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Con el modelo neoliberal se han intensificado las transformaciones en los Centros Históricos (CH), hoy sujetos a procesos de renovación y desarrollo comercial y turístico que han generado diversas problemáticas, dejando de lado la importancia y significado social de la ciudad. La investigación propone un modelo para el análisis de la intervención urbana y desarrollo turístico en CH a través de la política urbana, con la finalidad de identificar su incidencia en la dinámica urbana actual. Para ello se realizó un análisis crítico del acervo bibliográfico de diversas revistas científicas y otros documentos relevantes sobre aspectos teórico-metodológicos de intervención urbana, turismo y CH. Se concluye que la incursión de la política neoliberal en el ámbito urbano dio lugar a una nueva forma de construir las ciudades, generando su mercantilización mediante el embellecimiento de la ciudad y la acumulación del capital a partir de proyectos de renovación urbana orientados a la actividad turística.

BACKGROUND Behavioral mitigation strategies to slow the spread of COVID-19 have resulted in sweeping lifestyle changes, with short- and long-term psychological, well-being, and quality of life implications. The Attitudes About COVID-19 and Health (ATTACH) study focuses on understanding attitudes and beliefs while considering the impact on mental and physical health and the influence of broader demographic and geographic factors on attitudes, beliefs, and mental health burden. OBJECTIVE In this assessment of our first wave of data collection, we provide baseline cohort description of the ATTACH study participants in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Mexico. Additionally, we assess responses to daily poll questions related to COVID-19 and conduct a cross-sectional analysis of baseline assessments collected in the UK between June 26 and October 31, 2020. METHODS The ATTACH study uses smartphone app technology and online survey data collection. Participants completed poll questions related to COVID-19 2 times daily and a monthly survey assessing mental health, social isolation, physical health, and quality of life. Poll question responses were graphed using 95% Clopper–Pearson (exact) tests with 95% CIs. Pearson correlations, hierarchical linear regression analyses, and generalized linear models assessed relationships, predictors of self-reported outcomes, and group differences, respectively. RESULTS By October 31, 2020, 1405, 80, and 90 participants had consented to participate in the UK, United States, and Mexico, respectively. Descriptive data for the UK daily poll questions indicated that participants generally followed social distancing measures, but worry and negative impacts on families increased as the pandemic progressed. Although participants generally reported feeling that the reasons for current measures had been made clear, there was low trust that the government was doing everything in its power to meet public needs. In the UK, 1282 participants also completed a monthly survey (94.99% [1326/1396] White, 72.22% [1014/1404] female, and 20.12% [277/1377] key or essential workers); 18.88% (242/1282) of UK participants reported a preexisting mental health disorder, 31.36% (402/1282) reported a preexisting chronic medical illness, and 35.11% (493/1404) were aged over 65; 57.72% (740/1282) of participants reported being more sedentary since the pandemic began, and 41.89% (537/1282) reported reduced access to medical care. Those with poorer mental health outcomes lived in more deprived neighborhoods, in larger households (PsPs CONCLUSIONS Communities who have been exposed to additional harm during the COVID-19 pandemic were experiencing worse mental outcomes. Factors including having a medical condition, or living in a deprived neighborhood or larger household were associated with heightened risk. Future longitudinal studies should investigate the link between COVID-19 exposure, mental health, and sociodemographic and residential characteristics.

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous toxic metal that decreases resistance to infections, in which the macrophages have an essential role. Pb adverse effects on nitric oxide (NO-) production and variable effects on inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages have been reported, but no effects have been reported in anti-inflammatory macrophages. We studied Pb (0.03-6 μg/dL equivalent to 0.014-2.89 μM) effects on the function of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) induced to either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, with LPS + IFNγ or IL-4+IL-13, respectively, and whether these effects are related. Pb did not induce cytotoxicity at any concentration in both macrophage phenotypes. In inflammatory BMDM, Pb (6 μg/dL) inhibited NO- production without affecting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels or basal arginase activity. At 3 and 6 μg/dL, Pb enhanced the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) membrane expression but did not modify CD86 expression, TNFα, or IL-1β production and secretion. In anti-inflammatory BMDM, Pb did not alter arginase activity, but at 3 and 6 μg/dL, increased TGF-β1 and mannose receptor expression. Results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of Pb alter functional outcomes or phenotypic markers of anti-inflammatory for the first time. The Pb effects on the inflammatory macrophages are not dependent on negative feedback resulting from the Pb effect on the anti-inflammatory phenotype. The Pb affected only some molecules or specific pathways related to both phenotypes. These effects could be related to Pb effects on immune defense against intracellular pathogens and allergy susceptibility.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is widely used to measure the individual differences in two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. In this study, we examine the psychometric properties of the ERQ (Spanish version) in a Mexican community sample (N = 792). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the traditional two-factor model (comprising cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression factors) was replicable and an excellent fit to the data. ERQ cognitive reappraisal (α = 0.81) and expressive suppression (α = 0.76) scores had acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability. As expected, women tend to use less expressive suppression than men. We also assessed the correlations of both strategies with alexithymia and empathy. Cognitive reappraisal scores were negatively correlated with alexithymia and positively correlated with higher empathy measures, whereas expressive suppression scores were positively correlated with personal distress and alexithymia, and negatively correlated with cognitive empathy scales and empathic concern. We conclude that, similar to previous findings, the ERQ has strong psychometric properties in a Mexican community sample and can be used in a confident manner with other tests to complement the assessment of affective traits. In addition, considering previous suggestions of the association between emotional regulation strategies and different components of the empathic response, the correlations between empathy measures and the emotional regulation strategies shown in this study opens a pathway to further research such interactions.

