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Abstract Background Oculosporidiosis (ocular rhinosporidiosis) accounts for 15% of cases of rhinosporidiosis, which is a chronic granulomatous disease and is endemic in India and Sri Lanka. In Brazil, the climatic and hydrographic similarities to these endemic areas and the presence of riverside populations contributes to an increase in the incidence of rhinosporidiosis particularly in the State of Maranhão. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the number of diagnosed cases of oculosporidiosis and describe its the clinical epidemiology, laboratory, histopathology, and therapeutic characteristics. Methods The study is descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional, and reports the prevalence and clinical epidemiological characteristics of oculosporidiosis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. A retrospective analysis of the paper and electronic records for a period from 1999 to 2017 was conducted in the University Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (HU-UFMA), located in the northeastern region of Brazil. Results Thirty patients were diagnosed with rhinosporidiosis, eight of them had oculosporidiosis and seven of these met the criteria to be included in the study. Of the cases (23.3% of all 30), five were men (71.4%) and two women (28.5%), with an average age of 16.4 ± 15.6 years. In terms of race, four patients (57.1%) declared themselves white and three (42.9%) as brown. The north of the state, the mesoregion, had the most diagnosed cases accounting for 57.1% of the total. Left eye was the most affected site, reported in six patients (85.7%), while the conjunctiva was affected in all patients. Rhinosporidiosis and papilloma were the predominant diagnostic hypotheses (28.5 and 28.5%, respectively), followed by chronic scleritis, granuloma, and chalazion (14.25, 14.25, and 14.25%, respectively). All these cases were treated with lesion excision, and only two patients (28.5%) progressed with recurrence. Conclusion It was verified that there was a male predominance, with only one eye reported as an infected site, with no bilateral involvement. The younger age group (between 1 and 2 years of age) was more affected by oculosporidiosis, and histopathological examination was necessary for a conclusive diagnosis.

Purpose: To describe the outcome of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) as a suitable alternative to dacryocystectomy (DCT) in cases of isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis. Methods: This was a retrospective, interventional case series. Institutional review board approval was obtained for the study. The chart review of 13 patients who underwent external DCR surgery for isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis between July 2012 and May 2018 was performed. Demographic details, clinical presentation, preoperative and intraoperative findings, surgical technique used, postoperative management, surgical outcome and duration of follow up were reviewed for each patient. Results: Thirteen patients were included in the study. Nine (69.2%) were male and four (30.8%) were female. The mean age was 22.1 years (range: 8–46 years). Involvement was unilateral in all cases. The commonest presenting complaint was epiphora with discharge seen in 10 cases (76.9%). An intrasac granuloma was grossly identified intraoperatively in 12 out of the 13 patients. Mean follow up was 26.9 months (range: 1.5–68 months). Till the last follow up, all cases were symptom free and did not have any evidence of recurrence of infection. Conclusion: From this series of cases reported by the authors, external DCR with appropriate precautions to prevent recurrence appears to be a suitable alternative to conventional DCT with excellent long-term outcomes without disease recurrence.

A 17-year-old male patient presented with cellulitis and mass in the eye noticed approximately 3 months back. The mass was about 1 cm in size and situated at the limbus. All preoperative routine investigations were normal. Surgical exploration revealed a sub-conjunctival cystic mass near the lateral rectus muscle about 1 cm in diameter; the mass was excised. Gross pathological examination revealed a thin-walled cystic mass. There was a hard nodule in the center. Microscopy revealed a wall of cysticercosis. Scolex was also seen. Surrounding tissue revealed sparse acute and chronic inflammatory cells. The case was confirmed by CDC, Atlanta, and was also included in their departmental presentation as an interesting case. A 60-year-old lady presented with complaints of itching over the forehead and right eye for 5 days. She was prescribed steroid eyedrops and antihistaminics. The itching aggravated with eyedrops along with watering and foreign body sensation. On revisit, the ophthalmologist noticed a worm in the right upper subconjunctival space. The worm was carefully removed in toto and sent to the laboratory for identification. The worm was thin, cylindrical, 8–10 cm long and white in color. After microscopic and gross examination of the worm, it was identified as Dirofilaria spp. CDC (Atlanta) confirmed the diagnosis of Dirofilaria. The patient was treated with antihistaminics and was relieved of symptoms without recurrence. A 45-year-old male patient had a painless mass in the eye for the last 3 months. He had no systemic illness. He gave a history of swimming pool use during that time. The mass was excised and submitted for histopathology. Numerous globular cysts representing thick-walled sporangia containing numerous spores diagnostic of Rhinosporidiosis were seen.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic infection of the mucous membrane caused by the Rhinosporiduim seeberi, which infects through transepithelial penetration. Although described worldwide, this entity is mostly found in the western hemisphere, afflicting young people, predominantly males, associated in many cases with recreational or professional contact with bath in ponds, rivers, or stagnant waters. The clinical features are varied depending on the affected membrane, in some cases mimicking other diseases postponing the correct diagnosis. Although nasal obstruction and epistaxis are the common clinical presentations in sinonasal rhinosporidiosis, patients with epiphora without a nasal mass often challenge the diagnosis. In the present case, we have documented a case of isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis masquerading as chronic dacryocystitis, which was successfully managed by endoscopic excision, accompanied by a literature review.

Rhinosporidiosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, which is caused by the aquatic microorganism Rhinosporidium seeberi, is endemic in India and in many other regions of the tropics. It primarily infects mucocutaneous surfaces of nose, nasopharynx, and conjunctiva through transepithelial invasion. However, over the centuries, atypical involvement of other body parts, especially viscera, bone, subcutaneous layers, genitals, the tracheobronchial tree, and even the skull has been, though rarely, reported. This chronic granulomatous infection is notorious for its propensity for recurrence following autoinoculation and poor response to most of the anti-microbials except dapsone. Surgical excision followed by cauterization remains the treatment of choice when an operation is feasible. We herein report a case of an immunocompetent person with primary disseminated dermato-pulmonary rhinosporidiosis, which created significant diagnostic dilemma at the beginning, got complicated due to dapsone-induced direct anti-globulin test-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and finally responded to prolonged multidrug therapy with liposomal amphotericin B, ketoconazole and cycloserine. This report establishes the importance of tissue diagnosis in rhinosporidiosis and even, in resource-poor set-ups, a simple histopathological diagnosis can promote an early and affordable accurate diagnosis, and subsequently, a proper therapeutic intervention.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infection of the nose and nasopharynx. It is endemic in South Asia and commonly affects males in their second to fourth decades of life. Majority of the cases are found in the upper respiratory tract such as anterior nares, nasal cavity, inferior turbinate, nasal septum, floor, and nasopharynx. Although nose or nasopharynx is the most common location for rhinosporidiosis, it can also involve the skin, parotid duct, oropharynx, and larynx. Here, we report the case of a 42-year-old male who presented with extensive rhinosporidiosis in both nasal cavities and nasopharynx along with involvement of the roof of the oral cavity through erosion of the hard palate. The mainstay of treatment is wide excision followed by electrocautery of the base which ablates the recurrence. The rhinosporidiosis mass from different sites of the attachment was completely excised along with cauterization of the base. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinosporidiosis is one of the granulomatous diseases endemic in Asia, Africa, and Europe, with Southern India and Sri Lanka having the greatest prevalence rates. It is typically understood to affect the upper respiratory system. Involvement of the lungs beyond the trachea is infrequent as compared to the upper respiratory tract. We revealed an uncommon case of disseminated rhinosporidiosis in a diabetic patient, who initially presented with shortness of breath associated with cough and fever. Two months prior to these symptoms, he was having oral ulcer and dysphagia and, subsequently, loss of weight. Chest radiograph and CT thorax revealed military nodules with multiple suppurative neck and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and bilateral adrenal lesions. He was initially investigated for tuberculosis, metastatic malignancy, or lymphangitic carcinomatosis before a biopsy revealed Rhinosporidiosis. Hence, histopathological or laboratory evidence is frequently crucial to back up imaging concerns so the appropriate treatment can be given., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

We describe a classic case of nasal rhinosporidiosis in a woman who resided in Johannesburg, South Africa, but originated from a rural area in Eastern Cape Province. We confirmed histologic diagnosis using PCR testing and compared details with those from records on 17 other cases from South Africa.

