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The COVID-19 pandemic introduced novel incentives for adversaries to exploit the state of turmoil. As we have witnessed with the increase in for instance phishing attacks and domain name registrations piggybacking the COVID-19 brand name. In this paper, we perform an analysis at Internet-scale of COVID-19 domain name registrations during the early stages of the virus’ spread, and investigate the rationales behind them. We leverage the DomainTools COVID-19 Threat List and additional measurements to analyze over 150,000 domains registered between January 1st 2020 and May 1st 2020. We identify two key rationales for covid-related domain registrations. Online marketing, by either redirecting traffic or hosting a commercial service on the domain, and domain parking, by registering domains containing popular COVID-19 keywords, presumably anticipating a profit when reselling the domain later on. We also highlight three public policy take-aways that can counteract this domain registration behavior.

International audience; Neural networks have become a preferred tool for text classification tasks, demonstrating state of the art performances when trained on a large set of labeled data. However, in an early active learning setup, the scarcity of the ground-truth labels available severely penalizes the generalization capability of the neural network. In order to overcome such limitations, in this paper, we introduce a new learning strategy, which consist of inserting in the early stages of the learning process some additional, local and salient knowledge, presented under the form of simulated, human like rationales. We show how such knowledge can be automatically extracted from documents by analyzing the class activation maps of a convolutional neural network. The experimental results obtained demonstrate that the exploitation of such rationales permits to significantly speed-up the learning process, with a spectacular increase of the accuracy rates, starting from a very reduced number of documents (10–20).

International audience; This contribution examines subject-specific potentials of advanced mathematics with regard to the issues transition, rationales and compartmentalization. The Anthropological Theory of Didactics (ATD) is used as a theoretical framework and in the analyses notions from the 4T-model are applied (Bosch & Gascón, 2014). Structurual observations in praxeologies terms are illustrated by examples chosen from the presentation of a classical result in Nonlinear Approximation (DeVore, 1998). At the specific focus are aspects for bridging and extending concepts within and across Analysis. Goals of the analyses are to reflect the potential learning gain (beyond the concrete content) by studying advanced mathematics and to lay content-related foundations for pursued teaching innovations.

The Educational Reform in Chile, as other reforms around the world, has come to develop a program of guidelines to foster the transformation and improvement of teacher's training. The assumption is that improving the initial instruction program for teachers, the pedagogical practices will improve at the school level, and as a consequence the quality and equity of students' learning processes will improve at the nation wide level. Some research findings show that at least there is a gap between the initial instructional programs for teachers and their school practices.Within this framework, the research problem is formulated around the following questions: what are the current characteristics of the relations between the initial instructional programs (field) for teachers and the field of pedagogical practices in the school? What are the rationales embedded in each of the fields? And finally, what are the relations between both rationales?., La Reforma a la Educación en Chile, al igual que otras reformas a nivel internacional, ha venido desarrollando un programa de medidas para la transformación y mejoramiento de la formación inicial de profesores y profesoras. El supuesto a la base es que al mejorar la formación inicial, mejorarán las posteriores prácticas pedagógicas de los profesores en la escuela y, en consecuencia, mejorará la calidad y equidad de los aprendizajes de alumnos y alumnas en las salas de clases de todo el país. Resultados de investigación ponen en evidencia que entre el campo de la formación inicial y el campo del ejercicio docente existe, a lo menos, un distanciamiento.En este contexto, el problema de esta investigación se formula en torno a las preguntas: ¿cuáles son, en la actualidad, las características de las relaciones entre el campo de la formación inicial y el campo del ejercicio profesional docente?, ¿cuáles son las racionalidades presentes en uno y otro campo? y ¿cómo son las relaciones entre las racionalidades de ambos campos?.