Summary A lymph node sinus-on-a-chip adhesion microfluidic platform that recapitulates the hydrodynamic microenvironment of the lymph node subcapsular sinus was engineered. This device was used to interrogate the effects of lymph node remodeling on cellular adhesion in fluid flow relevant to lymphatic metastasis. Wall shear stress levels analytically estimated and modeled after quiescent and diseased/inflamed lymph nodes were experimentally recapitulated using a flow-based microfluidic perfusion system to assess the effects of physiological flow fields on human metastatic cancer cell adhesion. Results suggest that both altered fluid flow profiles and presentation of adhesive ligands, which are predicted to manifest within the lymph node subcapsular sinus as a result of inflammation-induced remodeling, and the presence of lymph-borne monocytic cells may synergistically contribute to the dynamic extent of cell adhesion in flow relevant to lymph node invasion by cancer and monocytic immune cells during lymphatic metastasis., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • A lymph node subcapsular sinus-on-a-chip was engineered to study lymphatic metastasis • Altered fluid flows and adhesive ligands regulate cell adhesion in subcapsular sinus • Monocytes increase cancer cell adhesion adhesion in a lymph node flow-dependent manner • Biophysical effects of lymph node remodeling regulates lymphatic metastasis mechanisms, Tissue Engineering; Cancer; Bioengineering

Psychotherapists constantly regulate their own perspective and emotions to better understand the “other’s” state. We compared 52 psychotherapists with 92 non-psychotherapists to characterized psychometric constructs like, Fantasy (FS) and Perspective Taking (PT), and the emotion regulation strategy of Expressive Suppression (ES), which hampers the empathic response. Psychotherapists showed greater FS, PT and lower ES scores. In a subsample (36, 18 ea.), we did a functional connectivity (FC) study. Psychotherapists showed greater FC between the left anterior insula and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; and less connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the orbito prefrontal cortex. Both associations correlated with the PT scores and suggest a cognitive regulatory effect related to the empathic response. Considering, that the psychometric differences between groups were in the cognitive domain and that the FC associations are related to cognitive processes, these results suggest that psychotherapists have a greater cognitive regulation over their empathic response.

The impact of pregnancy hypertension in the offspring endothelia remains unknown. We evaluated the transcriptional expression of four genes that participate in the process of endothelial dysfunction using umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUVEC) from healthy pregnant women (PW) and those with hypertensive disorders (HD). The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), gluthathione S-transferase subtype T1 (GSTT1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 8 (IL-8) mRNA and IL-6 protein levels were assessed. IL-6 and IL-8 transcripts were significantly reduced in HUVEC obtained from HD women. Our results suggest that a hypertensive environment in utero modifies the transcriptional expression of key inflammatory molecules in the newborn.

El presente trabajo de investigación cualitativa, realizada en el puesto de salud Ariel Sáballos, sobre las relaciones interpersonales y calidad de atención del personal de enfermería, el cual analiza el servicio que reciben los usuarios y las relaciones interpersonales que se desarrollan entre los trabajadores de la salud y usuarios que solicitan su servicio, así como el exceso de trabajo que cada día las enfermeras realizan desde su área. Por lo tanto el personal de enfermería ha tenido problemas de relaciones interpersonales, tanto con el jefe de sala, jefa de enfermería, compañeras enfermeras como el mismo paciente y familiares que llegan a la unidad de salud, los cuales quieren que sean atendidos de inmediato. Este trabajo se realizó con una metodología cualitativa, se aplicaron entrevistas y observaciones del actuar de las enfermeras realizando su labor. En múltiples ocasiones como todo ser humano, la enfermera tiene sus propias preocupaciones hogareñas, o del mismo estrés del trabajo, por lo tanto no establece una buena comunicación con el paciente y familiares, razón por la cual los estándares de la calidad de servicio disminuyen. Consideramos que se debe de dar atención a las relaciones interpersonales de todo el personal de este puesto de salud, para mantener la calidad del servicio.

Reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems; therefore, to conserve the vast array of marine species that depend on them is vital. Many coral reefs around the world are under threat of extinction due to factors related to climate change and anthropogenic action. Studies have shown that specific infections develop at normal ocean temperatures and that warmer temperatures make the disease even more virulent. Also, as temperature increases, the infection in already infected corals becomes lethal. Thermal stress and the presence of pathogenic bacteria from the contribution of organic matter generates pathological affections in coral tissue, such as the White Band, Black Band, Yellow Band, White Plague, and Bacterial Whitening. This stimulates, in the short term, loss of coral cover and in the long term, negative impacts on the faunal composition of marine ecosystems. This review aims to present scientific information generated in the identification of different pathogenic bacteria that affect the health of corals.

Los centros históricos son parte del legado de la sociedad y cuentan, no sólo con valores estéticos, sociales, culturales y económicos, sino también representan una fuente de identidad social y constituyen un patrimonio invaluable en términos de los significados asociados a éste. Es por ello, que su gestión debe analizarse de manera diferente, especialmente cuando éstos se encuentran inscritos en la lista del Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad de la UNESCO. El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de intervención urbana y desarrollo del turismo en el Centro Histórico de Morelia, Michoacán a partir del nombramiento como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad, con la finalidad de identificar su incidencia en la dinámica de la realidad urbana. Se desarrolla en función de los elementos metodológicos propuestos por Troitiño Vinuesa (1992), soportado en un enfoque integral de los fenómenos y procesos de transformación urbana. Se demuestra que el Centro Histórico de Morelia ha sufrido diversas intervenciones urbanas, que han dado lugar a la valorización del sitio, el legado cultural y el desarrollo del turismo, mediante la apropiación del patrimonio, resultado de la implementación de políticas públicas neoliberales que permiten la mercantilización del espacio público.

La formación académica y orientación a la producción científica de los autores del libro “Mecanismos municipales de control de la ocupación del espacio en la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Toluca, Estado de México, 1983-2010” les ha permitido posicionarse como un referente en el campo de estudio de la planeación, el desarrollo urbano y la sustentabilidad ambiental, desde los ámbitos sociales, territoriales, económicos, político-administrativo y ambientales en México, con la finalidad de hacer frente a las diversas problemáticas sociales mediante la generación de consensos con el Estado y autoridades correspondientes de atender necesidades y demandas colectivas en materia de ocupación del espacio en zonas metropolitanas que conlleve al bienestar común.

Pragmatics may be defined as the ability to communicate by expressing and recognizing intentions. The objective of this meta-analysis was to identify neural substrates for comprehension of pragmatic content in general, as well as the differences between pragmatic forms, and to describe if there is differential recruitment of brain areas according to natural language. This meta-analysis included 48 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that reported pragmatic versus literal language contrasts. The pragmatic forms were speech acts, metaphors, idioms, and irony. Effect Size-Signed Differential Mapping software was used to calculate the mean for all contrasts as well as for each pragmatic form, and make comparisons among all forms. Due to variations in pragmatic content configuration such as natural language, stimulus modality, and writing systems, these variations were also analyzed with subgroups' analyses. The analyses found a highly reproducible bilateral fronto-temporal and medial prefrontal cortex network for pragmatic comprehension. Each pragmatic form showed a specific convergence pattern within this bilateral network. Natural language analyses showed that fronto-temporal regions were recruited by Germanic languages, while only left frontal areas were recruited by Romance languages, and right medial prefrontal cortex by Japanese. In conclusion, pragmatic language comprehension involves classical language areas in bilateral perisylvian regions, along with the medial prefrontal cortex, an area involved in social cognition. Together, these areas could represent the "pragmatic language network". Nonetheless, when proposing a universal neural substrate for all forms of pragmatic language, the diversity among studies in terms of pragmatic form, and configuration, must be taken into consideration.

