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Background As the desire for beauty and youthful appearance has increased in recent years, cosmetic injections are getting more attention. However, patients discomfort during these injections is a challenging issue. Aim This review explores common approaches to reduce pain and discomfort during cosmetic injections through the available literature. Methods The eligible studies through searching in PubMed have been entered to evaluate the common methods of pain reduction for cosmetic injections. Results According to reviewed studies, vibration, local anesthesia, and vapocoolant anesthesia are common methods applied in order to reduce pain and discomfort in patients. All of these methods are able to reduce pain through their affects on neuron fibers. Conclusion It seems that all common approaches can result in some amount of pain reduction. Using a combination of these methods during injections, practitioners can successfully reduce the pain of injection.

Background Reduction in postoperative complications is of vital considerations in impacted third molar teeth surgery. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative complications of impacted third molar surgeries for bone removal using laser, piezoelectric equipment, and conventional rotary instruments. Methods To address the research purpose, the investigator designed the prospective double-blind clinical trial study. The sample size was determined 20 (40 teeth) by sampling formula in any kind of operation. The data of patients were obtained in the different periods in terms of pain, trismus, swelling, ecchymosis, and patient’s satisfaction and then analyzed using SPSS 20 software via paired t test and Wilcoxon and McNemar’s tests. Results The pain immediately after surgery and 2 days and 7 days after surgery was higher in the laser group. The swelling immediately after surgery was more in the laser group but not significant. The amount of mouth opening immediately after surgery and 2 days and 7 days after surgery was significantly lower in the laser group than in the piezosurgery group. The total duration of surgery and duration of osteotomy were significantly longer in the laser group. The patient’s satisfaction from surgery with piezosurgery was more than that with laser, but this difference was not significant. Conclusion Due to the rising demand for impacted wisdom tooth surgery, the present study suggests that hard tissue laser surgery and piezosurgery can clear the future of impacted molar surgery, and these approaches are more efficient in reducing postoperative complications compared to the conventional surgeries.

The aim of this study is to introduce a sophisticated method for malar reduction or augmentation through an additive manufacturing technology. Using the results of data analysis in KAVEH software, a surgical guide will be developed for both sides, which will be used in a zygomatic sandwich osteotomy. Both reduction and augmentation malarplasty could be done after osteotomy with outward or inward rotation of the zygomatic complex around the zygomatic arch based on pre-surgical analysis. We recommend usage of additive manufacturing technology in malar augmentation to obtain more precise and predictable outcomes.

In this study the best corm weight (4–6 g as small-sized and 6–8 g as medium-sized corms) and density (50, 75 and 100 corm m−2) was determined for saffron fields in different ages (1, 2 and 3 years-old). For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was performed during 3 growing seasons from autumn 2015 up to spring 2018, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad research site. The highest flower number, flower and stigma yields in one- (21.7 flower per m2, 67 and 0.97 kg ha-1, respectively) and two-years old (70.4 flower per m2, 214 and 2.92 kg ha-1, respectively) fields were obtained from medium-sized and density of 100 corms per m2, while in three-years old field, their maximum values (101 flower per m2, 302 and 4.09 kg ha-1, respectively) were gained when medium-sized corms were planted at density of 75 corms per m2. The priority of corm weight in lower corm densities was higher, so that, flower yield in medium sized corms was 2.43, 1.87 and 1.62 times more than small-sized corm in 50, 75 and 100 corms per m2 densities, respectively. Corm weight was prior to corm density, so that, planting of 3.5-ton ha-1 medium-sized corm with density of 50 corms per m2, was produced more flower than planting of 5-ton ha-1 small-sized corm with density of 100 corms per m2 (47.5 vs. 36.7 flower per m2 and 1.99 vs. 1.50 kg ha-1 dry stigma). Corm weight preference in one- and two-years old fields were more than three-years old filed, where larger corms increased flower yield by 1.94, 2.15 and 1.75 times compared with small-sized ones in mentioned fields, respectively. Mean replacement corm weight and number of large replacement corms (>9 g) decreased when small-sized mother corms were planted and when the farm became elderly. The highest replacement corm yield (52.8-ton ha-1) and number (2034 NO. m−2) were obtained when medium-sized mother corms were planted at density of 100 corms per m2 and remained in field for three years. Overall, the corm harvesting from one-year-old field was preferable in terms of mean corm weight and production of larger replacement corms.

Background Nasal sill is one of the components of the alar ring, affecting the esthetic outcomes of rhinoplasty; accordingly, we developed a novel technique to adjust defects in this area and compared it with the available techniques. Methods Our technique was based on creating a tunnel access to the nasal sill area through an incision made in the lower third of the columella using the open approach or through a nostril base incision in patients, who underwent alar base reduction, followed by insertion of a cartilaginous graft into the marked defect area. Results A total number of 54 patients with a defect in the nasal sill area were included in this study. Thirty-one patients underwent open rhinoplasty with the sill approach from the lower third of the columella, while 23 patients underwent rhinoplasty with a nostril base approach for nasal sill augmentation procedure. There were no reports of patient dissatisfaction, infection, bleeding, sensory dysfunction, or remaining asymmetry of the sill area. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, this technique can be successfully used in reconstructing the nasal sill area with minimal complications and morbidity.

