanced computer simulations, data analytics and new technology trials, several key design modifications were implemented. The outcome of these design changes has enabled Arrow Energy to achieve a step-change in reliability for the better, with each reciprocating compression package (including gas engine driver) operating in excess of 98% reliability. The implemented changes were executed at minimal cost and resulted in significant reduction in maintenance costs. The increased reliability and consistent production during the peak summer hours easily justified the modifications made to the packages. This paper describes the technical work undertaken, changes implemented and their outcomes.

Since January 2006 and the introduction of choice at the point of referral, marketing is increasingly recognised as an essential tool for survival in the new market for NHS patients and their choice of service provider. In March 2008, the Department of Health published a code of practice for the promotion of NHS funded services. In April 2008, 'Free Choice' was rolled out, giving increased freedom of choice to patients. Most senior managers in the NHS acknowledge the increasing need for an understanding of marketing and how it can benefit their organisation. This is illustrated by the proliferation of marketing conferences and meetings available, such as the recent NHS Marketing Forum 2008 held by the Health Service Journal in October 2008, supported by the NHS and the Chartered Institute of Marketing, among others.

Since its foundation in 1959, the Linguistics Association of Great Britain has established itself as one of the three associations for UK linguistics, alongside the much older Philological Society and its own child, the British Association for Applied Linguistics, though the relations among the associations are not always clear and can be somewhat problematic. The LAGB’s main characteristic has always been its annual or twice-yearly conferences with a focus on language structure, but it also has its own journal and has taken a lead in promoting linguistics to funding and educational authorities. The paper outlines these events and how the LAGB’s internal organisation has evolved to deal with them, and ends with three choices that face the association in its second half-century. 1. T HE E ARLY Y EARS

Serbo-Croat has a complex system of clitics which raise interesting problems for any theory of the interface between syntax and morphology. After summarising the data we review previous analyses (mostly within the generative tradition), all of which are unsatisfactory in various ways. We then explain how Word Grammar handles clitics: as words whose form is an affix rather than the usual ‘word-form’. Like other affixes, clitics need a word to accommodate them, but in the case of clitics this is a special kind of word called a ‘hostword’. We present a detailed analysis of Serbo-Croat clitics within this theory, introducing a new distinction between two cases: where the clitics are attached to the verb or auxiliary, and where they are attached to some dependent of the verb.

Adger (2006) claims that the Minimalist Program provides a suitable theoretical framework for analysing at least one example of inherent variability: the variation betweenwasandwereafteryouandwein the Scottish town of Buckie. Drawing on the feature analysis of pronouns and the assumption that lexical items normally have equal probabilities, his analysis provides two ‘routes’ towe/you was, but only one towe/you were, thereby explaining why the former is on average twice as common as the latter. This comment points out four serious flaws in his argument: it ignores important interactions among sex, age and subject pronoun; hardly any social groups actually show the predicted average 2:1 ratio; there is no general tendency for lexical items to have equal probability of being used; the effects of the subject may be better stated in terms of the lexemesyouandwerather than as semantic features. The conclusion is that inherent variability supports a usage-based theory rather than Minimalism.

The article focuses on inherent variability in syntax and the challenge that it presents for theories of language structure, using illustrative data from the Scottish town of Buckie (Smith, 2000). Inherent variability challenges a linguistic theory at three levels of theoretical adequacy: structural (Does the theory distinguish the relevant structures?), contextual (Does it allow structures to be related directly to their social context?), and behavioural (Does it allow an explanation for the observed frequencies?). The article summarizes the relevant claims of Word Grammar and shows (1) that it has at least as much structural adequacy as any other theory, (2) that it has more contextual adequacy than other theories because it formalizes the theory of Acts of Identity, and (3) that it at least provides a theoretical foundation for future advances towards behavioural adequacy. The article also argues against the minimalist analysis of the was/were alternation in Buckie (Adger, 2006).

