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Purpose: To review the clinical features, disease progression, and effects of treatment on idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN)., Design: Retrospective interventional case series., Participants: Ten patients with IRVAN originally reported in 1995 and 12 additional patients identified since the original series., Intervention: Patients in the series had testing that may have included fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and systemic evaluation. Treatments included panretinal laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, vitrectomy surgery, and injection of periocular or intravitreal steroids., Main Outcome Measures: Initial visual acuity (VA), initial stage at diagnosis, clinical course, surgical intervention, final VA, and complications of disease., Results: A total of 44 eyes of 22 patients were studied; 9 eyes had reached stage 1 or 2 disease at last follow-up, 17 had reached stage 3, and 12 had reached stage 4 or 5. At the time of last follow-up, 14 eyes had maintained 20/20 vision, 15 had between 20/40 and 20/200 vision, and 9 had 20/300 vision or worse. Later stages of retinal ischemia are associated with worse VA. Thirty-two of 38 followed eyes were treated. Twenty-five were treated initially with panretinal laser photocoagulation. The clinical course of each eye after initiation of panretinal laser photocoagulation was evaluated with respect to the final VA and stage of ischemic retinopathy at the initiation of treatment. Panretinal laser photocoagulation was initiated in 3 eyes at stage 2, 16 at stage 3, 5 at stage 4, and 1 at stage 5. Seven eyes underwent grid laser retinal photocoagulation of the macula for macular edema., Conclusions: Idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis is an isolated retinal vascular disease that can progress rapidly to severe vision loss due to ischemic sequelae despite treatment with panretinal laser photocoagulation. Based on our review of the largest cohort of IRVAN patients, early panretinal laser photocoagulation should be considered when angiographic evidence of widespread retinal nonperfusion is present, and before (or shortly after) the development of neovascularization. A functional staging system is proposed to improve treatment paradigms.

Particular types of retinal vasculitis are described and discussed: primary (idiopathic) and secondary to bacterial, viral, fungal, parasite infections and retinal vasculitis coexisting with systemic disease. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the vessels involved. Retinal vasculitis is often accompanied by uveitis.

The authors reported unusual and rare condition of bilateral retinal vasculitis primarily affecting the central retinal artery at the nerve head and its 4 main branches. The most striking feature was the presence of the diffuse vitreous cells, occlusion of branch retinal artery, segmental periarterial infiltration, arterial sheating, retinal arterial aneurysms, disc swelling, peripheral retinal non perfusion and their complications. During 13 year's observation and treatment one eye went blind 3 years after initial examination. Second eye started the same clinical course two years after beginning of the disease. To avoid similar devastating course of the disease we started systemic steroids and immunosuppressive therapy, followed by photocoagulation of nonperfused peripheral retina and vitreoretinal surgery. We achieved stabilization of the disease with decreased visual functions. Comprehensive systemic work-up was unrevealing, no clear etiology was identified and diagnosis of idiopathic retinal vasculitis was made.

Inflammation involving the retinal vasculature may occur as an isolated finding unrelated to an identifiable underlying diagnosis, termed primary retinal vasculitis, or may be associated with a myriad of both ocular and systemic pathology. Retinal vasculitis is most accurately defined as vascular leakage and staining of vessel walls on fluorescein angiography, with or without the clinical appearance of fluffy, white perivascular infiltrates in the eye with evidence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous body or aqueous humor. Management of retinal vasculitis requires a dualistic approach: one, to control ocular inflammation and reverse a potentially sight-threatening condition, and two, to spare no effort in identifying and treating concomitant, and in many cases, life- threatening systemic disease.

Adamantiades-Behcet's disease (ABD) is a chronic recurrent vasculitis whose aetiology is still unclear. The first description goes back to B. Adamantiades und H. Behcet. The disease mainly occurs in Mediterranean, Middle and Far Eastern countries. However, it is not limited to these regions and can be found worldwide, and, as a result of increasing human mobility, is steadily becoming more significant. Clinical findings reveal recurrent oral and/or genital ulcers, arthritis and skin involvement in the form of erythema nodosum and superficial thrombophlebitis. Relapsing ocular involvement is one of the major manifestations in ABD and can be found in 60-80% of patients, resulting in retinal vasculitis, neuropathy or panuveitis. Eye involvement can lead to blindness in the affected eye in 20-50% of cases. Steroids, cyclosporin A und azathioprin are available to treat affected eyes. Studies of new treatment modalities including interferon-alpha or TNF antibodies are under way.