Orthognathic surgery is not solely a treatment related to functional occlusion. Most patients demanding orthognathic surgery also opt for other aesthetic procedures like genioplasty, rhinoplasty, fat grafting, and cheek augmentation, some of which can be performed in a single procedure. Over 60% of orthognathic surgery patients have been found to have concurrent nasal deformity before surgery. We briefly discussed indications, concerns, and feasibility of performing orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty simultaneously.

Today, maxillofacial and cosmetic surgeries are experiencing significant development in terms of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications. Currently, applications of this technology can be classified into three major categories: training and education of students, clinical application for the surgeon, and communication with patients. In this chapter, after discussing the fundamental concepts of VR/AR technology, we will describe each application of these technologies in the areas of oral, maxillofacial, and cosmetic surgery.

The ultimate goal for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is to recover normal function and reach satisfying aesthetic results. The nature of surgical procedures for the treatment of trauma, malignancy, and congenital defects requires grafts to recover the lost amount of the tissues. Each kind of graft from human or non-human sources may lead to specific complications. These complications can lead to unfavourable results of surgical procedures. Regenerative medicine aims to use the high capability of human tissues to regenerate.

Clinical facial analysis (CFA) is a technique used by the surgeon to examine the appearance of the face, volume, angles, and possible abnormalities and includes direct examination, clinical imaging, and x-ray imaging. In this chapter, we strive to provide a standard approach to face analysis both in terms of hard tissue and soft tissue.

The effects of two factors that determine the quality and quantity of saffron yields, i.e. organic fertilisers, including i) humic acid (Humax®), ii) organic-mineral emulsion (Omic®), iii) cow manu...

Since rhinoplasty surgery was first introduced, notable developments have been obtained in this field. In the last decades, surgeons aimed at improving the surgical procedure to achieve the long-term constant outcomes, avoiding postoperative complications, preventing nasal airway deficiency, making the operation less invasive and consequently lowering the possible damages to adjacent tissues, and finally proper management of the procedure to enhance the esthetic appearance of the nose. On the other hand, there is a significant change in people’s way of thinking toward having a nose with a natural appearance. Meanwhile, the emergence of grafting methods has led to disappearing of older invasive techniques. The present chapter attempts to have an overview of the novel techniques in rhinoplasty. The latest techniques in nasal tip surgery, lateral osteotomy, dorsal surgery, nasal base surgery, Asian rhinoplasty, and preservation rhinoplasty are discussed.

Background Orthognathic surgery such as bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) for the treatment of mandibular deformities is one of the most common procedures in maxillofacial operations that may lead to neurosensory disturbance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on augmenting recovery of neurosensory disturbance of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in patients who underwent BSSRO surgery. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted by two independent authors in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases. Besides, a manual search of all textbooks and relevant articles were conducted. Searches took place in August 2020 and were limited to published and peer-reviewed articles from 2000 to 2020. All analysis was performed using the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) and the STATA MP (version:16) software. The weighted mean difference (WMD) using the inverse variance method and the standard mean difference (SMD) was considered for continuous variables. Results Seventy-four papers were retrieved after removing duplicate studies and finally, eight studies were assessed for qualitative synthesis and five for meta-analysis. Totally, 94 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the meta-analysis, it was shown that LLLT was not effective in a short interval (0 to 48 h) after surgery, but in a period of more than 1 month after surgery, the positive results of treatment can be observed strikingly. Also, LLLT side/group showed no significant difference in some aspects of neurosensory recovery such as thermal sensation compared to the placebo side/group. Conclusions The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials revealed that LLLT generally improves IAN sensory disturbance caused by BSSRO. Further high-quality clinical trials with longer follow-up periods and larger sample sizes are recommended.

Background Different genioplasty techniques are applied for the adjustment of chin area deformities such as chin deviation. Results Thirty patients with simple facial asymmetry due to chin deviation underwent computer-assisted horizontal translational osseous genioplasty. In this technique, a surgical guide was used to cut a bone strip from the side where the chin should be transferred to; then, the same bone strip was used for the filling of the gap that was formed on the opposite side. Conclusion According to the experience gained from this study, the authors believe that computer-assisted horizontal translational osseous genioplasty is a simple and reliable technique for patients with facial asymmetry due to chin deviation.

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes serious acute respiratory diseases including pneumonia and bronchitis with approximately 2.3% fatality occurrence.Main bodyThis study argues the main concepts that need to be considered for the gradual reopening of dental offices include treatment planning approaches, fundamental elements needed to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus in dental healthcare settings, personal protection equipment (PPE) for dental health care providers, environmental measures, adjunctive measures, and rapid point of care tests in dental offices.ConclusionThis article seeks to provide an overview of existing scientific evidence to suggest a guideline for reopening dental offices.

