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The disubstituted antimony chloride complex [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2C]2SbCl (Pyr = C5H4N), formed from the 2:1 reaction of [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2CLi·tmeda] with SbCl3, readily decomposes into the stibaalkene species [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2CSb=C(SiMe3)2-Pyr] via β-elimination of Me3SiCl. The stibaalkene species is an intensely colored, highly air and moisture sensitive, deep red oil. In thf solution the elimination of Me3SiCl occurs at temperatures ca. -40°C; however, orange crystals of [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2C]2SbCl were obtained from an Et2O solution maintained at -25°C and the structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the crystals of [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2C]2SbCl have been obtained in d8-toluene at -30°C, and its decomposition to the stibaalkene was followed by recording spectra as the sample was warmed to 30°C. DFT ab initio calculations have been conducted to investigate the role of pyridyl groups in Me3SiCl elimination as well as the structure and stability of the final stibaalkene. These indicate that the formation of strong Sb-N bonds effectively localizes much of the double-bond character in a C=C rather than Sb=C bond, increasing its overall stability.

Published data on explosion and fire events at nuclear fuel reprocessing plants initiated by red oil phenomena are reviewed. The formation mechanisms, in-facility transport and deposition, and also reactions of red oil causing explosions and fires are examined. The causes of accidents related to the red oil phenomena are analyzed.

The hollow fiber blend membrane, fouled by plant wastewater from banknote printing works, was characterized with SEM and the fouling elements were investigated by EDX. Based on analysis results, fouling process in ultrafiltration was simulated by using the model substances, which exist in the wastewater from banknote printing works, such as Turkey red oil, sodium hydroxide and calcium ion. It is observed that the reaction between Turkey red oil and calcium ion forms sediments, which leads to the beginning of membrane fouling. Furthermore, a four-step cleaning method, including de-ionized water cleaning, hydrochloric acid (0.1N) aqueous solution cleaning, second de-ionized water cleaning and sodium hydroxide (1 wt.%) aqueous solution cleaning, was used to clean the seriously fouled membrane in both lab and plant scale (membrane areas were 0.0157 and 80 m2, respectively) experiments. The results show that the cleaning method is effective. The membrane surface after cleaning was also analyzed by SEM/EDX and the foulants in the cleaning solutions were identified by TOC and ICP. According to these experimental results, the mechanisms of membrane fouling and cleaning were proposed. The four-step cleaning method has been widely used in the ultrafiltration of wastewater from banknote printing works.

This study is conducted to explore and utilize fresh mangosteen peel as an upcoming raw material for the production of natural dyes. The extract of fresh mangosteen peel is tested on cotton fabric by using alum as mordanting agent which processed by pre mordant dyeing procedure and fixation using 3 (three) different types of fixer. To obtain optimum interaction of fabric, mordant, dye and fixer, washing procedure has been performed using Turkish Red Oil (TRO) before mordanting stage with varying washing time and repeated dyeing procedure with varying frequency of dyeing. As a result, the application of pre mordanting dyeing method and fixation using iron (II) sulphate (FeSO 4 .7H 2 O), alum (KAI (SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O) and lime (CaO), produced very good color from mangosteen peel dyes extract. Cotton fabric that has been through the pre-mordanting dyeing procedure using dyes extract of mangosteen peel consecutively bring green, light brown, and dark brown color each on the fixation result using iron (II) sulfate, alum, and lime. Preliminary evaluation and instrumentation allows us to determine whether the application of washing time varies, the repeated frequency of immersion, and the use of different fixer compound using dyes extract with similar concentration and dyeing procedure affect the color intensity of the fabric sample.

A method using capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection has been developed and validated for the determination of Turkey Red Oil (sulfonated castor oil). The highest performance with respect to separation efficiency and analysis time was achieved with 30 mM Tris (pH 8.0) buffer containing 7.5 mM HP-β-CD. The feasibility of the proposed CE method for the analysis of Turkey Red Oil surfactant in industrial water samples is demonstrated. Spiking of real samples gave recoveries between 90 and 106%. The CE results were compared with that obtained by GC-MS. It was concluded that CE can be a good alternative for fast determination of Turkey Red Oil component distribution in industrial process waters with no sample preparation other than dilution. However, the method sensitivity is not satisfactory for monitoring surfactant level in a waste effluent stream.