Submitted by Maria Helena Ribeiro (helena.ribeiro@lisboa.ucp.pt) on 2020-02-11T09:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_03_10MFerro_final.pdf: 1504470 bytes, checksum: 5a32801897ce58b4b99dec206c1bf021 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Helena Ribeiro (helena.ribeiro@lisboa.ucp.pt) on 2020-02-11T09:44:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_03_10MFerro_final.pdf: 1504470 bytes, checksum: 5a32801897ce58b4b99dec206c1bf021 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-11T09:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_03_10MFerro_final.pdf: 1504470 bytes, checksum: 5a32801897ce58b4b99dec206c1bf021 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-09

We discuss public procurement instruments for acquiring innovation, focusing on the European Pre-commercial Procurement, Procurement of Innovative Solutions and Innovation Partnerships. We analyse, in particular, how firms’ innovation incentives are affected by: (i) economies of scope and externalities between RD (ii) the degree of specificity of the innovation; (iii) the presence of Small and Medium Enterprises in the market and the level of market competition; (iv) the risk of market foreclosure and supplier lock-in. Our study contributes to the literature on incentives in demand-side innovation policy by tapping into the contractual design features and by offering relevant implications for academics and policy-makers.

Based on a study in the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area, this paper compares the influences of macro-level and micro-level urban form characteristics on the respondents’ traveling distance by car on weekday. The Copenhagen study shows that metropolitan-scale urbanstructural variables generally exert stronger influences than neighborhood-scale built-environment characteristics on the amount of car travel. In particular, the location of the residence relative to the main city center of the metropolitan region shows a strong effect. Some local scale variables often described as influential in the literature, such as neighborhood street pattern, show no significant effect on car travel when provisions are made to control for the location of the dwelling relative to the city center.

TITLE OF PAPER: APHASIA MANAGEMENT IN AN ACUTE SETTING, WHAT ARE WE DOING AND WHY? KEYWORDS: THERAPY, RATIONALES, EXPERTS • WHY THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN The Specific Interest Group in Aphasia Therapy has been involved with two projects looking into what Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) do for people with aphasia in the acute setting. In the first phase of their research Bixley et al (2011) collated the different activities reported by 86 SLTs from 55 different adult trusts. This research suggested that therapist activity could be divided into five categories. A follow up study (Bixley et al, 2013) asked SLTs to confirm these groups, estimate the amount of time spent on each activity and provide a rationale for why this therapy intervention was important. Twenty two therapists confirmed that their activities could be categorised into the five different types. Eight of these therapists were able to estimate the amount of time spent on each type of activity. These activities were: 1) Assessment - 32% 2) Multidisciplinary team working (MDT) - 26% 3) Therapy choices - 23% 4) SLT administration - 13% and 5) Support training and education (STE) - 6%. This paper expands on this research by presenting a grounded theme analysis of the rationales for intervention for people with aphasia in the acute setting. • HOW THE STUDY WAS DONE Therapists were asked to complete a short questionnaire that had been distributed opportunistically through the SIG network. Twenty two SLTs from 14 different NHS trusts participated in this research. Twenty one participants (95%) estimated that they spent an average of 43% of their time in work providing aphasia management. Typically they worked in departments of three therapists providing 17 sessions of acute aphasia care. Eleven therapists (50%) had less than five years SLT experience and typically were on pay scale 5 or 6. Four very experienced therapists (18%) who had worked for ten to twenty years were paid at band 8. • WHAT WAS FOUND AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY AND PRACTICE Rationales were provided for each of the five management options. Assessment: Words used to describe reasons for assessment activities (basis, develop, establish, estimate, focus, gain, guide, indicate, inform, make, plan, provide and suggest) indicate that assessment is an active, ongoing, reflective process. Assessment was linked to both therapist belief and recommended practice (Royal College of Physicians, 2012 and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2013). MDT: Therapists reported that the role of MDT working was goal setting for the benefit of the client management. However some therapists were not employed as part of an MDT and found it difficult to influence this decision making process. Therapy: SLTs thought that impairment, functional and psychological therapies were equally important. They acknowledged that this was challenging in the acute sector where clients were discharged quickly and were not always well enough to engage fully with rehabilitation. 19/22 therapists (86%) suggested they would like more time to provide SLT input. This paper presents a consensus of current SLT expert opinion. Despite the small sample size this research could be used to guide targets for future SLT intervention in the acute sector and it could be used as a focus for discussion about intervention choices within the SLT profession. REFERENCES Bixley, M., Blagdon, B., Dean, M., Langley, J. & Stanton, D. (2013) Best practice for aphasia in the acute sector: a consensus of expert opinions. British Aphasiology Society Biennial International Conference Book of Abstracts, 8-9. Bixley, M., Blagdon, B., Dean, M., Langley, J. & Stanton, D. (2011) In search of consensus on aphasia management. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Bulletin, October, 18-20. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2012) National clinical guideline for stroke, 4th edition. London: Royal College of Physicians. National Institute For Health And Clinical Excellence. (2013) Stroke rehabilitation: 2nd guideline consultation.