Abstract Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mesomycetozoea Rhinosporidium seeberi. This highly recurrent polypoid lesion has a predilection for the nose and nasopharynx, although other organ systems may be affected. Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is very rare, and poses a challenge for diagnosis and management. In this report, we present a 30‐year‐old man with a history of recurrent nasal polyp who presented with cough, shortness of breath, haemoptysis, and a radiological feature of right lung collapse on imaging. He was diagnosed with rhinosporidiosis based on histopathological examination of bronchoscopic biopsy specimen taken from the right principal bronchial mass. Shortly after hospitalization, he developed acute respiratory distress requiring emergency bronchoscopic intervention. A pinkish mulberry‐like tracheal and right bronchial mass was removed endoscopically with cauterization of the base of the lesion. On long‐term follow‐up, the patient was free of symptoms without recurrence of airway disease.

In our day to day ENT practice we commonly come across diseases involving the larynx, the oral cavity and the paranasal sinuses. These range from inflammatory disorders to benign and malignant neoplasms. Carcinomas involving the head and neck region are most commonly squamous cell carcinoma. However, a small proportion of cases present with other variants of carcinoma or infective pathology uncommon for the site. In this study we present three rare cases encountered in the out-patient department, namely, Primary Malignant Melanoma of the larynx, Neuroendocrine Tumor of the nose and paranasal sinuses and Rhinosporidiosis of cheek.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease that predominantly affects the mucosal membranes of the nose and nasopharynx. The disease is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an eukaryotic pathogen with distinct geographical distribution particularly in tropical and subtropical areas acquired mainly through aquatic exposure.We report a case of a young Nepalese male who presented with recurrent right nasopharyngeal mass where surgical excision and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis following distinct pathognomonic findings. There is no optimal effective management of the disease and surgical excision coupled with cauterization to prevent recurrence is the recommended best option since medical treatment alone is ineffective. The clinical presentation, assessment and management options are reviewed.

Introduction: Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic mucocutaneous infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, which mainly affects the mucus membranes of the nose, oropharynx, skin, eyes, and genital mucosa. The purpose of this case report was to illustrate the importance of clinicians in understanding the unusual incidence of this fungal infection, clinical presentation, treatment modalities, and recurrence rate. Observations: A clinical case report showed rare occurrence of rhinosporidiosis in the lower third of the face. The lesion was surgically excised by electrocauterization at its base. Commentaries: The patient showed no signs of recurrence even after 3 years of follow-up. Further research should be carried out to analyze the role of genetic predisposition in causing zoonotic infection. Conclusion: Rhinosporidiosis should also be considered as the differential diagnosis when facial swelling is encountered.

In our day to day ENT practice we commonly come across diseases involving the larynx, the oral cavity and the paranasal sinuses. These range from inflammatory disorders to benign and malignant neoplasms. Carcinomas involving the head and neck region are most commonly squamous cell carcinoma. However, a small proportion of cases present with other variants of carcinoma or infective pathology uncommon for the site. In this study we present three rare cases encountered in the out-patient department, namely, Primary Malignant Melanoma of the larynx, Neuroendocrine Tumor of the nose and paranasal sinuses and Rhinosporidiosis of cheek.

Abstract Background Rhinosporidiosis is a rare chronic infection of the mucous membranes caused by the Rhinosporidium seeberi. Approximately 15% of cases of rhinosporidiosis are ocular, occurring mainly in the tarsal conjunctiva. There are only 11 cases of scleral melt with staphyloma formation associated with bulbar conjuctival oculosporidiosis and none of them was associated with partial regression of the scleral ectasia after a corneoscleral tectonic graft. Case presentation a 13-year-old girl with a progressively increasing black mass in the upper nasal part above the cornea of the left eye. The biomicroscopy revealed an oval, bluish mass measuring 10x10x5 mm with congestion of the overlying conjunctiva. Conjunctival biopsy showed sporoblasts of Rinosporidium seeberi. Treatment was conducted by conjunctival resection and tectonic corneoscleral graft (13x13mm) over the staphyloma. Within 1 year of follow-up the patient presented a partial staphyloma reduction, 9x9x2.5 mm, and the patch detached from the lesion. A novel surgical approach was done reducing the corneal patch and no recurrence was seen after 9 months. Conclusions This case is one of the largest anterior scleral staphylomas secondary to rhinosporidiosis described in the literature. Scleral anterior staphyloma partial regression is an unusual outcome after a tectonic corneoscleral graft. Infection resolution and graft covering of thinned area contributed to scleral reepithelization.