Treatment of both polymeric [{(2-pyridyl)(SiMe3)C}SbCl]∞ and the implied stibene (SbC) containing red oil, formed as a result of Me3SiCl elimination from [{(2-pyridyl)(SiMe3)2C}2SbCl], with excess ...

Samples of ‘red oil’ have been placed in contact with simulated Hanford tank wastes, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry used to compare energetic content both before and after exposure to these waste simulants. Of the 85 samples studied, 44 samples had their energy content reduced by 90% or more following contact with waste simulant, while 77 of the 85 samples showed at least a 50% fall in energy content. All 85 samples showed at least some reduction in energetic content. The duration of contact between red oil and waste simulant was generally a few hours or days, and the overwhelming majority of the data suggest that contact times of several years, as would be typical in Hanford waste tanks, would further reduce the energy content of red oil to negligible quantities.

‘Red oil’ materials, resembling those produced during destructive incidents at Hanford and Savannah River, have been prepared following prolonged heating of uranyl nitrate, nitric acid, tributylphosphate (TBP) and a hydrocarbon diluent either under reflux conditions or within a high-pressure bomb reactor. Phase inversions, a characteristic feature of ‘red oil’ formation, were observed only when a cyclic hydrocarbon diluent was employed and were not observed when a straight chain hydrocarbon was used. The energetic content of the ‘red oil’ materials was found to be in the range from 30 to 444 J g −1 (7.2–106.1 cal g −1 ) as determined by DSC in open pans in the temperature range 20–350°C, with a typical value being 200 J g −1 (47.8 cal g −1 ). A ‘baseline’ Purex solution of UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 (TBP) 2 released 120 J g −1 (28.7 cal g −1 ) upon heating through the same temperature range.

Results of scenario identification, preparation of reliability data, fault tree construction and its analysis, are rendered for a system anomaly considered liable to lead to a red oil explosion in a Pu evaporator of a typical model of reprocessing facility. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has introduced the model plant data, the basic failure frequency data together with the fault tree analysis code FTL from NUKEM GmbH, Germany, and used to execute the above analyses. The frequency of occurrence of the system anomaly initiated by failures of the Pu purification process such as a pulse column failure or a mixer settler failure has been evaluated to be 2.6×10-3/yr for the solvent carry over into the evaporator for the German model reprocessing facility. In addition to this event, if an abnormal state such as continuously heating the solution to over 150°C inside the evaporator would happen with the analyzed occurrence probability of 1.0×10−8, it would be the more possible to result in the red oil exp...

Apart from the conventional chemical esterification process, long-chain alkyl ricinoleates also can be prepared by enzymatic esterification or by enzymatic alcoholysis with high yield and without undesirable side reactions. On sulfonation to the hydroxyl group, the alkyl ricinoleates produce surface-active compounds. The tetradecyl ricinoleate shows the best surface-active behavior and seems to be much better than that of sulfonated castor oil commonly known as “Turkey Red Oil”.

The risk of thermal runaway in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant due to red-oil reactions is discussed using the uranyl nitrate evaporator in the THORP plant as an illustrative example. The paper sets down the lessons learned from previous incidents and discusses the research and development work undertaken to enhance understanding of the nature and kinetics of these reactions. This work is used to analyse evaporator behaviour and to identify scenarios which result in thermal runaway. The probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) approach to define the frequency of red-oil hazards is then outlined.

A new anionic surfactant, sulfonated isoricinoleic acid, was prepared by sulfonation of isoricinoleic acid. Surface active properties, such as surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsifiability, dispersibility and foaming power of sulfonated isoricinoleic acid (SIRA), and sulfonated castor oil or turkey red oil (TRO) were studied and compared. The comparative studies showed that SIRA is a better surface active agent than TRO.

The present work deals with the investigation of diffusion and structural properties of sizing agents used for sizing secondary acetate yarns in the presence of plasticizers including water. The plasticizers (glycerin, Turkey red oil, water) are found to act as structure forming agents by changing the packing density of structural units of the diffusion medium.