In this paper we have discussed what mergers and acquisitions are and how they are a part of any organizations strategic planning policy. Organizations ‘merge’ generally with similar organizations or ‘acquire’ weaker organizations, and the essence as to why they do so is that the value of two is greater than one. They basically merge with or acquire each other’s strengths and try to overcome one another’s weaknesses thus leading to increased market shares and profitability. We have discussed the various rationales for mergers and acquisitions like the strategic rationale, speculative rationale, management failure rationale etc, along with their types that include vertical integration, horizontal integration and conglomeration. We have also put light on how companies go strategically about mergers and acquisitions. The merger and acquisition life cy

In this paper we have discussed what mergers and acquisitions are and how they are a part of any organizations strategic planning policy. Organizations ‘merge’ generally with similar organizations or ‘acquire’ weaker organizations, and the essence as to why they do so is that the value of two is greater than one. They basically merge with or acquire each other’s strengths and try to overcome one another’s weaknesses thus leading to increased market shares and profitability. We have discussed the various rationales for mergers and acquisitions like the strategic rationale, speculative rationale, management failure rationale etc, along with their types that include vertical integration, horizontal integration and conglomeration. We have also put light on how companies go strategically about mergers and acquisitions. The merger and acquisition life cycle aided by real examples (case studies) will offer a vivid understanding of these concepts to the reader.

The aim of the research is to provide an analysis of rationales for the internationalization of Russian higher education from the perspective of the main stakeholders and a shift of rationales since the 1990s. The conceptual framework guiding this investigation is based on concepts of the internationalization of higher education developed by de Wit (2002) and Knight (2004). The study relies on qualitative methodology. Data consists of policy documents, secondary interviews and semi-structured interviews with two experts. A content analysis of policy documents guided by de Wit s (2002) and Knight s (2004) typologies of rationales was conducted. This study has found that the government sector has all four rationales for the internationalization of higher education whereas universities mainly academic and economic ones. As the examination of the government sector policy documents showed, political and economic rationales are regarded as having high priority while both academic and social/cultural rationales are considered as having moderate priority. On the institutional level, the most preferred rationales are academic ones: international profile and status, international academic standards and research and knowledge production. In comparison with the Soviet period, income generation through export of educational services is becoming a motive for international cooperation although it is not among main rationales. Analysis of current rationales for internationalization from the perspective of the government sector and universities and comparison with rationales before the 1990s allows to identify certain change in motives. Firstly, it should be noted the shift from the political rationale to the economic, as well as a shift within the political rationale from peace and mutual understanding and technical assistance to foreign policy. The overarching rationale of the internationalization policy on the national level is an economic one. As for academic rationales, they often remain implicit reflecting the general consensus that internationalization improves academic quality. Analysis of documents and literature review allow to conclude that the before the 1990s international academic standards were main motive for the internationalization for institutions of higher education whereas currently international profile and status is dominant. Finally, cultural motives for the internationalization of higher education are not so strong as they were before the 1990s.