The paper purpose a diagnostic and treatment guide for the immune retinal vasculitis. These rare diseases sometimes asymptomatic for a long period, can cause severe ocular complications, with a significant decrease of visual acuity. The prognosis depends in most of cases on an early diagnosis and a correct treatment.

Purpose: To report a case of Dengue fever resulting in permanent visual loss in both eyes due to retinal capillary occlusion., Methods: Case report., Results: Severe permanent visual loss occurred in a patient with Dengue fever. Dilated fundus exam showed vascular sheathing with associated retinal hemorrhages at the equator and cotton wool spots in the maculae of both eyes. Fluorescein angiography revealed areas of capillary nonperfusion at the equator and in the macula. The diagnosis of Dengue fever was confirmed by serology detecting IgM antibodies to the Dengue virus., Conclusion: Ocular abnormalities may be seen in patients with Dengue fever, therefore ophthalmoscopy should be performed in patients presenting with severe forms of the disease.

Retinal vasculitis represents a group of diseases characterized by inflammation affecting the retinal vasculature. It is an uncommon disorder that may occur as an isolated disease or more commonly in association with other ocular diseases or a variety of systemic diseases. With a wide variety of disease associations, a search for an underlying etiology should be undertaken based on a meticulous history, review of systems, and physical examination. The laboratory evaluation of patients with retinal vasculitis is an essential component of the work-up to facilitate detection of any underlying disease or to establish a limited differential diagnosis. The management of infectious causes of retinal vasculitis consists of antimicrobial therapy while noninfectious retinal vasculitis is managed with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents. Because retinal vasculitis is an uncommon disease, there are only a limited number of publications over the past year related to this topic.

Purpose: To describe an unusual case of bilateral progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS)) associated with retinal vasculitis., Methods: In a 37-year-old man with bilateral PRS, retinal vasculitis of the right eye was evident on fundus examination and fluorescein angiography. Right temporalis muscle biopsy and needle electromyography of the masseter muscles were performed. The patient underwent immunosuppressive therapy and retinal laser photocoagulation., Results: Biopsy specimens showed large fibrosis with focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the muscle fibers. Electromyographic findings are consistent with a primary muscle disease. Visual acuity improved from 20/25 to 20/20 in the right eye with a follow-up of one year., Conclusions: The evidence of retinal vasculitis and the histologic findings of facial changes observed in this PRS case could support the pathogenetic model of a chronic inflammatory process as a plausible explanation for progressive facial hemiatrophy.

Purpose: To report four cases of Eales' disease in Inuit from Greenland diagnosed within a 6.5-year period. There are no previous reports on Eales' disease among Greenlanders., Methods: Four younger Inuit, three males and one female, were diagnosed with Eales' disease based on fundus changes and exclusion of possible differential diagnoses. Several studies point to a possible relation between Eales' disease and tuberculosis (TB); examination of possible exposure to TB was part of the clinical investigation., Results: Retinal changes made panretinal laser photocoagulation necessary in all cases. Four eyes in three patients were vitrectomized. Three patients received oral corticosteroid treatment. The final visual outcome was relatively good, with a visual acuity below 6/60 (3/36) in only one vitrectomized eye. All patients had been exposed to TB., Conclusion: Eales' disease seems to be rather common in the small population of Inuit (56,000) in Greenland. Attention is required to ensure diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including laser photocoagulation, leading to a reasonably good prognosis.

The Eales disease is a retinal idiopathic vasculitis which has raised big problems in diagnosis and especially in therapeutic approach. The complications secondary to neovascularization as well as fibrovascular proliferation has surpassed for many times the therapeutical possibilities from nowadays.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common multisystem disorder. However, retinal vasculitis as a primary manifestation of SLE is uncommon, accounting for only 4% of causes of retinal vasculitis. The postulated mechanism appeared to be vaso-occlusion of the retinal arterioles by thrombosis, with resultant ischaemia. Optic neuropathy in SLE is also rare, with a prevalence of 1%. This is a case report of a young lady who presented to us with retinal vasculitis as her initial presentation of SLE. Interestingly, the pathologic mechanism appeared to be inflammatory and not vaso-occlusive.

Retinal vasculitis is one of the frequently cause of impair of visual acuity. The vein is involved most of time, and the artery is involved less. Sometimes, the vein and artery are involved together. The types and cause of the disease are complex. In recent years, ophthalmologists have gotten some new achievements on the study of the disease, and some arguments just like naming, diagnosing and treatment still exist. Now we review all the achievement and arguments of the naming, clinic, pathology, etiology, experiment, diagnosing, treatment of the disease.