Coronaviruses are known as enveloped viruses with apositive-sense single-stranded RNA genome that theirhelical symmetry nucleocapsid is about 26–32 kilobasesin size, making it the largest investigated genome amongRNA viruses The disease caused by 2019 new coronavirus(2019-nCoV) was named coronavirus disease-19(COVID-19) by the World Health Organization in February2020 The 2019-nCoV is phylogenetically relatedto severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus(SARS-CoV) [1] It has been shown that 2019-nCov entersthe cell through the ACE2 cell receptor in the sameway as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)coronavirus [2] 2019-nCoV effectively uses angiotensinconvertingenzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) as a receptor forcell invasion [3] Primary non-specific reported symptomsof 2019-nCoV infection at the prodromal phaseare malaise, fever, and dry cough The most commonlyreported signs and symptoms are fever (98%), cough(76%), dyspnea (55%), and myalgia or fatigue (44%) [4] Our information on the probability and effect of 2019-nCoV on the peripheral and central nervous system is stillscarce and therefore unreliable There have been variousstudies evaluating coronavirus’s effects on the central nervoussystem These studies suggest that the human centralnervous system (CNS)may be susceptible to coronavirus infection[5] Routes intended for central nervous system infectionwith coronaviruses are peripheral trigeminal or olfactorynerves following intranasal inoculation [6, 7] The findings ofstudies on rodents show that these viruses cause demyelinationand stimulate T cell-mediated autoimmune reactionsagainst CNS antigens producing the question about the relationbetween coronaviruses especially the 2019-nCoV andneurologic disorder in humans Given that the peripheral trigeminalor olfactory nerves are pathways of penetration ofthe coronaviruses into the central nervous system, and basedon animal studies, it may be hypothesized that complicationssuch as demyelination and stimulation of T cell-mediatedautoimmune reactions may occur in the path of the infectionspreading, so the occurrence of dysosmia and dysgeusia canbe considered potential consequences of these nerve injuries Numerous reports of loss of sense of smell and tastehave been received from Iranian people as one of themost heavily involved countries with COVID-19 duringthe outbreak of the disease [8, 9] Significant numbers ofpeople with confirmed COVID-19 also reported acomplete or partial loss of their sense of smell and tastein the early stages Initial investigations also indicate thatin some cases, if one member of a family has experiencedsuch symptoms, other family members have experiencedsimilar symptoms over a short period of time Another primary point that needs further investigationis that in confirmed COVID-19 patients with reporteddysosmia and dysgeusia, often, other manifestations wereless severe and the patients frequently recovered morequickly In addition to what has been said that requirefurther investigations to establish their validity, the timelinessor permanence of these complications, as well ashow they are likely to be managed and treated, are ofparticular importance and require thoughtful scrutiny Although there is not sufficient evidence to make a definitivejudgment and need more comprehensive investigations,two scenarios are more likely to be suggested asthe cause of such an incident The appearance of dysosmiaand dysgeusia whether can be attributed to olfactorynerve and trigeminal nerve damage caused by the 2019-nCoV infection or excessive exposure to chemicals anddisinfectants that are more commonly used by peopledue to the viral epidemic Designing a study to assess the validity of such a hypothesis is important in that itcan be considered a relatively acceptable diagnostic criterionfor both the individual and the physicians Sincethe existence of such a relationship is likely, it alsoseems likely that during the COVID-2019 outbreak,those who experience complications such as dysosmiaand dysgeusia should be considered potential carriers o

Purpose The periorbital area undergoes a series of postoperative sequelae after rhinoplasty. Patients and Methods Between January 2015 and January 2016, 50 patients aged between 19 and 46 years who underwent rhinoplasty qualified for the study. Of these patients, 25 were chosen for each group: One group underwent a low-to-low lateral nasal osteotomy, and the other group underwent a low-to-high lateral nasal osteotomy. Six specific periocular findings were designated and recorded to measure differences in the outcomes of the 2 osteotomy techniques. Specific periocular findings included the amount of scleral show as measured through the marginal reflex distance; lateral and medial scleral surface area; and palpebral fissure height, width, and inclination. Results There were no significant differences in any of the outcome variables at different intervals between the 2 groups (P > .05) except for palpebral fissure inclination after 3 months (P = .02). Conclusions According to the results and considering the inherent limitations of the study, it can be concluded that both low-to-low and low-to-high techniques are similar and have no considerable permanent effects on the periorbital region.

Numerous methods have been developed for blepharoplasty, including carbon dioxide (COIn the present randomized clinical trial, 21 healthy patients underwent bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty. For each patient, an initial skin incision was made using the COOur comparison of the 2 methods showed no significant differences at 1 month after surgery using the evaluation criteria. The scar index was not significantly different after 60 days, despite lower scores in the scalpel group.In upper eyelid blepharoplasty, making an initial incision with a scalpel, followed by use of a laser provides advantages similar to those found by performing the entire procedure with a CO

Appropriate water supply in terms of quantity, quality, and timing is a key strategy for reducing saffron yield gap. This plant has high water productivity and drought tolerance, and its rainfed production is common in areas like many parts of Europe. However, it must be irrigated to achieve satisfactory yield in dry regions such as Iran, but much less compared with conventional crops. This chapter initially introduces saffron crop coefficients, then explains the irrigation scheduling before corm lifting, after corm planting, in preflowering stage, during vegetative growth, and summer. Factors affecting water requirements such as field age and climatic conditions with particular emphasis on climate change are also reviewed. Irrigation methods, water quality, flooding stress, and indigenous irrigation knowledge are the other topics in this chapter. Rainfed cultivation and beneficial water-related approaches for saffron production such as application of soil conditioners and saffron production under controlled environments have also been discussed.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of thiamine (Th) foliar application on some morpho-physiological aspects in coriander and fenugreek. Three levels of Th (250, 500 and 750 ppm) plus control treatment (distilled water) were studied under controlled greenhouse conditions. All the levels of Th, in particular the concentration of 500 ppm, increased the vegetative growth of coriander. 1000-grain weight, contents of nitrogen and phosphorus, carotenoid and chlorophyll b contents were the highest at a concentration of 750 ppm. Fenugreek vegetative growth also responded positively to the application of Th especially at a concentration of 750 but also 500 ppm increased the content of leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phenolics and antioxidant activity. Overall, the performance of coriander and fenugreek was improved by the application of Th foliar at all levels.