[68725-14-4] C13H27F3O3SSn (MW 439.18) InChI = 1S/3C4H9.CHF3O3S.Sn/c3*1-3-4-2;2-1(3,4)8(5,6)7;/h3*1,3-4H2,2H3;(H,5,6,7);/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = LIQOILBASIAIQC-UHFFFAOYSA-M (powerful stannylating reagent;1 readily stannylates vinylcuprates and vinylaluminum compounds;1-3 catalyzes hydrostannation of aldehydes and ketones by tin hydrides4) Physical Data: mp 41–43 °C; bp 155–167 °C/0.08 mmHg. Solubility: freely sol polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Preparative Methods: by analogy to the preparation of trialkyltin carboxylates,5 tribuyltin trifluoromethanesulfonate is prepared from Bis(Tri-n-butyltin) Oxide and either Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid (with subsequent removal of water) or Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride,2 as in eq 1. (1) The following procedure is quite convenient: freshly distilled trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride6 is caused to react with an equal molar amount of tributyltin oxide cooled at 20 °C under nitrogen. When the exothermic reaction completely subsides, the flask is set up for a short-path distillation and the resulting red oil is distilled at about 0.1 mmHg. The distillate is collected without cooling to prevent crystallization of the product in the condenser. Alternatively, this reagent can be prepared in situ by the action of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid on Tri-n-butylstannane in benzene or dichloroethane.4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: this reagent is deliquescent. Therefore it is best handled as a solution in benzene, ether, or hexane, stored at room temperature under nitrogen. Solutions can be dried with 4∠ molecular sieves. As with certain other trialkyltin electrophiles, tributyltin trifluoromethanesulfonate is foul smelling. The toxicity of this class of compounds has been described.7 Use in a fume hood.

A very small potential exists in the Savannah River Site (SRS) separations operations for an uncontrolled reaction between tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and nitric acid that could result in unacceptable damage to separations facilities and a significant release of radioactive materials. The recent ''red oil'' (TBP and nitric acid) accident in Tomsk, Russia, resulted in considerable damage and radioactive release. Explosions have also occurred at SRS during the early years of operations. While the SRS separations facilities have operated without incident for many years, it is prudent to revisit the SRS defense-in-depth approach to preventing such an accident and to upgrade preventive procedures and hardware as appropriate.

This supplement provides a set of instrumentation engineering diagrams and a discussion of dip-tube manometry.

One the Reactivity of π-(η5-)-Cyclopentadienylpalladium-δ-(η1-)-allyl- and π-(η5-)-Cyclopentadienylpalladiumhalide Complexes; New ortho-Metallation Reactions of Trio-o-tolylphosphit12 (η5-C5H5)Pd(η3-2-ClC3H4) reacts with Lewis bases L[PPh3, P(OPh)3, P(O-p-Tol)3, P(O-o-Tol)3, CO] in a 1:1 molar ratio to give the η1-2-chloroallyl complexes 2a–2e. (η5-C5H5)-Pd(η1-2-ClC3H4)P(O-o-Tol)3 (2d) which is stable at room temperature has been isolated as a red oil. It represents the first well-characterized η1-allylpalladium derivative. 2a–2d eliminate allene to form (η5-C5H5)PdClL (5a–5d). The tri-o-tolylphosphite complex 5d reacts with NaI to give (η5-C5H5)PdIP(O-o-Tol)3 (6) and on Al2O3 to give (η5-C5H5)Pd[P(OC6H3-o-Me)(OC6H4-o-Me)2] (7). Elimination of HCl leading to ortho-metallation of one of the six-membered rings of tri-o-tolylphosphite also occurs in the reaction of PdCl42− and P(O-o-Tol)3 to form Pd2Cl2[P(OC6H3-o-Me)(OC6 H4-o-Me)2]2 (9). This reacts with TlC5H5 to give 7. The preparation of Pd2Cl4[P(O-o-Tol)3]2 (8) and Pd2I2[P(OC6H3-o-Me)(OC6H4-o-Me)2]2 (10) is also reported.

The complete vibrational analysis of the i.r. (polycrystals powder) and the Raman (single crystal) spectra of KGa 2 Cl 7 has been performed with the acid of the group vibrations method. The change occurring by melting is analyzed with the acid of the molten salt spectra (200°C). The spectra of polycrystals powders M + Ga 2 Cl − 7 salts (M = Ga, K, Rb, NH 4 , Cs, Me 4 N) in the range 50–500 cm −1 reveals the influence of the cation on the conformation of the Ga 2 Cl − 7 anion (specially on GACl 3 groups and GaClGa bridge). The stretching modes ν′ s and ν′ a GaCl 3 are linear functions for the cation polarizing power. A special analysis of the ‘red oil’ (Friedel and Crafts media) made in comparison with the study of molten salts reveals a high symetry of Ga 2 Cl − 7 , in the liquid phases and correlatively the low anion-cation interaction.