We report 4 recent cases of nasal rhinosporidiosis in Rwanda. All patients were boys or young men living in the same district (Gatsibo District, Eastern Province), suggesting a reservoir in the area. The recent reemergence of rhinosporidiosis in Rwanda might reflect increased availability of diagnostic services rather than emerging disease.

Treatment of uncommon fungal infection such as Rhinosporidiosis is challenging, especially when occurring in a non-immunocompromised patient in non-invasive form. Extensive involvement, extending into maxillary jawbone would need aggressive, chemotherapeutic and surgical approach. There are few reports of successful rehabilitation of maxillary jaw with dental implants after treatment of such fungal infection. After adequate medical treatment, the iliac graft and recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 was effectively utilized to reconstruct the lost maxillary bone. Later, dental implants were placed, that osseointegrated well.

Rhinosporidiosis is a rare granulomatous disease of mucous membranes caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. Although the taxonomy is still debatable, it has recently been concluded that it belongs to a novel group of fish parasite referred to as the “DRIP” clade (Dermocystidium, rosette agent, Ichthyophonus, and Psorospermium). It usually involves the nasal mucosa, but the incidence of extranasal (atypical) sites such as lip, palate, uvula, larynx, trachea, buccal cavity, lacrimal sac, scalp, skin, penis, urethra, vulva, and bone has been reported. Simultaneous involvement of both nasal and extranasal sites, particularly larynx and trachea, is rare. Only a few such cases have been reported, mostly from South India and Chhattisgarh. We report such a case of a 46-year-old male with extensive laryngotracheal rhinosporidiosis, which was managed successfully with surgery.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mesomycetozoea Rhinosporidium seeberi. This highly recurrent polypoid lesion has a predilection for the nose and nasopharynx, although other organ systems may be affected. Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is very rare, and poses a challenge for diagnosis and management. In this report, we present a 30‐year‐old man with a history of recurrent nasal polyp who presented with cough, shortness of breath, haemoptysis, and a radiological feature of right lung collapse on imaging. He was diagnosed with rhinosporidiosis based on histopathological examination of bronchoscopic biopsy specimen taken from the right principal bronchial mass. Shortly after hospitalization, he developed acute respiratory distress requiring emergency bronchoscopic intervention. A pinkish mulberry‐like tracheal and right bronchial mass was removed endoscopically with cauterization of the base of the lesion. On long‐term follow‐up, the patient was free of symptoms without recurrence of airway disease.Tracheobronchial rhinosporidiosis is a rare benign cause of endobronchial obstruction and poses challenge for diagnosis and management. We report a 30‐year‐old man who developed acute hypoxaemia by a rapidly growing rhinosporidial mass causing central airway obstruction. Emergency bronchoscopic intervention saved his life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Chhattisgarh is an endemic region for rhinosporidiosis infection in Central India. This high prevalence can be explained by suitable hot tropical environment as well as social practice of common bathing of public with animals outdoor, mainly in ponds and river. There are more than 200 ponds in and around Bilaspur district, mainly in Ratanpur region. However, due to limited literature describing rhinosporidiosis from this part of India, it remains neglected and still not recognized as a serious health-care issue and any definite government or private measures/initiatives are not taken to counter this problem. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective demographic study analyzing 113 consecutive biopsies received from different clinical departments in a tertiary care center with a histological diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis over a period of 7 years from January 2011 to December 2017. Results: Most of the patients presented in the otorhinolaryngology (86.7%) department, followed by ophthalmology (10.6%). The mean age of the patients was 23.4 years, with a range of 3–70 years. A male-to-female ratio of about 3:2 was noted. Nasal cavity was the most common site of involvement (90/113), followed by conjunctiva (7/113), nasal cavity with oropharynx (6/113), and eyelid (3/113). Patients' complaints showed a varying range from nasal block, nasal mass, bleeding, bleed on touch, difficulty in breathing, and conjunctival mass. Two of the cases presented as recurrent rhinosporidiosis. Conclusion: Rhinosporidiosis is endemic and possesses a great health-care burden in Chhattisgarh. The socioeconomic status, outdoor bathing, and cultural practice in rural areas are the major factors contributing to newer cases. An urgent government initiative to decontaminate public water bodies and public health education through health-care workers and nongovernment organizations is the need of the hour to curtail the incidence of rhinosporidiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vegetative growth in the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx present for a considerable period of time raises the possibility of rhinosporidiosis. Such presentation in the Indian subcontinent is not rare but erythematous cauliflower-like or tumor-like growths often reaching large size present on various areas of the skin without necessarily involving the nasal apparatus are often confusing to the attending clinician. A dermatologist may suspect the disseminated form of cutaneous rhinosporidiosis and perform a diagnostic histopathology. Early institution of treatment may give significant relief to the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinosporidiosis is a type of nasal polypoidal growth arising from the mucosa of nasal cavity and often extending to nasopharynx. Occasionally, this growth may invade the lower airways and cause airway