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Radish ( Raphanus sativus ) is an important worldwide vegetable with a wide variety of colors that affect its appearance and nutritional quality. However, the large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of flavonoids in multicolor radish have rarely been studied. To uncover the diversity and accession-specific flavonoids in radish, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolic profiles in the skin and flesh of six colored radish accessions: light-red Manshenhong, dark-red Touxinhong (TXH), purple Zijinling (ZJL), Xinlimei with red flesh (XLMF) and green skin, white Shizhuangbai (SZB), and black radish. In total, 133 flavonoids, including 16 dihydroflavones, 44 flavones, 14 flavonoids, 9 anthocyanins, and 28 flavonols, were characterized. The flavonoid metabolic profiles differed among the different colored radishes. Red and purple radishes contained similar anthocyanin compounds responsible for color pigmentation, including red cyanidin, callistephin, and pelargonin. Purple ZJL was most enriched with cyanidin o -syringic acid and cyanin, whereas callistephin and pelargonin were more abundant in dark-red TXH. Additionally, the black and white radishes shared similar anthocyanin and flavonoid profiles, suggesting that the color of black radishes was not caused by anthocyanin but by other metabolites. The metabolites in colored radishes that differed from SZB were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, isoflavonoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the differences in metabolite profiles among radishes with different skin and flesh colors. The results will be useful for aiding the cultivation of valuable new radish varieties.

Sinigrin, a precursor of allyl isothiocyanate, present in the Raphanus sativus exhibits diverse biological activities, and has an immense role against cancer proliferation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the sinigrin in the R. sativus roots using developed and validated RP-HPLC method and further evaluated its' anticancer activity. To achieve the objective, the roots of R. sativus were lyophilized to obtain a stable powder, which were extracted and passed through an ion-exchange column to obtain sinigrin-rich fraction. The RP-HPLC method using C18 analytical column was used for chromatographic separation and quantification of sinigrin in the prepared fraction, which was attained using the mobile phase consisting of 20 mM tetrabutylammonium: acetonitrile (80:20%, v / v at pH 7.0) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The chromatographic peak for sinigrin was showed at 3.592 min for pure sinigrin, where a good linearity was achieved within the concentration range of 50 to 800 µg/mL ( R 2 > 0.99), with an excellent accuracy (-1.37% and -1.29%) and precision (1.43% and 0.94%), for intra and inter-day, respectively. Finally, the MTT assay was performed for the sinigrin-rich fraction using three different human cancer cell lines, viz. prostate cancer (DU-145), colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-15), and melanoma (A-375). The cell-based assays were extended to conduct apoptotic and caspase-3 activities, to determine the mechanism of action of sinigrin in the treatment of cancer. MTT assay showed IC 50 values of 15.88, 21.42, and 24.58 µg/mL for DU-145, HCT-15, and A-375 cell lines, respectively. Increased cellular apoptosis and caspase-3 expression were observed with sinigrin-rich fraction, indicating significant increase in overexpression of caspase-3 in DU-145 cells. In conclusion, a simple, sensitive, fast, and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of sinigrin in the prepared fraction. The data observed here indicate that sinigrin can be beneficial in treating prostate cancer possibly by inducing apoptosis.