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of micro-osteoperforation technique for rapid canine retraction. Methods and Materials Twenty adult patients with a mean average age of 28 years (12 men and 8 women) having Class I dental malocclusion who required extraction of the four first premolars were included in this single-blinded prospective split-mouth clinical trial. Each side of the patients' jaws were randomly divided into interventional and control groups. The interventional group of maxilla and mandible received micro-osteoperforations with two holes using a bone screw and a handheld screwdriver. The primary predictor variable was the micro-osteoperforations. The outcome variable was the rate of canine movement, which was estimated by comparing pre- and posttreatment location of canine and second premolars through digital models in Ortho Analyzer software, after 28 days. The statistical evaluation of the findings was performed using SPSS software. Parametric tests (t test) were used to compare the treatment efficacy. Results Micro-osteoperforations significantly increased the rate of tooth movement by more than 2-fold (P = 0.000). However, comparing the differences in the rate of tooth movement when maxillary and mandibular canine retraction, in both interventional and control side yielded insignificant results (P > 0.05). Conclusions Micro-osteoperforations with two holes by application of the simple and less costly method presented in this study is an effective and time-preserving treatment modality.

The present research was conducted to find influence of salicylic acid (SA) at 0.5, 1, and 2 mM and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 250, 500, and 1 000 ppm on reproductive and vegetative parameters, and color characteristics of saffron under field condition. The results indicated the highest a, L, and chroma and the lowest b at 2 mM SA treatment. The highest flowering appearance rate and membrane stability index and the lowest electrolyte leakage were observed at 2 mM SA and to lesser extent at 1000 ppm KNO3. The highest flower number, corolla dry weight, and stigma dry weight was shown in plants treated with SA. Chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm value increased with the application of 2 mM SA. The data indicated the effectiveness of SA on the growth of saffron.

Understanding of thermal requirements of medicinal plants is necessary for their appropriate germination, growth and development. In this experiment germination cardinal temperatures of flixweed (Descurainia sophia) was calculated using relationship of germination rate with temperature. Nine constant temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C) were considered and three regression models: intersected-lines, quadratic polynomial and five-parameters beta models were tested. The highest germination percentage (84%) and germination rate (5.83 seeds day−1) were obtained at 15 and 20 °C, respectively. Among three used models, the intersected-lines model was the best for prediction of germination responses of flixweed (R2 = 0.85). The base, optimum and ceiling temperatures obtained from intersected-lines model, were 1.21, 18.29 and 32.44 °C, respectively. In addition, temperature range (Tm − Tb) for the plant germination was 32.2 °C. Overall, the results of the three tested models confirmed the generally known fact that flixweed requires lower temperatures for its proper germination.

Crop management is an important factor affecting the quality of medicinal plants. Therefore, objectives of our investigation on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were: 1) To identify an appropriate ...