obstruction. The clinical presentation of such cases is often contradictory and airway management during induction of anesthesia requires caution to prevent potential life-threatening situations. A case of large pedunculated rhinosporidiosis involving the epiglottis and laryngeal inlet, with significant airway management challenge has been presented here. Clinical significance: Primary care physicians should be diligent in evaluating patients with rhinosporidiosis and look for signs of airway obstruction to rule out lower airway involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous disease that is endemic in South Asia. It commonly affects men in the second to fourth decade of life. The most common site of infection is the nose or nasopharynx with primary involvement of the parotid duct noted very rarely; only four cases reported in literature. We report a case of a 77 year old male patient who presented with a subcutaneous cheek swelling with no other clinical features to suggest the diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis. An unusual affliction in a patient in the seventh decade of life, at a site not reported previously with no past history of the same makes it imperative to ascertain the known facts about both the organism and the disease. However the histopathological report confirmed the diagnosis which reiterates the need to further study the pathogenesis of this condition.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane primarily and is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic protistan parasite. The nose is the most common site of involvement and is seen in 83.3% cases, followed by ocular involvement in 11.2% cases and other sites like larynx, trachea and bronchus in 5.5% cases. In various oculosporidiosis case series, lacrimal drainage system involvement was seen to vary from 14.3% to 59.6% cases. Isolated lacrimal sac involvement in rhinosporidiosis was found in 45.8% (72 out of 157) cases of the lacrimal drainage system in a review of 31 studies. A variety of surgical procedures have been used to treat rhinosporidiosis of lacrimal sac like dacryocystorhinostomy, Dacryocystectomy, lateral rhinotomy and local lesion excision with a success rate varying from 28.5% to 92.3%. This wide variation in the success rate was due to the fact that a uniform surgical procedure was performed in all the cases of a particular series irrespective of the extent of disease. Grading the lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis to decide the extent of surgical excision may help achieve better results. We present a grading system based on our own experience in a case of extensive rhinospodiosis of lacrimal sac and review of 31 studies published in the literature. A 24-year-old male from Nepal presented with the complaints of watering from his right eye of 13 years duration, swelling in the right medial canthal area with an extension to the inferior part of the orbit for 12 years and nasal blockage for 1.5 years. The patient had a history of previous intervention in which biopsy was taken from the nose and sent for histopathology that confirmed rhinosporidiosis. An extended intranasal endoscopic dacryocystectomy was done along with debridement and coblation of the lesion over the septum and nasopharynx. Intraoperatively a large rhinosporidiosis mass was seen filling the sac and was removed in toto along with the sac and nasolacrimal duct. Recurrence of a tiny lesion after 6 months in our case despite wide excision with the drilling of bony nasolacrimal duct and coblation, made us review the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the outcome of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) as a suitable alternative to dacryocystectomy (DCT) in cases of isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis.Methods: This was a retrospective, interventional case series. Institutional review board approval was obtained for the study. The chart review of 13 patients who underwent external DCR surgery for isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis between July 2012 and May 2018 was performed. Demographic details, clinical presentation, preoperative and intraoperative findings, surgical technique used, postoperative management, surgical outcome and duration of follow up were reviewed for each patient.Results: Thirteen patients were included in the study. Nine (69.2%) were male and four (30.8%) were female. The mean age was 22.1 years (range: 8-46 years). Involvement was unilateral in all cases. The commonest presenting complaint was epiphora with discharge seen in 10 cases (76.9%). An intrasac granuloma was grossly identified intraoperatively in 12 out of the 13 patients. Mean follow up was 26.9 months (range: 1.5-68 months). Till the last follow up, all cases were symptom free and did not have any evidence of recurrence of infection.Conclusion: From this series of cases reported by the authors, external DCR with appropriate precautions to prevent recurrence appears to be a suitable alternative to conventional DCT with excellent long-term outcomes without disease recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-year-old female presented with gradually increasing painless swelling of the left lower eyelid for 2 years with no history of watering, ocular trauma, or sinus infection. The swelling (10 mm × 5 mm) was soft, nontender, and free from the skin. The left nasolacrimal duct was patent on syringing. There was regurgitation of serosanguinous fluid from lower puncta on firm pressure over the swelling. Computed tomography scan showed a soft tissue-enhancing mass near the left medial canthus. Dacryocystography revealed diverticulum of the left lacrimal sac. The diverticulum was excised leaving the sac behind. Histopathological examination of the excised mass was found to be infected with rhinosporidiosis. A fistula developed postoperatively discharging spores. Dacryocystectomy with fistulectomy and electrocauterization of the area was done. No recurrence was seen till 12 months follow-up. After PubMed search, we have found only one such case report. We would like to discuss the clinical presentation and management of this rare case.