The rapid freezing technique for porous foods using tissue pre-degassing followed by ultrasound-assisted freezing (UF) was developed, and its effects on quality attributes of radishes including tissue air volume, hardness, total calcium contents, bonded calcium contents, retention rates of bonded calcium and microstructures were investigated. To evaluate the freezing efficiency, parameters including total freezing time, phase transition time, and the increases of freezing rate and phase transition rate were determined. Besides, multivariate statistical analyses including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed to visualize and further analyze the quality differences of radishes under different treatments. Results suggested that decreasing tissue air volumes can significantly shorten the phase transition time of UF. Samples treated by pre-degassing for 5 min at -0.09 MPa followed by UF (D -0.09MPa 5min -UF) showed the freezing rate and phase transition rate increased by 28.8% and 29.8%, respectively, as compared with the same pre-degassed samples frozen by immersion freezing (D -0.09MPa 5min -IF). Retention rates of bonded calcium positively correlated with the sample hardness, announcing the importance of bonded calcium maintenance during radish freezing. Both PCA and HCA indicated that D -0.09MPa 5min -UF endowed radishes with quality attributes more similar to the fresh ones, which was further verified by microstructure analysis, showing remarkably alleviated plasma membrane puncture, cell separation and deformation in D -0.09MPa 5min -UF samples. The current study proved that the technique of tissue pre-degassing followed by UF could effectively improve the freezing efficiency and quality attributes of frozen radishes, and thus have great potentials in rapid freezing of porous foods., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The transformation of nanoparticles (NPs) internalized in plant tissues is the human digestive system that can provide a better understanding of the impact of NPs on the human system. The presented methodology was developed to study the bioaccessibility of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) and copper oxide (CuO) NPs from radish after the in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion using single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS)., Results: Radish plants were cultivated hydroponically in a growth medium containing: (i) CeO 2 NPs and (ii) CuO NPs. Both cerium (Ce) and copper (Cu) were found in all organs of the radish plants after analysis by standalone ICP-MS. This confirms the bioaccumulation of CeO 2 and CuO NPs and the translocation of their Ce and Cu to the aerial parts of the plant. Less Ce (4.095 μg g -1 ) has been detected in leaves than in roots (1.156 mg g -1 ) while Cu content in leaves was 5.245 μg g -1 and in roots was 10.41 μg g -1 . Analysis of the digestive extracts obtained after the in vitro simulation of gastro (pepsin) and gastrointestinal (pancreatin) digestion showed that Ce has easy access to human system at least by 73%., Conclusion: The size of CeO 2 NPs in digestive extracts showed no significant changes. However, the results obtained for CuO NPs digestion were variable and suggested that CuO NPs dissolved during the digestion process. The CuO NPs were observed in roots after the gastrointestinal digestion concluding that CuO NPs recovered after the initial dissolution. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Natural products are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of traditional, complementary, and alternative systems due to their potency and slight side effects. Natural compounds have been shown to be effective against many human diseases, especially cancers. Sulforaphane (SFE) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the antitumor effect of SFE. The roles of SFE in cancers are mainly through the regulation of potential biomarkers to activate or inhibit related signaling pathways. SFE has exhibited promising inhibitory effects on breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and other malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized the reports on the activity and functional mechanisms of SFE in cancer treatment and explored the efficacy and toxicity of SFE.

Background: Calcium treatment plays an important role in regulative physiological functions in fruits and vegetables after harvest that is protected many horticulture products postharvest quality during storage life. The effects of 2% calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) and 1% starch + 2% glycerin on the physiological, biochemical, and quality responses of the Kadirli radish variety were investigated., Results: Whole leafless radishes were stored in 10 kg modified-atmosphere packages at 90% relative humidity conditions at 4 °C for 56 days. Significant differences were observed in radish treated with 2% CaCl 2 and coating with 1% starch + 2% glycerin compared with the control. There were significant effects of the application of CaCl 2 either alone or in combination with a coating on radish with regard to the firmness and the important physiological disorder of hollowing ratio percentage and cell membrane (malondialdehyde) aging level of the fresh whole radish., Conclusion: The application of CaCl 2 alone and in combination with coating protected the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality characteristics of radish and prolonged the shelf-life quality of fresh radish. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Vascular disease poses a major public health problem worldwide. Trigonelline isolated from Raphanus sativus cv. Sakurajima Daikon (Sakurajima radish) induces nitric oxide production from vascular endothelial cells and enhances vascular function. Here, we investigated the characteristics of trigonelline and its effects on endothelial function after consumption of Sakurajima radish by humans. Our results show that Sakurajima radish contains approximately 60 times more trigonelline than other radishes and squashes. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between varieties of Sakurajima radish, suggesting that any type of Sakurajima radish can be ingested for trigonelline supplementation. The effects of cooking and processing Sakurajima radish were also evaluated, as were the effects of freezing, and changes in osmotic pressure and pH. A first-in-human trial using Sakurajima radish showed that ingestion of 170 g/day of Sakurajima radish for ten days increased blood trigonelline concentrations and significantly improved flow-mediated dilation, which is a measure of vascular endothelial function. Overall, our findings suggest that the trigonelline contained in Sakurajima radish may contribute to improved human vascular endothelial function. Hence, Sakurajima radish may enhance vascular endothelial function as a functional food.