Aim of study: Comparison of saffron flowering between open field and controlled environment. Possibility of saffron transplanting.Area of study: University of Birjand (Iran)Material and methods: In a first experiment, saffron yield and quality produced by traditional production system (TPS) and by soilless one (SPS) were compared. In a second experiment, the effects of the production method, by direct planting (DP) or by transplanting plant (TP) in open field were studied.Main results: Percentage of flowering corms grown by SPS was 39% and 65%, while by TPS was 6% and 56% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Flower and stigma yields were significantly higher by SPS than by TPS. Stigma obtained from SPS had higher L (lightness) and crocin. Safranal content was higher in stigma produced by TPS. Leaf and root numbers and corm weight were higher for SPS, but after transplanting there was better status for DP than for TP. At the end of the first growing season (2018-19), mean replacement corms weight (4.4 vs 3.0 g), replacement corms yield (21.3 vs 12.8 g per plant), weight of main replacement corm (11.7 vs 6.0 g) and number of large replacement corms (0.6 vs 0.1 corms per plant) for DP were significantly higher than for TP. However, during the second growing season (2019-20), the plants in TP plots improved their performances.Research highlights: Saffron production was more favorable under controlled environment. Transplanting is possible, but there is a need to improve methods to gain more favorable results.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and quality are affected by many pre and post-harvest activities. Therefore, four separate experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of some agronomic (irrigation, fertilization, and organic/ conventional cultivation) and post-harvest practices on color parameters (L, a, b, h°, and C) and apocarotenoid content (crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal) in stigmata. Required plots for the first and the second experiments were constructed in September 2013 and again in 2014 for corm planting. Sampling of the first experiment was done one year after each planting. When two years passed since corm planting, sampling was done for the second experiment. In the first study, the combined effect of the production system (one-year-old organic or conventional fields) and drying temperature (25 °C at shade; 55 and 75 °C in the electric oven) were evaluated during two flowering seasons of 2014 and 2015. In both production systems, oven-dried samples at 55 °C had better quality. In the second experiment, the organic and non-organic stigmata (obtained from two-year-old fields in flowering seasons of 2015 and 2016) were stored for 1, 2, or 3 years under room temperature in a dark place. Color coordinates (a, a/b, and C) increased by longer storage duration. The maximum crocin and safranal contents were obtained from organic samples, which were being stored for less than one year. In the third experiment, the effect of irrigation level (3600, 4200, and 4600 m3 ha−1) and fertilization (humic acid, Rhizophagus irregularis, and unfertilized control) was evaluated during two flowering seasons (2016 and 2017) on saffron yield and quality. Deficit irrigation treatment (3600 m3 ha−1), associated with the use of humic acid, had the highest yields of flower and stigmata. However, the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation was negative on flowering. Lower water availability plus mycorrhizal inoculation had the highest picrocrocin and safranal content but the lowest C, a/b, and a color parameters. In the fourth experiment, 48 stigmata samples were collected, and then the relationships between color parameters and apocarotenoids content were evaluated using correlation and regression procedures. Safranal had a correlation with a (-0.411**), b (0.295*), a/b (-0.454**) and h° (0.410**). Similarly, crocin had a positive correlation with b and h°, but a negative one with a and a/b indexes. Overall, the results of four separate experiments revealed that saffron stigmata quality is highly affected by pre and post-harvest practices. It was also concluded that stigmata quality assessment is somewhat possible through measurement of color parameters as a quick and cheap method.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to compare the effects of Aloe vera mouthwash on postoperative complications after impacted third molar surgery. Patients and methods The randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted on 20 healthy adults with bilateral symmetrical impacted third molar teeth. Participants in the study received Aloe vera and normal saline (as placebo) mouthwash after each side surgery. Evaluation was made by assessing cheek swelling, trismus, incidence of dry socket and VAS (for pain scoring) over a time period of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation. Results The group using Aloe vera presented less swelling than the normal saline group over the following days, but data was significant only on day 3 ( P P P Conclusion The results of this study suggest that Aloe vera mouthwash is effective in the management of postoperative complications, especially pain and swelling.

In this study saffron biomass partitioning was investigated in the research station of the Saffron Research Group, University of Birjand, Iran during 2009 - 2010. Plant sampling was done 25 times during the crop growth cycle. In each sampling date, the amounts of corm dry weight, root dry weight, root length, leaf dry weight, leaf area, bud number, bud dry weight (nodes on the surface of the corm), and flower weight were measured. Finally, different regression models were tested for predicting biomass partitioning in saffron. The cubic polynomial model was found to be the best for predicting biomass changes in most saffron organs (R2 = ~74%). Total corm dry weight showed a decreasing trend up to the 120th day of plant growth and then increased until the end of the life cycle (mid-May). However, different trends were observed for root and leaf dry weights. Root and leaf dry weight increased up to the 120th and 150th day of the plant growth cycle, respectively, followed then by decreasing trends. Therefore, in the early growing season, leaves and root systems were developed using mother corms reservoirs, but at the end of the growth cycle replacement corms were grown by translocation of reservoirs from other saffron organs. In addition, the number and dry weight of buds had increasing trends during 160 days of measurement from the beginning of the growing season. The total length of roots and leaf area increased up to the middle of the growth cycle (Feb. 10) and then decreased. Moreover, saffron flower yield showed a rapid increasing trend in the first phase of the flowering period and then declined with a slower trend during the second flowering phase.

Mother corm size is the most important factor for production of replacement corms, flower, and stigma yield in saffron. In semi-arid regions, water shortage is a deterrent agent for appropriate corm growth of saffron. Therefore, in this experiment the effects of six levels of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg ha-1 was investigated on growth indices of replacement corms of saffron. For this purpose, an experiment was evaluated at the research farm of the Saffron Research Group, Sarayan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran, during 2013-2015. Results showed that SAP application did not considerable effect on corm growth indices in the first life cycle of saffron. Nevertheless, consumption of 30-40 kg ha-1 SAP somewhat improved the number and total weight of replacement corms per clone. In the second life cycle of saffron, the positive impact of SAP was clearly observed on the growth of replacement corms. The application of 40 kg ha-1 SAP increased the amount of number of replacement corms per clone by 13%, total weight of replacement corms per clone by 36%, and scale weight of corms per clone by 50% compared with control. In addition, the amount of mean weight of replacement corms and mean number of buds per corm in treatment of application of 40 kg ha-1 SAP were 29 and 27% higher than the control treatment, respectively. SAP application decreased the amount of non-standard (< 8 g) corm production while significantly increased the percentage of corms with standard weight. Overall, the increasing effect of SAP application on corm weight, bud number, and standard corm yield was higher than the number of produced corms per clone. In addition, water-use efficiency in SAP application treatments (6.1 kg standard corm m-3) was more than the control (4.34 kg m-3) treatment. In total, SAP application is an appropriate strategy for production of standard saffron corms in semi-arid regions.