We describe a female patient who presented with watering followed by swelling in the left infraorbital area of 5 years duration. She had previously been prescribed topical antibiotics on several occasions with no improvement. On pressure over the swelling, there was blood-tinged discharge from the left eye and nostril. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing, well-defined mass lesion in the inferomedial aspect of the left orbit, likely of nasolacrimal origin. Computed tomography dacryocystogram with three-dimensional reconstruction showed a well-circumscribed mass with an irregular surface, originating from the lacrimal sac. Gram staining and potassium hydroxide mount from the regurgitant fluid revealed thick-walled cysts with sporangia suggestive of Rhinosporidium seeberi infection. Excision biopsy of the lesion confirmed R. seeberi as the causative agent. The patient has been put on long-term dapsone therapy to prevent a recurrence and has been asked to follow-up 6 months later.

Rhinosporidium seeberi, as per recent taxonomy belongs to eukaryotic mesomycetozoa causes chronic granulomatous lesion known as Rhinosporidiosis, predominantly affects mucous membrane of upper respiratory tract. Rarely disseminated infection also reported affecting limbs, trunk, and viscera especially in immunocompromised patients. Only few cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous involvement are reported till date. Here, we described our experience with Rhinosporidiosis presented as soft tissue tumour in posterior aspect of left mid thigh. A 32-year-old male presented with solitary spherical swelling over posterior aspect of left mid thigh for 6 months. A provisional diagnosis of liposarcoma was made. FNAC was suggestive of Rhinosporidiosis. Excisional biopsy with electro-cauterisation of floor under spinal anaesthesia was done and confirmed histopathologically. Complete upper respiratory tract examination revealed polyp arising from right inferior turbinate. No evidence of recurrence noted since 1 year post excision. Rhinosporidiosis can present as soft tissue tumour in immunocompetent individual also; preoperative diagnosis can be done by FNAC and surgical excision with electro-cauterisation of floor shows no recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease with a chronic course, the etiological agent being Rhinosporidium seeberi which usually causes the development of localized lesion in the mucosa of the nose, conjunctiva, and urethra. The disease is prevalent in South India and Sri Lanka although case reports are evident from many parts of the world like Europe, America, and Africa. In the present study, we are reporting a case of rhinosporidiosis elaborating its clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and treatment. Since R.seeberi is not a successfully cultivable organism, in vitro susceptibility of drugs remains a concern. The main focus of the present study is on molecular detection of R. seeberi which can be helpful in the future for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The incidence of different types of rhinosporidiosis is very high in the rural western part of West Bengal. The treatment of choice is surgical excision and cauterization of the base. The recurrence rate is very high. Aims and objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the distribution of rhinosporidiosis according to age, sex, presenting features, site of origin, recurrence rate and compare them with literature; and describe the surgical technique to reduce recurrence of the disease. Materials and methods: This prospective case study was done in the department of Otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care hospital in the western part of West Bengal from April 2012 to March 2015. Wide local excision of rhinosporidiosis along with electrocautery of the base was done. We took the help of endoscope and microscope whenever needed. Regular follow up with endoscope was done in postoperative period. Results: Out of total 112 patients 62 were male and 50 were female. Commonest age group affected was 2nd decade. There was no recurrence in patients undergoing operation for the first time. Recurrence was noted in nasopharynx of 3 patients undergoing revision surgery. Conclusion: Complete removal of rhinosporidiosis from the base is the basic criterion to reduce recurrence. It is possible by using meticulous technique along with the guidance of endoscope or microscope whenever needed. Regular postoperative follow up with endoscope is must to detect and treat early recurrence.