The single duty cycle application requires nickel-cadmium cells to be stored for long periods in a discharged, short-circuited state. Under these conditions Cd(OH)2 active material in the negative electrode is subject to crystal growth processes which result in reduced charge efficiency when cycled after storage. Of equal importance, however, is the observed gross redistribution of Cd(OH)2 active material, whereby crystals penetrate into the separator, sometimes as far as the positive electrode. This must be considered undesirable and could lead to internal short-circuiting of the cell. This paper examines the effects of various surfactant electrolyte additives on Cd(OH)2 crystal growth and capacity of sintered, negative electrode material, stored in excess 6 M KOH, at various temperatures between +30 and +60°C. Results show that, under the test conditions, low concentrations (⩽0.1%) of the anionic surfactants sodium lauryl sulphate and turkey red oil strongly suppress Cd(OH)2 growth and result in markedly higher aged electrode capacities compared to control electrodes stored in the absence of these additives.

If one filters a 1:30,000 solution of night blue, a colloidal basic dye, through a siliceous filter- Berkefeld N, the filtrate is colorless.If, now, we add a so-called “wetting agent” to the dye solution it is found that the dye passes the filter. A number of such agents have been tried, of which I give a partial list: Blood serum, bile, sodium taurocholate, glycocholic acid, turkey red oil, mucin, soap, castor oil soap, lecithin, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.Similarly, one can, by adding such agents before inoculation to nutrient broth cultures of bacteria which are non-filterable through siliceous filters when grown on broth without such agents, render the bacteria filterable. The following experiments will illustrate:The experiments were made as follows : In each case the filter flask contained before sterilization 100 cc of the nutrient broth plus any addition which was used in the broth culture which was to be filtered, so that the filtrate passed directly into fresh, sterile material without further h...

A procedure is described by which a product containing at least 95% oleic acid can be prepared from animal fats. In this process crystallization of the oleic acid itself is not required, and therefore temperatures below−20°C. are not necessary. This constitutes a decided improvement over previously described processes, which require much lower temperatures. In this procedure the fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of inedible tallow or grease which has been selectively hydrogenated until its content of polyunsaturates is less than 1%, are crystallized from acetone at temperatures from 0° to −20°C. to precipitate the solid acids. These acids, which amount to about 50% of the starting material, are equivalent to “double- or triple-pressed stearic acid.” The liquid acids obtained from the filtrate usually contain 90% oleic acid and when fractionally distilled yield a product containing at least 95% oleic acid. Evidence is presented to show that this purified product contains isomeric oleic acids, although cis-9,10-octadecenoic acid undoubtedly predominates. The purified oleic acid is odorless and ranges from colorless to pale yellow, depending upon the quality of the starting material. In addition, it has remarkable color and odor stability. This suggests its use where these quelities are especially desirable, such as in many applications in the textile industry, in cosmetics and in pharmaceuticals. Also, these purified products would be more suited for use as chemical intermediates than the oleic acid (red oil) commercially available at present.

It has often been assumed that the oil used in the traditional Turkey Red dyeing processes is an essential constituent of the dye complex formed on the cotton fibre. Work is now described which shows that the same complex is formed in vitro and on cotton fabrics mordanted with aluminium salts in the presence of calcium ions, both in absence and in presence of oils, e. g. Turkey Red oil; the formula of the complex is CaAl(OH)(Az)2. Factors governing the deposition of the complex within the cotton fabric are discussed. For level dyeing, fixation of the mordant should take place at pH 8, which is also the optimum dyebath pH; in the dyeing process itself, alizarin should be present in excess of the amount necessary for complex formation.

Light microscopy of the pigeon retina shows that the inner segments of some photoreceptors from the area known as the “red spot” contain numerous small red bodies. Electron microscopy reveals that these bodies are similar in fine structure to the principal oil droplets. The “microdroplets”, as we have called them, are found only in cells with a large red oil droplet and are not found in receptors containing granular bodies, from which they are structurally distinguishable. It is concluded that the microdroplets together act as a fine grain red filter in the region of the red spot.