Purpose In the present report, we have introduced a novel technique for concomitant Le Fort I surgery and dorsal preservation rhinoplasty and reviewed the reported data. Patients and Methods Concurrent surgery could be considered a suitable option for patients requiring both upper jaw orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty or those who are willing to undergo single-stage concomitant rhinoplasty and orthognathic surgery. In the present technical note, we have introduced a dorsal preservation rhinoplasty technique combined with Le Fort I surgery through an intraoral approach. The advantages of this technique include its conservative design, avoidance of a second surgery and anesthetic, the ability to correct possible nasal defects caused by the Le Fort I osteotomy, keeping the keystone area intact, and, most importantly, the possibility of concomitant surgery. However, recurrence of the hump and nasal pyramid lateralization are among the problems that could be associated with this technique. These disadvantages might necessitate revision surgery. Results A total of 48 patients (23 females and 15 males) had undergone concomitant rhinoplasty and Le Fort I surgery using a modified dorsal preservation technique. No patient reported dissatisfaction with the results of surgery regarding the nasal and facial esthetics. No evidence of severe complications, such as saddle nose, severe deviation, airway compromise, or severe asymmetry, was observed postoperatively. Conclusions Based on our experience with patients and after at least 1 year of follow-up, the results of the present study suggest that this technique is straightforward and produces excellent results.

Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging cosmetic surgical procedures. Although different techniques have been introduced for grafting the osteocartilaginous part of the nose, the alar rim remains vastly unexamined. The form and strength of the alar rim are crucial in nasal tip esthetics and function. External valve collapse may occur owing to trauma, congenital weakness, or malposition of the lower lateral cartilage (LLC). Alar pinching and collapse are possible outcomes if there is any over-resection of the cephalic portion of the LLC. Traditionally, the closed technique creates a tunnel, dissected along an incision made in the soft triangle lining near the most anterior portion of the nostril rim. Alar rim grafts also can run through the marginal incision. The main goal of this study was to introduce a straightforward and effective technique for alar rim grafting, which can help surgeons with more precise placement. A total of 84 patients (61 female and 13 male patients) underwent transcutaneous alar rim grafting. After the alar base resection, a 2-mm stab incision was made in the bulk of the incised alar, using a No. 11 blade. Thereafter, a pocket was created through the alar fibrofatty tissue, which crossed the ala up to near the dome, and a cartilage graft was inserted in the tunnel. Transcutaneous alar rim grafting is a simple and effective approach to provide support for the external nasal valve and increase alar harmony. If the nasal tip analysis shows malpositioned LLC, alar flaring, an over-projected nasal tip, mild retraction, or contour asymmetries, this type of grafting may prove effective in primary or secondary rhinoplasty.

Background To introduce a novel technique for advancement genioplasty helping surgeons to avoid soft tissue difficulties especially in short-faced patients with deep mentolabial fold and everted lower lip. Case presentation In a trapezius-shaped, osteotomy was performed in the chin region. The mobilized segment was advanced, and the existing gap was grafted using interpositional allograft materials. Each side had been fixated by three-hole plates and two screws. The outcomes revealed no change in lower anterior teeth vitality. The patients did not report any changes of sensation in lower lip and chin either. The measurements indicated no increase in depth of mentolabial fold in patients undergoing this surgical technique. The postoperative evaluation showed a successful esthetic outcome for the patient and the surgeon concurrently. Conclusion Based on our experience, the authors concluded that the Balcony technique is a simple and reliable procedure for patients with a deep mentolabial fold.

In this study the effect of different concentrations of leaf (LR) and corm residue (CR) of saffron on seedling growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) as three potential companion crops for saffron were investigated under greenhouse condition. The experimental treatments were four concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 %) together with no residue treatment of LR and CR were arranged in completely randomized design. Results showed that the highest emergence percentage of chickpea was obtained at LR concentration of 6 %. Chickpea shoot length and mass had an increasing trend with increase in concentrations of saffron CR. LR and CR of saffron only at concentration of 3 and 6 % reduced the emergence percentage and emergence rate of fenugreek, but all concentration of CR and LR had no negative effect on length and mass of shoot. Saffron residue imposed a slight inhibitory effect on emergence percent and emergence rate of arugula, while had it a positive effect on some seedling growth characters especially root dry mass. Hence, three tested crops can be recommended as potential candidates to be associated with the saffron, although, the growth response of selected plants was dose-dependent and somewhat different.

The use of genetic potential of forgotten plants such as grasspea and arugula is an appropriate strategy for increasing of plants tolerance to environmental stresses. Therefore, in this laboratory study the effects of different levels of osmotic (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12 and -14 bar caused by PEG) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mmol induced by NaCl) stresses were evaluated on germination indices of grasspea and arugula in four separate experiments. Arugula showed a suitable tolerance to osmotic stress, so that its germination percentage and rate at treatment of -10 bar were similar to control. Arugula had 79% germination at osmotic level of -14 bar, but its germination rate at this level was 60% lower than control. In addition, its radicle length until -8 bar and radicle dry weight up to -14 bar were higher than control treatment. However, all levels of salinity stress particularly treatments of more than 100-150 mmol decreased the germination indices of arugula. Germination percentage of arugula in 150 and 200 mmol treatments was 22 and 56% lower than control treatment, respectively. Grasspea had partially suitable tolerance to osmotic stress until -6 bar, but then intensified the reducing trends of its germination indices and finally reached to zero at -14 bar treatment. Moreover, salinity stress especially treatments of higher than 100 mmol decreased all germination indices of grasspea. Overall, arugula was a more tolerant plant especially to osmotic stress; therefore this forgotten plant can be used in agronomic and breeding programs in areas affected by drought stress.