In the first half of the twentieth century, English grammar disappeared from the curriculum of most schools in England, but since the 1960s it has gradually been reconceptualised, under the influence of linguistics, and now once again has a central place in the official curriculum. Our aim is not only to document these changes, but also to explain them. We suggest that the decline of grammar in schools was linked to a similar gap in English universities, where there was virtually no serious research or teaching on English grammar. Conversely, the upsurge of academic research since the 1960s has provided a healthy foundation for school-level work and has prevented a simple return to old-fashioned grammar-teaching now that grammar is once again fashionable. We argue that linguists should be more aware of the links between their research and the school curriculum.

“Ethical investing” is interpreted in the following paper to be the use of non-financial normative criteria by investors in the choice of securities for their portfolios.Ethical investors may aim at fulfilling duties they feel they have, possibly including increasing the amount of good in society through the consequences of their buying and selling behavior. The main duties are those of not-profiting from bad corporate behavior and of punishing bad (or rewarding good) firms. The main consequence desired is that managers manage corporations in a more ethical manner. But ethical investors (as opposed to some other kinds of investors who are also interested in normative issues) also aim at receiving returns based on the market risk of their investments.If the aim of managers is to maximize shareholder wealth, then ethical investors can fulfill their duties or achieve their desired consequences only if their trading activities affect shareholder wealth, i.e., share price. A theoretical argument is presented to show that this trading activity will not affect share price or return. In addition, reference is made to results of empirical studies which show that ethical stocks yield market returns, i.e., that the share price of ethical firms is unaffected by the actions of ethical investors.If the trading activity of ethical investors fails to affect share price and return, then these investors fail to fulfill any of their goals or to achieve their ends.

Socially responsible investors buy financial securities with two goals: to make a market-based return, and to make companies act in a more socially responsible way. Most research on socially responsible investment deals with investing in stocks traded on major exchanges. We add the case of loaning small amounts of funds to microentrepreneurs through a discussion of a particular case. The case is that of Calmeadow which, in conjunction with the Royal Bank of Canada, set up a microlending project in rural Nova Scotia (Canada). Using Hirschman’s analysis of “exit” and “voice”, we show that while socially responsible investors may make market-based returns for their investments in stocks traded on major exchanges, they have no effect on corporate behaviour because their action consists of exit, and they are easily replaced by other investors. They attain their first goal but not their second. On the other hand, in the Calmeadow/Royal Bank of Canada case, we see that those who lend money to microenterprises can more easily use voice. The relative power difference between the lender and the microentrepreneur enables the lender to make the microentrepreneur act in a more socially responsible way, although only marginally. But because of the market imperfections existing in this case (the very high transactions costs associated with administering small loans), the lender concluded it could not attain a market rate of return. In this case, then, the lender attained its second goal but not its first.

The paper focuses on the relation between the determiner (D) and the common noun (N) in a noun phrase (NP). Four facts show that D depends on N: only N is relevant to whether NP can be used as an adjunct; possessive determiners are similar to clearly dependent possessives e.g. in Dutch and German; N decides whether or not D is obligatory; and in English only one D is possible per N. Three other facts show the converse, that N depends on D: in many languages D sometimes fuses with a preceding preposition (e.g. French de le = du; English for each = per); D decides whether or not N is obligatory; the ellipsis of N is a regular example of dependent ellipsis. Therefore D and N are mutually dependent, a relation which requires the structural flexibility offered by Word Grammar. This does not mean that NP has two heads, but rather that either D or N may be the head.