Politically and in the public debate there is an increased focus on how private landowners should contribute to nature and the environment by changing their management practices. As this may conflict with landowners’ management plans, voluntary agreements have been used to create incentives to participate. Studies have investigated how the design of voluntary agreements influences landowners’ willingness to accept voluntary agreements. Less attention has been given to how landowners perceive requirements when society suggests participation in voluntary agri-environmental practices. The aim of this study is to investigate how landowners perceive the rationales behind agri-environmental schemes as a measure of how they perceive requirements from society. Rationales behind agri-environmental schemes explored are; they 1) recognise private property rights 2) benefit the environment 3) modify behaviour 4) are voluntary and 5) offer financial incentives. To allow for an in-depth study we chose one among many possible cases of environmental management, that is, wetland restoration. Potential wetlands are designated all over Denmark but we selected two specific areas to get a common ground for the interviews. Twenty-three indepth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 farmers in the case areas. Preliminary results show that landowners’ perceptions of private property rights were that if landowners are given societal responsibilities then they should have financial or other forms of compensation. The landowners questioned the suggested project’s ability to reduce nitrogen leakage and wanted to make sure that they are acknowledged for eventual contribution to reduction. Most landowners thought they would have to modify behaviour both within and outside the wetlands. Furthermore, the landowners questioned the voluntariness of the schemes, as compulsory purchase might take place because authorities need to designate wetlands somewhere in order to achieve policy goals. Landowners emphasised the importance of financial compensation while simultaneously criticising the actually offered compensation for being far below market price of the land they lose., Subject Title: Abstract

The first part of this paper contains the comparison of Zagreb School of Economics and Management (ZSEM) to other similar private and public educational institutions in Croatia in relation to their privacy of teaching foreign languages. The second part of the paper examines the results obtained from a research conducted among the ZSEM alumni and ZSEM working students. The focus is placed on the following: Students` rationales for choosing a particular second foreign language, the frequency of use that language in a professional setting as well as in other fields of life and the rationales of a possible change of language choice when looking retrospectively. The aim of the research is to detect the modifications that need to be implemented within the foreign language courses at ZSEM in order to maintain and constantly improve the quality of teaching.

International audience

The purpose of this study was to examine the goals, possibilities and rationales that could be found in the discussions concerning the digging of ditches by governmental subsidiaries in order to drain the peat bogs of late nineteenth century Sweden. A further aim was to look at the effect on the landscape on a local level i.e. Släthults moss in Bäckaby parish, Småland in the south eastern part of Sweden. In order to be able to explain the connections between politics and landscape changes in a local population and its deciding bodies, influenced by ideas, science and production, a quadruple helix model developed from a triple helix model by Björn-Ola Linér was used. As a model of environmental history, three step thought was used, borrowed from Donald Worster. The three steps are firstly nature itself, working without human intervention, in this study, the bog; secondly, the socioeconomic level, here the village and landowners and thirdly, human ideas, culture etc., in this case the parliament. Primary sources were used and critically evaluated. Statements and arguments expressed by the members of the parliament were collected and divided into five main groups. Other materials were relatively scarce even though the planning itself was in force and acted as a starting point. The study has shown how ideas, utility and scientific results affected a local landscape through the landowners themselves, supported by governmental subsidiaries administrated by a regional bureaucracy. The digging of ditches in the peat bogs was not a way to gain agricultural land; it was supposed to be a way to make the local climate better. In fact, projects where not even entitled to subsidies if the digging of the ditches positively affected agricultural land because of a difficulty in identifying the actual eneficiaries. The study context suggests that subsidiaries rather were a way to help the people and strengthen the state by bypassing a local democracy. During this period, the Swedish state transformed from pro free trade to prorotectionism which implied, among other things a conflict between the old conglomerate of parts that constituted the whole and the new thought of a responsible central governing body. There are similarities between the reasoning around the ditch digging in Sweden and that of Linth Valley, Switzerland. The landowner in this case appeared to have wished to make the area better and invest in the land, something that might have been a way to get a better price for it. The area was sold as a farm thirteen years later. There seem to have been two other people directly interested in the project, the head of Bäckaby municipality and the responsible bureaucrat. The first had areas of land which benefited directly from the ditch digging and was said to have been the inspiration. The second was still in his learning period and seems, according to the material, to be eager to finish his education. The focal point of this study was the changing of a landscape for what seems to be political rather than absolutely practical reasons, such as obtaining agricultural land. This change has, in some sense, been reversed but the landscape has now turned into forest, from what was probably a rather flat open space. To get a glimpse of the situation today from a relevant point of view, the environmental programme of the social democrats is presented in one chapter, something meant to point ahead.