Basil has many applications in industrial, cosmetic, pharmacy, foods, perfumery and culinary. Therefore, understanding of its temperature needs is necessary for its appropriate germination, growth and development. In present study three regression models (Intersected-lines model, Quadratic Polynomial model and Five-Parameters Beta model) were used for describing the relationships between germination rate and temperature in green and purple cultivars of basil. Temperature treatments were included of nine constant temperatures including 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C. The experiment was conducted at seed research laboratory of University of Birjand, based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Germination of purple basil started from 10 °C (6%), reached to maximum at 20 °C (73%) and then decreased with increasing temperature until reached to 0% at 40 °C. The highest amount of germination rate was obtained at 25 °C (10 seed day−1), followed by 20 °C treatment. Intersected-lines model was found to be the best model to predict germination rate of purple basil (R2 = 0.9). Based on model output, the amounts of base temperature (Tb), optimum temperature (To) and maximum temperature (Tm) for germination of purple basil were 7, 24.97 and 41.84 °C, respectively. Germination of green basil was started from 10 °C (15%), followed by 60–67% in 15-30 °C and finally decreased to 7% in 40 °C. The highest values of germination rate were obtained at 25–30 °C (9.4–9.65 seed day−1). Intersected-lines model showed most suitable fitness in the case of green basil (R2 = 0.91). Based on the regression between germination rate and temperature, the cardinal temperatures (Tb, To and Tm) for green basil were 6.11, 28.97 and 43.58 °C, respectively. In addition, temperature range (Tm–Tb) for purple and green basil was obtained 34.84 and 37.47 °C, respectively. Totally, the use of the three models confirms the generally known fact that basil needs higher temperatures for germination.

Sustainable use of water resources in agriculture is a necessity for many arid countries. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit, irrigation after 120 (control), 155 (moderate water stress) and 190 mm (sever water stress) pan evaporation and super absorbent polymer rates (SAP) (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) on growth, yield and water use efficiency of cotton, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Moreover, the effect of water quality (distilled water and solutions of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25% NaCl) was investigated on water holding capacity by SAP. Results revealed that moderate water stress (irrigation intervals of aprox. 15 days) along with 60 kg ha-1 SAP application was the best treatment in terms of growth and yield indices of cotton. The results for plant height, plant dry weight, boll number per plant and fiber yield in this treatment were 16, 28, 42 and 10% higher than control treatment, respectively. Water deficit and SAP application improved the water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton. The amount of WUE in moderate water stress treatment along with consumption of 60 or 90 kg ha-1 SAP was 26% higher than for control treatment. In addition, water holding capacity by SAP in distilled water treatment was 7 times higher than in the case of 1.25% NaCl solution. The overall results showed that irrigation deficit and SAP application are two appropriate strategies for crop production in areas affected by drought stress, especially if low saline water sources are used.

Background This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of customized patient-specific titanium mesh based on 3D printed model with intra-operative bending of titanium mesh for reconstructing of orbital floor fracture. Methods This study was prospectively conducted on 10 patients with unilateral orbital floor fractures caused by accident or falls. In intervention group (n=5), the CT-scan slices were used for generating 3D reconstruction of both affected and unaffected orbits. Then, a 3D printed template of mirrored unaffected orbit was produced to mold the titanium mesh. The titanium mesh in conventional group (n=5) was bended only manually and intraoperatively by surgeon and positioned over the bony defect. All patients were followed-up within 1 week, 1 month and 4 months after surgery for assessing enophthalmos, diplopia and other complications. Results Of 10 patients of the study only two patients in intervention group had preoperative vertical dystopia or diplopia which had been resolved after intervention. The mean enophthalmos at baseline and 1 week, 1 month and 4 months after surgery in control group were 3.8±0.7, 2.4±0.8, 2.4±0.8, and 2.4±0.8 mm, respectively, and in intervention group were 2.6±0.8, 0.35 ± 0.4, 0.35 ± 0.4 and 0.35 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. The mean enophthalmos did not differ significantly at baseline between two groups, while two groups showed significant difference after surgery. Conclusion Finally, we concluded that the placement of patient-specific titanium implant for reconstructing of orbital bone fracture led to better outcomes when compared to manual bending in terms of enophthalmos and other complications.

Saffron intercropping with other plants needs to preliminary investigations about the possible negative interactions between saffron and associated crop. In this study, allelopathic effects of saffron leaf and corm extracts on germination and seedling growth indices of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) was investigated in six separate experiments based on completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were consisted of different levels of saffron leaf and corm extracts including 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6%. The maximum germination percentage of all selected crops was obtained at control treatment (on average 92%) and then decreased with increasing extracts concentration. So that, the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively. The relatively similar trend was observed about germination rate, root and plumule lengths and dry weights. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract was more than corm extract on initial growth indices of studied plants. The lowest inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract and even relatively high stimulatory effect of corm extract were obtained on alfalfa initial growth criteria. Considering the differences in allelochemicals mode of action and concentrations in laboratory bioassays with natural condition, it is necessary to investigate the effects of saffron residues on growth of selected associated crops in greenhouse and field scales for the final decision.