One of the fundamental questions on which we linguists disagree is whether or not our subject is useful for education. On one side is a long tradition, stretching back to the classical world, in which the practical benefits were clear and agreed – for example, the early Stoic grammarians aimed to improve literary style (Robins 1967: 16), and the Latin grammarians wrote pedagogical texts for use in school (ibid.: 54). In modern times this tradition is represented by leading linguists such as Tesnière (1959) and Halliday (1964), whose work has been motivated at least in part by the desire to improve language teaching at school. On the other hand is an equally long philosophical tradition of ‘pure’ scholarship for its own sake, in which the only motivation was a desire to understand language better. Recently this tradition is most clearly represented by two linguists who otherwise have little in common, Sampson (1980) and Chomsky (Olson, Faigley & Chomsky 1991), both of whom have denied that linguistics has, can have or indeed should have any relevance to language teaching.The aim of this paper is to defend the traditional idea that linguistics has an important contribution to make in language teaching, though I shall not of course suggest that every piece of academic research should have a clear pay-off in terms of practical benefits. ‘Blue-skies’ research is just as important in linguistics as in other disciplines. All I shall argue is that our discipline, seen as a whole, has an important interface with education, and that research whose results cross this interface is just as important as that which feeds into, say, neuroscience or child development. Indeed, I shall go further by arguing that academic linguistics is weakened if we ignore the impact of education on language, so information must cross this interface in both directions. If the interface is important even for ‘pure’ research, it follows that we cannot simply name it ‘applied linguistics’ and leave it to those who call themselves applied linguists. My point is that the debate is relevant to all linguists, however ‘pure’, because if education has a profound impact on language, we should know rather better than we do at present exactly what that impact is.

Adjuncts may occur (by ‘adjunct preposing’) before a wh-interrogative clause which is a main clause, but not before one which is subordinate; for example: (i) Tomorrow what shall we do? (ii) I told you (*tomorrow) what we shall do. Why should the possibility of adjunct preposing vary between main and subordinate clauses? The pre-theoretical answer is obvious: the wh-word has the extra function in a subordinate clause of signalling the start of a subordinate clause, so like any other subordinator it must be the first element in its clause. Less obvious is how to capture this insight in a formal grammar, and the paper will show that this challenge favours flexible word-based grammars over the more familiar kind which assign a uniform clause structure. The paper considers and rejects a number of examples of the latter approach, especially that of Rizzi [Rizzi, L. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In: Haegeman, L. (Ed.), Elements of Syntax. A Handbook in Generative Grammer. Klewer, Dordrecht, pp. 281–337]. The proposed solution is based on enriched dependency structure (Word Grammar) which makes head-hood ambiguous in certain constructions. In particular, the head of a wh-interrogative may be its finite verb when it is a main clause but must be the wh-element when it is subordinate.

English gerunds such as (We weretalking about) John having a sabbaticalcombine the internal characteristics ofa clause with the external characteristicsof a noun phrase. Previous analyses havetried to recognise the mixed characterof gerunds by assigning them two separatenodes, one verbal and the other nominal.However, dependency analyses such as WordGrammar allow only one node perword, so they do not allow analyses of thiskind. Two-node analyses are strongevidence against dependency analysis, so itis important to be sure that they areneeded. The present paper presents ananalysis similar to the one recently proposedby Malouf in which the verbal and nominalclassifications are combined on asingle node which inherits both verbaland nominal characteristics; butunlike Malouf's analysis, it does notassume phrase structure. Like his, it exploitsthe logic of multiple default inheritance whichallows a single node to inherit fromtwo supercategories, in this case from both`verb' and `noun'. As Malouf points out,multiple inheritance works because English grammaris organised in such a way thatthe characteristics of these categoriesare orthogonal. In short, a gerund is both a verband a noun, as in traditional analyses. Simplestipulations are needed to allow for`possessive' subjects (e.g., about John'shaving a sabbatical) and a number ofvery specific constructions peculiar to gerunds:no in prohibitions or existentials(e.g., No playing loud music! There's no mistaking that voice), and a very fewconstructions which demand a gerund ratherthan a noun phrase (e.g., It's nouse . . ., They prevented us from ...).