The purpose of this study was to examine the goals, possibilities and rationales that could be found in the discussions concerning the digging of ditches by governmental subsidiaries in order to drain the peat bogs of late nineteenth century Sweden. A further aim was to look at the effect on the landscape on a local level i.e. Släthults moss in Bäckaby parish, Småland in the south eastern part of Sweden. In order to be able to explain the connections between politics and landscape changes in a local population and its deciding bodies, influenced by ideas, science and production, a quadruple helix model developed from a triple helix model by Björn-Ola Linér was used. As a model of environmental history, three step thought was used, borrowed from Donald Worster. The three steps are firstly nature itself, working without human intervention, in this study, the bog; secondly, the socioeconomic level, here the village and landowners and thirdly, human ideas, culture etc., in this case the parliament. Primary sources were used and critically evaluated. Statements and arguments expressed by the members of the parliament were collected and divided into five main groups. Other materials were relatively scarce even though the planning itself was in force and acted as a starting point. The study has shown how ideas, utility and scientific results affected a local landscape through the landowners themselves, supported by governmental subsidiaries administrated by a regional bureaucracy. The digging of ditches in the peat bogs was not a way to gain agricultural land; it was supposed to be a way to make the local climate better. In fact, projects where not even entitled to subsidies if the digging of the ditches positively affected agricultural land because of a difficulty in identifying the actual eneficiaries. The study context suggests that subsidiaries rather were a way to help the people and strengthen the state by bypassing a local democracy. During this period, the Swedish state transformed from pro free trade to prorotectionism which implied, among other things a conflict between the old conglomerate of parts that constituted the whole and the new thought of a responsible central governing body. There are similarities between the reasoning around the ditch digging in Sweden and that of Linth Valley, Switzerland. The landowner in this case appeared to have wished to make the area better and invest in the land, something that might have been a way to get a better price for it. The area was sold as a farm thirteen years later. There seem to have been two other people directly interested in the project, the head of Bäckaby municipality and the responsible bureaucrat. The first had areas of land which benefited directly from the ditch digging and was said to have been the inspiration. The second was still in his learning period and seems, according to the material, to be eager to finish his education. The focal point of this study was the changing of a landscape for what seems to be political rather than absolutely practical reasons, such as obtaining agricultural land. This change has, in some sense, been reversed but the landscape has now turned into forest, from what was probably a rather flat open space. To get a glimpse of the situation today from a relevant point of view, the environmental programme of the social democrats is presented in one chapter, something meant to point ahead.

Dans ce travail on illustre les modeles de conduite de la vigne qui sont actuellement expérimentés en Istrie (Croatie). Cette étude est tres importante non seulement pour l’Istrie mais aussi pour toute la Croatie car les modeles de conduite de la vigne actuels ne sont pas tres rationnels, en ce qui concerne surtout les problemes liés ŕ l’utilisation de la main-d’oeuvre, ŕ la “qualité-économique” des productions, ŕ la mécanisation, etc.. Cette étude de base a été effectuée par l’Istituto per l’Agricoltura de Parenzo en collaboration avec la Sezione di Tecniche Culturali de l’Istituto Sperimentale per la Viticoltura di Conegliano et elle a pour but de trouver par “bassin homogene fort” ou “territoire productif viti-vinicole homogene” le modele (ou les modeles) qui soit dans l’ensemble le plus rationnel et qui nous permette d’avoir une mécanisation de la viticulture valable, c’est-ŕ-dire qui nous permette d’obtenir le meilleur profit net pour l’entrepreneur dans le respect et la tutele de l’homme et de l’environnement, entendu au sens le plus large du terme.