Ciencias Biomedicas

El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de determinar en qué medida los factores administrativos, evangelísticos, pastorales y estructurales influyeron en el crecimiento de la Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día en la ciudad de Trujillo durante el período 2001-2009.El estudio corresponde a un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo histórico sincrónico-descriptivo y explicativo, realizado en una muestra poblacional de 244 feligreses. Los resultados mostraron que los factores administrativos, evangelísticos, pastorales y estructurales han contribuido significativamente para elcrecimiento distrital de la IASD en la ciudad de Trujillo.

Debido a la intensa dinámica de los procesos productivos actuales, se ha generado un deterioro tanto ambiental como en la calidad de vida de los actores locales, que se profundizan en el medio rural, donde las mujeres campesinas enfrentan múltiples desafí­os económicos, polí­ticos y socio-culturales, al tiempo que se posicionan como un actor central en los procesos de desarrollo rural. Esta investigación está soportada en un análisis crí­tico del acervo bibliográfico de diversas revistas cientí­ficas y otros documentos relevantes sobre aspectos teórico–metodológicos de la participación de la mujer en actividades turí­sticas, conservación ambiental y desarrollo local sustentable. De esta forma, el estudio propone un modelo para el análisis de la participación social de la mujer en la conservación ambiental a partir de turismo rural, identificando su contribución en el desarrollo local sustentable. Para ello, se retoman las contribuciones de Knight y Cottrell (2015) a partir de los tipos de procesos de empoderamiento: poder sobre, poder para, poder con y poder dentro, así­ como las aportaciones de Cañada y Gascón (2007), para el análisis del turismo rural y la conservación ambiental. Se concluye que el turismo rural se percibe como una oportunidad de desarrollo, tanto en el ámbito personal como social, especialmente en las mujeres que participan en proyectos de esta í­ndole consiguiendo empoderarse, lo cual permite delinear una nueva perspectiva de análisis donde las mujeres son capaces de mantener la armoní­a entre los recursos naturales y las actividades económicas dando lugar a un desarrollo local sustentable.

Se realizó un estudio en un ejido del área natural de los Tuxtlas en Veracruz, para analizar la participación de las mujeres campesinas en la conservación y aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales y de su participación en el turismo rural. Becaria CONACYT

Mentalizing is a fundamental aspect of social cognition that includes understanding the mental states of others. This process involves the participation of a well-defined set of brain regions. However, it is still unknown how different contextual situations, such as previous cooperative or non-cooperative interactions, can modulate the brain activity related to the inference of others’ mental states. Hence, this study investigated whether a previous social interaction can modulate the neural mechanisms involved in a way to response to inferred mental states of cooperators and non-cooperators in positive vs. negative emotional situations. Participants first engaged in a Dictator game with cooperator and non-cooperator confederates. Then, in an fMRI setup, participants had to infer the mental states of the cooperator and non-cooperator confederates under positive and negative situations. Results showed that in addition to the mentalizing network, inferring mental states recruited occipital and cerebellar areas in the cooperative context. A differential pattern of activity that depended on the emotional valence of the situation was also detected, i.e., negative situations recruited prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both contexts, while temporal regions were recruited only for the non-cooperative context. Overall, these results suggest that our previous experiences with others modulate the brain activity related to the inferences we make about their mental states in specific emotional situations.

The visual system classifies objects into categories, and distinct populations of neurons within the temporal lobe respond preferentially to objects of a given perceptual category. We can also classify the objects we recognize with the sense of touch, but less is known about the neuronal correlates underlying this cognitive function. To address this question, we performed a multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) activity to identify the cortical areas that can be used to decode the category of objects explored with the hand. We observed that tactile object category can be decoded from the activity patterns of somatosensory and parietal areas. Importantly, we found that categories can also be decoded from the lateral occipital complex (LOC), which is a multimodal region known to be related to the representation of object shape. Furthermore, a hyperalignment analysis showed that activity patterns are similar across subjects. Our results thus indicate that tactile object recognition generates category-specific patterns of activity in a multisensory area known to encode objects, and that these patterns have a similar functional organization across individuals.

Evolutionary approaches have proposed that women possess an advantage over men in emotional functioning to promote attachment for child-rearing. Likewise, sex differences have been reported in traits such as personality and empathy, traits that likely modulate emotional processing. In this preliminary study, sex differences in emotional processing were analyzed, including empathy as a social emotion and personality traits, as well as whether there exist relationships between those measures. Young volunteers ( N = 105) indicated the emotional valence, activation, and dominance that they experience in situations categorized as emotionally positive, negative, or neutral. The results of comparison between sexes supported the approach that women showed more sensitivity to high activation and dominance for positive emotions and empathy, and men were more sensitive to negative situations. Correlation analysis showed only one positive relationship between scores of Self-transcendence, a subscale of Temperament and Character Inventory, with activation scores of neutral situations, but not with emotionally charged situations, perhaps because emotions are context-dependent processes while personality traits are considered context-independent descriptions of habits. These findings should be replicated to enrich knowledge about problems in emotional processing.