The small‐ to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) retailing sector in the UK is facing challenging times. In order to help the sector meet these challenges a number of initiatives have been set up primarily with the intention to train, develop and support SME retailers through these times of change. Nevertheless, although a number of schemes exist at the European, national, regional and local levels, their ability to engage with the sector and facilitate change is questionable. Many of the training schemes and advice services are just not perceived by SME retailers to be relevant to their needs. In this paper, we suggest that a practical alternative to many of the structured and formal approaches currently on offer is that of mentoring. By reviewing the literature pertaining to the method and by presenting SME applications of mentoring we develop a framework for mentoring in the SME retail sector.

In the problem of estimating the fractional difference parameter in a long-memory time series (ARFIMA) process, the GPH technique is quite popular because of its simplicity and lack of need for prior knowledge of the parameters defining the ARMA processes. However it has now been established that the (OLS) assumptions behind the GPH technique do not hold for these processes in general (e.g. [17]). In view of this, an obvious alternative would be to use the generalised least squares method (GLS) for estimation and inference on this parameter. In this paper, we use the results in Hurvich and Beltrao to propose a GLS procedure for estimating the differencing parameter. The method is dependent on asymptotic expansions following results in the Hurvich and Beltrao paper, to estimate the covariance matrix in GLS. It is also shown, via simulations, that the asymptotic expansions provide adequate estimation of the GLS covariance matrix for general use. Results from various simulation experiments are prese...

Rosenberg claims that economics must use the 'intentional idiom' for its explanatory strategies. We examine whether scientific articles in financial economics do in fact ascribe propositional attitudes to economic agents. We look at articles in the Journal of Finance , volume 54 (1999), where we find a total of 250 502 words in 29 articles. The total number of ascriptions of the intentional states of belief, desire, expectation or preference to economic agents is 137, with 26 of 29 articles making 10 or fewer ascriptions. We propose other areas where intentionality might be found in these articles.

In most standard dialects of English, there is a gap in the paradigm of the verb BE where we expect to find amn't. But how do we know that this gap exists, since learners have no positive evidence that amn't is ungrammatical ? It is even more puzzling since there is no gap when the subject is inverted (aren't I... ?). Familiar explanations for this gap fail; in particular, it cannot be the result of conservative acquisition strategies. The explanation offered here is based crucially on a combination of multiple-default inheritance and function-based morphology, as embodied in word grammar. The gap is due to a Nixon-diamond conflict between two competing values for the same morphological function required by the categories negative and first-person. The inverted form is supplied by stipulation because of the functional pressure to supply a 'casual' form. Various dialect alternatives to the Standard English pattern are also considered. The success of this explanation shows that language must use default inheritance, multiple nonorthogonal inheritance, and morphological functions

The paper rejects the standard view according to which every tensed verb in English agrees with its subject in person and number. It argues that person is irrelevant to all verbs except BE, and that past-tense verbs and modals (other than BE) have no number agreement features. It discusses agreement mismatches which reflect the subject's meaning, but rejects the idea that subject–verb agreement may be a semantic rule; it proposes instead a new feature ‘agreement-number’. This extra number feature applies only to the subject of a tensed verb and by default has the same value as the subject's ordinary number, while also allowing various kinds of mismatch (for I and you, and for cases of ‘semantic’ agreement). It also offers analyses of agreement with non-nominal subjects and dummy there, and shows how the analysis for Standard English generalizes easily to a range of variations found in nonstandard dialects. The theoretical basis for the analysis is Word Grammar, whose main advantage is that features are free to be assigned by rule because they are not used in classification.

The treatment of morphology in Word Grammar has received less attention than syntax and semantics, but the general principles are equally applicable to morphology. We outline a theory of inflectional morphology which uses ideas familiar from the Word-and-Paradigm tradition — Inflection, Lexeme and Stem — in combination with the logic of default inheritance. We apply this theory to a range of different morphological data: agglutinative (Swahili) and fusional, with and without syncretism (English, Welsh). We show that it is possible to analyse each of these types in a natural way without forcing it into an unsuitable mould, and in a discussion of Cree we show how dialect variation can be accommodated. We compare the WG theory with other approaches which are currently popular, especially a-morphous morphology, distributed morphology and network morphology.