Introduction Rhinosporidiosis commonly affects nasal mucosa but may have varied presentations depending upon the site of involvement. Materials and Methods 119 patients of rhinosporidiosis, attending the two medical colleges of West Bengal over a period of two years were reviewed. Results Granulomatous lesion in the nose and nasopharynx was the commonest presentation. The most common symptoms were nasal obstruction, bleeding from the nose and nasal discharge. The less commonly involved sites were the eye, penis, skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle and bone. Discussion Most of the extranasal rhinosporisdiosis were secondary to nasal disease. Extranasal lesions do not have the typical granular polypoid appearance of the nasal and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis. Extranasal rhinosporidiosis could be excised with minimal operative bleeding. Conclusion Rhinosporidiosis has nasal and extranasal presentations. This chronic disease may also present acutely with respiratory distress or haemorrhage. A high degree of suspicion helps the diagnosis of extranasal rhinosporidiosis. FNAC helps in the diagnosis. Histopathology is confirmatory.

Rhinosporidiosis is a fungal disease caused by the organism Rhinosporidum seeberi. The life cycle and mode of infection are vague, and there are many hypothesis on it. Its prevalence in the world is unique as it is only limited to certain regions like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We have tried to correlate the various factors, which will probably be associated with this pattern of prevalence of the disease. We have included factors like community practices, climatic conditions, rain fall pattern, water physiochemical properties, zoonotic and the aquatic organism composition in the specified regions. Thus, it serves as a wholesome idea of why the disease must only be prevalent in certain parts of the world.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease that affects mucosal surfaces. Its epidemiology and clinical presentation in Colombia are not well-known. We therefore reviewed all 58 reported cases between 1964 and 2015 to raise awareness among clinicians in a non-endemic area. Of the patients, 64% were male (median age = 15 years) and 57% had ocular and 43% nasal manifestations; there were no disseminated cases of the disease. All lesions were surgically removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 32-year-old male who was taken to the hospital due to multiple swellings on the body. His medical history include recurrent nose bleeding, nasal stuffiness and difficulty in breathing because of the nasal mass. The patient was diagnosed with nasal rhinosporidiosis and underwent surgery.

Oculosporidiosis or rhinosporidial infection of eye, a rarely encountered disease outside the endemic coastal areas of South India, is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. A 12-year-old patient presented with polypoidal conjunctival lesion of the right eye in a tertiary care hospital at West Bengal, India. Excision of the lesion followed by microbiological and histopathological examination confirmed the unique infectious etiology of the lesion. Oculosporidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of conjunctival polypoidal lesions even in nonendemic areas because misdiagnosis and improper management may lead to increased incidence in the same zones.