Introduction: Our primary intention is to review the literature that has been published in this field and to report some cases of surgical correction of facial and skeletal deformities in patients with thalassemia. Thalassemia is widespread, and about 5% of the world population is affected. Management of facial and skeletal deformity is a major concern in patients with thalassemia, and numerous surgical approaches have been advocated to correct facial deformities, although the type of treatment remains in dispute. Materials and Methods: We report the cases of 3 specific patients who were treated with uncommon surgical procedures after the hematologic condition was corrected. Results: No signs of relapse or maxillary bony overgrowth have occurred in these patients. No massive bleeding occurred during the procedures, and the patients tolerated the surgical approach very well. Complicated surgical procedures, such as bimaxillary segmental osteotomies with 2 or more pieces have been done in patients who had proper systemic conditions without any complications. Conclusions: Maintaining a hemoglobin level of approximately 10 g/dL decreases the risk of preoperative hemorrhage and complications of anesthesia. A complicated surgical approach and more instability during surgery is expected in patients with higher degree of systemic problems. We found that preoperative facial analysis was important in guiding our surgical planning and would benefit the cosmetic outcome as well. Attention to cardiac dysfunction, osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, and type of hemoglobin deficiency must be kept in mind, though more surgical cases must be treated before reaching a definitive conclusion.

A modified method for the design of multi-stream plate-fin heat exchangers that considers variable physical properties is proposed in this paper. The new method, based on Pinch Technology, exploits the dependency of physical properties (heat capacity, viscosity, density and thermal conductivity) on temperature variations. A set of temperature correction factors based on variable physical properties is derived for the hot and cold streams of a multi-stream heat exchanger. This allows calculation of effective stream pressure drops, which can lead to a valid trade-off between operating and capital cost in the targeting stage. Accordingly, composite curves are constructed; based on the enthalpy intervals, the multi-stream heat exchanger is subdivided into a number of block sections. A plate-fin heat exchanger is then designed for each section by maximising the allowable effective pressure drops. Next, using a Genetic Algorithm, the method is completed in order to optimise the pressure drop of streams. Therefore, fin types for each individual stream are considered as optimising variables. By taking the variable physical properties of each stream into account and using the best fin selection, one can achieve accurate results in the design stage.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like Ibupro- fen alleviate mild to moderate postoperative pain caused by the third molar extractions. Moreover, Acetaminophen is a non-opioid analgesic with anti-pyretic properties, effective in relieving mild to moderate pain. On the other hand, recent studies have demonstrated that Caffeine also acts as an analgesic adjuvant when combined with Acetaminophen, Aspirin, or their mixture. The objective of study is to compare the efficacy of a combination of Ibuprofen 200 mg and Acetaminophen 325 mg plus Caffeine 40 mg with Ibuprofen 400 mg alone for relieving the pain after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. 80 adult patients (56 females, 24 males) were randomly placed into two groups. Preoperative pain recorded prior to the surgery and compare with patients’ pain after the operation. According to findings, there was no significant relationship between preoperative and postoperative pain (P value > 0.05) and also between surgical trauma and postoperative pain (P value > 0.05). The mean pain showed a slight numerical superiority for the group which used Ibu-profen plus Acetaminophen plus Caffeine especially 3hours after surgery, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P value = 0.073). In conclusion, combination of Ibuprofen plus aceta-minophen plus caffeine does not offer any clinical advantages compared with Ibuprofen for alleviating acute postoperative pain after third molar surgeries.

Botulinum toxin A has a wide variety of clinical applications in medical and dermatologic sciences. Nowadays, researchers introduce some other indications for botulinum toxin in cosmetic and especially noncosmetic aspects of dermatology such as medical rhinoplasty, hypertrophic scar, chemical brow lift, supraciliary wrinkles, pompholix, eccrine angiomatosis, Hailey-Hailey, dermatochalasis, lichen simplex, nosthalgia parestetica, and granulosis rubra nasi. In this general overview of the use of botulinum toxin in dermatology, an extensive literature search was carried out to updates of all dermatology-oriented experiments and clinical trials on the mentioned aspect of botulinum toxin.

Service-oriented architecture in a distributed computing environment, with loosely coupled geo-services is a new approach for using GIS services in environmental modeling. The messages exchanged must follow a set of standard protocols which support syntactic interoperability, but do not address application semantics. This article proposes a layer-based ontology with additional layers for describing geo-services, especially the measurement units used. The paper gives an ontology of measurements for describing the input and output of field-based geo-services and a core ontology of geo-services containing the domain concepts. An upper ontology adds new general concepts to an existing ontology in order to achieve an agreement between geo-service developers and environmental modelers. The layer-based structure is the building block for discovering geo-services that support semantic interoperability in GIS and environmental modeling.

The rainfall threshold (RT) method is a nonstructural flood mitigation approach that is emerging as an effective flood forecasting tool. A critical RT value is the minimum cumulative rainfall depth necessary to cause critical water level or discharge at a cross section of a river. The major drawback of the RT approach is associated with the offline methods used for extracting critical RT values based on some fixed watershed characteristics and rainfall conditions. In this paper, a novel methodology is presented for real-time updating of RT curves for flood forecasting using a rainfall-runoff model and an artificial neural network. In this method, in addition to the rainfall depth, observed discharges are also used to update the rainfall threshold curves for real-time soil moisture and rainfall temporal and spatial patterns. The method was tested on the Walnut Gulch watershed with a 50-min time of concentration for selected historical rainfall events. It was shown that applying the proposed updatin...