This paper contrasts two explanations for Ellegard’s statistical data on the rise of auxiliary DO during the 15th and 16th centuries. One is Kroch’s explanation in terms of a change on the parameter of verb-raising, which is shown to have a number of serious weaknesses. The other is Warner’s explanation in terms of the gradual development of the distinction between auxiliary and full verbs. Though Kroch quotes Ellegard’s figures in support of the Principles-and-Parameters analysis, they actually support Warner’s view much better. The paper also considers developments in the auxiliary system since the 16th century and offers a mixture of cognitive and functional explanations for the changes since the 13th century.

This study investigated the possibility that the widely reported relationship between IQ and Inspection Time (IT) in children (e.g. Nettlebeck & Young, 1990) may derive from the involvement of various aspects of attention in both IT and psychometric ability tasks. Forty-nine participants, aged approximately 8–11 years, were given a battery of tests designed to measure different aspects of attention, the Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM) intelligence test and a visual IT test. Analysis using multiple regression indicated that, although attention predicted CPM score, IT was still a significant predictor of CPM score after age and the attention measures had been partialled out, indicating that IT scores account for a unique proportion of the variance in CPM scores. Age and IT were significantly (negatively) correlated. This correlation became non-significant once the attention measures had been removed. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies. After a consideration of a number of methodological criticisms, suggestions for further research are outlined.

The authors conducted a correlational study of 98 parents of children with hearing loss to determine the relationships among the parents' stress levels, their reported coping strategies, and the demographic characteristics of themselves and their hearing-impaired children. One unexpected finding was the low level of stress expressed by the sample. One predicted relationship was found. The communicative ability through signing of the child was significantly related to level of stress. The predicted relationships between a parent's marital status, a parent's educational level, the child's sex, and the age at onset of the hearing loss were not confirmed. The study revealed that racial and ethnic group membership was significantly related to the degree of use of several coping strategies. Hispanics differed significantly from African Americans in that they made greater use of coping strategies.

Recent work in a variety of different theoretical traditions has tended to emphasize the close match between syntax and semantics (Dixon 1991; Langacker 1987, 1990, 1995; Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1991, 1992; Wierzbicka 1988). It is very easy to be left with the impression that, if only we could analyse the relevant syntactic and semantic structures correctly, this match would be total. The following are fairly typical statements:The picture that emerges is that a verb's behavior arises from the interaction of its meaning and general principles of grammar. Thus the lexical knowledge of a speaker of a language must include knowledge of the meaning of individual verbs, the meaning components that determine the syntactic behavior of verbs, and the general principles that determine behavior from verb meaning. (Levin 1993: 11)

Does English have morphological case (as opposed to abstract Case)? Evidence is presented which suggests that it may be a completely case-less language like Chinese, contrary to the widely held view that the distinct pronoun forms and the ‘genitive’ 's involve morphological case. The existence of case in English has recently been accepted almost without question, but the question at least deserves serious discussion as it is easy to find alternative analyses. According to the analysis offered here, I and me are both personal pronouns whereas my, mine and 's are possessive pronouns; and the difference between I and me, like the one between my and mine, is handled by a very specific and local lexical rule which is sensitive to the syntactic structure but does not involve case.

Word grammar is a theory of language structure and is based on the assumption that language, and indeed the whole of knowledge, is a network, and that virtually all of knowledge is learned. It combines the psychological insights of cognitive linguistics with the rigour of more formal theories. This textbook spans a broad range of topics from prototypes, activation and default inheritance to the details of syntactic, morphological and semantic structure. It introduces elementary ideas from cognitive science and uses them to explain the structure of language including a survey of English grammar.