Introduction: Ophthalmic lesions show varied distribution on the basis of geographical location. Eye being a unique sensory organ needs to be studied both clinically and pathologically. Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the histomorphological and clinico-pathlological spectrum of ophthalmic lesions at a tertiary care hospital of Central India. Materials and Methods: We reviewed all the ophthalmic biopsies performed in the Department of Pathology of our institute between January 2008 and November 2014. Total 488 biopsies of the orbito-ocular region were obtained from patients attending the ophthalmology department. Ophthalmic biopsies were studied as per epidemiological and histomorphological data. Results: The patients ranged in age from one month to 85 years with bimodal distribution. With a male to female ratio of 1:1. Ophthalmic lesions were highest (44.8%) in less than 20 years age group. Eyelid (33.6%) was the most commonly involved site. Clinical diagnosis was consistent with histopathological diagnosis in approximately 76% cases. The non-neoplastic, benign and malignant lesions were 61.1%, 7.8% and 31.1% respectively. Retinoblastoma formed 40.1% of all malignant lesions followed by sebaceous carcinoma (19.1%) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) (10.5%). Rare lesions were primary neuroblastoma of orbit and rhabdomyosarcoma of eyelid. Conclusion: Findings suggest that among neoplastic lesions the most common ophthalmic malignancies were retinoblastoma in children and sebaceous carcinoma in adults. Among nonneoplastic lesions, 89% cases of infectious aetiology were of rhinosporidiosis in our study making it an important differential diagnosis among ophthalmic lesions.

Context: Extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis is not uncommon in endemic region like India. Clinical presentations of extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis lesion often lead to diagnostic dilemma. Cytology can help in the preoperative diagnosis of such lesions. Aims: The aims of our study were to find the clinico-pathological presentation of extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis and to evaluate the role of cytology in diagnosing these lesions preoperatively. Settings and Design: Fine-needle aspiration cytology is often used for preoperative diagnosis of sub-cutaneous lesions of the head and neck region. This retrospective study was designed to include the cytologically diagnosed cases of rhinosporidiosis and to compare with final histopathology of the lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 cases of extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis were diagnosed in our study period of 18 months. Cytology was approached in 17 cases and 16 cases were diagnosed as rhinosporidiosis, which were included in the study group. Twelve cases were sampled by fine-needle aspiration and four cases by scrap technique. Histopathological confirmation was possible in all cytologically diagnosed cases. Results: Head and neck region were involved in 15 cases and only one case was on the skin of right upper arm. Orbital region was the most common extra-nasal site of involvement. Most of the cases (13 cases, 81.25%) belonged to the age group of 11-30 years. All cytologicaly diagnosed cases of rhinosporidiosis were concordant with histopathology. Only one false-negative case was cytologically diagnosed as suppurative inflammatory lesion. Sensitivity and specificity of cytology in diagnosis of extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis were 94.11% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis is an important differential diagnosis of nodular, polypoid mass of head-neck-face region. Cytology can be used as an important tool in preoperative diagnosis of extra-nasal rhinosporidiosis.

Rhinosporidiosis is a common condition seen in India specially in endemic areas and in low socio economic areas. Here we present with a rare presentation of cheek swelling caused by obstruction of stenson's duct with a short history of 5 months. Sialolith of parotid duct is uncommon presentation but not unheard of, the subsequent treatment and further histopathology of the ductoceol reveled the causative factor for the obstruction of parotid duct was Rhinosporidiosis which a very rare presentation with very few cases reported in literature. On further investigations it was found to be primary Rhinosporidiosis. Hence it is eminent that Rhinosporidiosis should also be kept in mind while looking for a cause for salivary duct obstruction specially in endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi which was once believed to be a sporozoan and then was included in phycomycetes, and now included under Mesomycetozoa. It is one of the common tropical diseases, most commonly affecting the mucosa of upper respiratory tract, chiefly the nose and nasopharynx. Other sites such as conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and subcutaneous tissue may also get infected. It presents as polypoidal mass. Aim and objective: To study incidence, age and gender distribution and clinicopathological features of Rhinosporidiosis. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of 20 cases was undertaken over a period of 5 years (July 2012 to June 2017) in the Department of Pathology, Government ENT Hospital, Hyderabad. The resected tissue specimens were subjected to routine processing, cutting; staining and histopathological features were studied with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: Nasal cavity was most commonly involved site, excepting in one case, where sub-glottis was involved. Males were predominantly affected i.e. 17 (85%) cases, whereas 3 (15%) cases were reported in females. Age range was between 8-70 years. (Both of them were males). Conclusion: Rhinosporidiosis most commonly presents as polypoidal mass in the nasal cavity and may also present at extra-nasal sites. Histopathology is the standard method for confirmation of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]