Tesis (Cirujano Dentista) Antecedentes: La pérdida de piezas dentarias, es un problema de salud frecuente en la población chilena, provocando alteraciones psicológicas, estéticas y funcionales a nivel de fonación y masticación, generando a la vez una disminución del rendimiento masticatorio, necesitando rehabilitación protésica. En Chile, la encuesta Nacional de Salud del 2010 muestra la insatisfacción de los portadores de prótesis dentales removibles relacionados con la rehabilitación, lo que lleva al no uso de la prótesis, acentuando con ello la pérdida dentaria y rendimiento masticatorio. Justificación: Existen pocos estudios en Chile que establezcan relación entre estas variables. La presente investigación se fundamenta en la necesidad de evaluar el efecto del rendimiento masticatorio en la satisfacción usuaria del paciente rehabilitado con prótesis totales y parciales removibles. Permitiendo evaluar la importancia del rendimiento masticatorio en la satisfacción usuaria del paciente y éxito en la rehabilitación. Objetivo general: Determinar la efectividad del rendimiento masticatorio en la satisfacción usuaria de los pacientes portadores de prótesis totales y parciales, rehabilitados en la Universidad Andrés Bello, concepción, 2014-2015 Material y método: Estudio de campo con abordaje cuantitativo cuyo diseño es observacional: retrospectivo, transversal; analítico, en pacientes portadores de prótesis totales y parciales rehabilitados en la clínica odontológica de la Universidad Andrés Bello durante los años 2014 y 2015. La muestra no probabilística, en pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y que consintieron informadamente participar en el estudio. La muestra estuvo constituida por 36 pacientes a los cuales se les aplicó el cuestionario GOHAI para medición de satisfacción usuaria y para medir el rendimiento masticatorio se realizó el test de Manly. Los resultados se analizaron con el software SPSS v23. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo en donde se evaluó normalidad de la distribución de las variables con análisis exploratorio con un test de Kolmogórov – Smirnov (KS). La variable rendimiento masticatorio obtuvo un KS > 0,05 al igual que satisfacción usuaria lo que nos indica una distribución normal, por lo que se utilizó pruebas paramétricas. Se realizó la prueba de ANOVA para el análisis de varianza entre las variables rendimiento masticatorio y tipo de prótesis, mientras que para evaluar rendimiento masticatorio según satisfacción usuaria se realizó el análisis de test T Student y para evaluar asociación entre la variable tipo de prótesis y satisfacción usuaria se aplicó el test de chi-cuadrado Resultados Observados: Los pacientes rehabilitados en la clínica de la Universidad Andrés Bello, con prótesis totales y parciales removibles presentan alta satisfacción usuaria, y un rendimiento masticatorio aceptable para su condición, sin embargo no existe asociación estadísticamente significativa entre ambas variables. Background: The loss of teeth , is a frequent health problem in the Chilean population , causing a large number of psychological , aesthetic and functional level phonation and chewing alterations, in this one decreased masticatory performance is generated , which aims be returned with prosthetic rehabilitation. In Chile the national health survey 2010 shows dissatisfaction carriers removable dentures, which can lead to not use it, emphasizing the consequences of tooth loss and masticatory performance. Justification : There are no studies in Chile that establish a relationship between these variables. This research is based on the need to assess the effect of masticatory performance in the user satisfaction rehabilitated patient whit removable full and partial dentures. Allowing determine whether the effectiveness of the functional area is important for the use of prosthesis, patient satisfaction and success of rehabilitation. General Objective: To determine the effectiveness of chewing performance in the satisfaction of user patients with full and partial dentures, rehabilitated at the Andres Bello University, Concepcion, 2014-2015 Material and methods: field study with a quantitative approach whose design is observable: Retrospective, transversal; analytical, in patients with full and partial dentures rehabilitated in the dental clinic of the Andres Bello University during the years 2014 and 2015. The sample not probable, intentional and opportunistic deliberate and will be done with 30 patients who met inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. In order to evaluate, user satisfaction questionnaire, GOHAI that measured three dimensions of satisfaction whit prosthetic rehabilitation, while measuring masticatory performance test will be performed Manly apply. The results will be analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. Expected results: At the end of the study may determine the effect of chewing performance in the satisfaction of the user patient with removable dentures, rehabilitated at the Andrés Bello University, home gran Concepción, attended in the years 2014 and 2015.