CONE visual receptors in reptiles and birds contain brilliant yellow, orange or red oil droplets, 3–6 µm in diameter, through which light must pass before reaching the visual pigment. The possible role of these brightly coloured organelles in colour vision has been disputed1–6. Their colours are thought to be caused by various carotenoids whose characteristically peaked absorption spectra in organic solvent extracts of whole retinas were first reported by Wald and Zussman7. In spite of this, subsequent workers have failed to identify the dramatic carotenoid spectra8 in individual oil droplets by direct methods of microspectrophotometry9–13. Instead, structureless cutoff absorbance curves reminiscent of commercial colour filters have been found to truncate at about one absorbance unit without any evidence of carotenoid spectral fine structure (Fig. 1).

Water marks are eliminated from decorated tableware by washing in a solution (1 part to 4000) of Saponin as it comes from the “decal” machines, or by adding a defoaming agent such as turkey red oil to the saponin solution in the machine tank.

In the preceding papers (This Journal, 15, (1949), 267, 270) the author assumed that the first necessary condition for discolorating fish oil is oxidation of oil. Mere oxidation of oil occurs no discoloration, but when certain volatile basic nitrogen compounds react to this oxidized oil, the color of the oil will become dark-red. In this paper the author has confirmed his assumption by the following experiment. Fresh shark liver oil was oxidized by blowing the air into it under the dispersed light and in the room temperature. Three of 20cc. oxidized oil were taken out each time and some chemical properties and the color of the control oil was measured on one of these three samples (A). The remaing two were treated with 5cc. of Aq. Dest. (B) or 5cc. of strong (28%) Ammonia (C) respectively just 5 minuts in the boiling water bath and the properties of these treated oil was compared with A. (see Table 1 and 2), In the tables it is clearly pointed out that the color of the fish oil will not become darkly red by simple oxidation process, but when a certain volatile basic nitrogen compounds react to this oxidized oil the color becomes deep, and the degree of the color, depth become much larger, keeping pace with the proceeding, of oxidation. The author has found a fact that the odor of the above mentioned darkly red oil is like that of fishmeal.

The hydroacetoxylation of red oil (commercial oleic acid) in acetic acid solution has been studied. The optimum hydroacetoxylation conditions were obtained under anhydrous conditions using sulphuric acid as a catalyst at: 1. a concentration of 1% (based on the wt of red oil). 2. at a reaction temp of 70C, 3. at a ratio of acetic acid: oleic acid of 3∶1.

"Laboratory production of an explosion between UNH and "red oil" under calcination conditions has been accomplished. Attempted production of a vapor phase explosion was unsuccessful below 150-160 C. Since such severe conditions are necessary to obtain an explosive reaction, it appears that present Purex plant design is adequate to avoid explosive conditions."

DURING the last few months, five emulsions formed during extractions, and unbreakable by any of the usual methods, have been broken rapidly and completely by addition of a wetting agent under the conditions described elsewhere for breaking emulsions of sea-water in fuel oil1. In three cases, Teepol was used, and in two, Turkey Red Oil. The emulsions were formed during ether extractions in all cases; but other solvents were also present.

The stiba-alkene nature of the red oil produced from the 2:1 reaction of [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2CLi·tmeda] (Pyr = C5H4N) with SbCl3 has been confirmed by mass spectrometry. The low-temperature addition of Et3In to a hexane solution of the stiba-alkene, [2-Pyr(SiMe3)2CSbC(SiMe3)2-Pyr], results in the first structurally authenticated In(III)/Sb(III) carbon-centered geminal organodimetallic complex, via carbometalation at the SbC double bond.

wenty five fungi isolated from deteriorated finished leathers have been tested to know their relative capacity to utilize the fatliquors viz., raw fish oil, castor oil, fish oil (sulphated), spindle oil turkey red oil and coconut oil. All these fatty substances supported the growth of all the fungi except a few species of Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Drechslera which showed moderate growth. The studies support the contention that fatliquors initially provide a substrate for the growth of fungi on finished leather and its products.

The essential oil obtained from oranges of different origin leaves a dark red oil after purification. The residue holds phospholipids. Phosphatidyl cholin has been identified as the main compound.