The possibility of obtaining a carmine or pink color on ordinary cooked ham by applying natural dyes from three plant species, namely red radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), hibiscus ( Roselle sabdariffa L.) and red beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.), was investigated. The extracts were evaluated for the stability at physical-chemical parameters and subjected to cytotoxicity assays in the gastric cell line AGS Encapsulation of the extracts in soybean lecithin liposomes and maltodextrin microcapsules was performed. Lyophilized extracts before and after encapsulation in maltodextrin were applied in the formulation of ordinary cooked ham and used in a pilot scale of production. The color of cooked ham samples from different assays was evaluated visually and by colorimetry. The results suggest that the coloration of ordinary cooked ham obtained with extracts of red beetroot is very promising for future applications in this type of meat product.

A variety of natural compounds have been used to reduce the oxidative stress associated with Alzheimer's disease, and many of these defend cells from oxidative stress-induced neuronal toxicity. In this study, the protective effect of radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum ) extract was investigated in mice and PC12 cells. In vivo behavioral tests were completed to examine the protective effects of the extract on amyloid beta (A β )-peptide 1-42 -induced learning and memory impairment in a mouse model. The extract increased spontaneous alternation behaviors and step-through latency in mice. We discovered that administration of the extract reduced lipid peroxidation and A β aggregation in a biochemical study of mice brain tissues. Treatment with the extract also increased acetylcholine and catalase activity in the brain. Furthermore, the radish extract attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in cells. Through sequential fractionation of the radish extract, the active compound was identified as oleamide. These results suggest that the radish extract could have a protective role against oxidative stress-induced neuronal toxicity, possibly owing to the antioxidative activity of oleamide.

Heavy metal accumulation in edible plants grown in contaminated soils poses a major environmental risk to humans and grazing animals. This study focused on the concentration and speciation of Zn in different edible plants grown in soils contaminated with smelter wastes (Spelter, WV, USA) containing high levels of the metals Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd. Their accumulation was examined in different parts (roots, stem, and leaves) of plants and as a function of growth stage (dry seed, sprouting seed, cotyledon, and leaves) in the root vegetables radish, the leafy vegetable spinach and the legume clover. Although the accumulation of metals varied significantly with plant species, the average metal concentrations were [Zn] > [Pb] > [Cu] > [Cd]. Metal uptake studies were complemented with bulk and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn K-edge and micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) measurements to evaluate the speciation and distribution of Zn in these plant species. Dynamic interplay between the histidine and malate complexation of Zn was observed in all plant species. XRF mapping of spinach leaves at micron spatial resolution demonstrated the accumulation of Zn in vacuoles and leaf tips. Radish root showed accumulation of Zn in root hairs, likely as ZnS nanoparticles. At locations of high Zn concentration in spinach leaves, μXANES suggests Zn complexation with histidine, as opposed to malate in the bulk leaf. These findings shed new light on the dynamic nature of Zn speciation in plants., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

pH-sensitive films were developed based on biocompatible materials and natural pH sensitive dye. The films were successfully fabricated using starch/gelatin and red radish anthocyanin. The colors of films could be differentiated by naked eye within 5 min changing from orange to grey-purple at pH 2-12 and captured by a smartphone. The color parameters were evaluated by the Image J software. In addition, the color change of films was observed in ammonia gas atmosphere. The color stability of sensing films was evaluated and the results indicated that the films had great stability and were able to store more than two weeks. The results from intra-day and inter-day color response study showed good precision. Finally, the pH-sensitive films could be applied to real samples for real-time meat spoilage observation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Key Message: RsMYB1a was the crucial MYB, and RsbHLH4 is the essential partner in regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish. There are four color types of radish according to whether or not the anthocyanin accumulates in the skin and flesh of taproot. Red radishes accumulate a substantial amount of anthocyanins in both the skin and flesh. It is well known that the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor(s) complex regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in plants. Here in, four candidate MYB and bHLH genes, RsMYB1a, RsMYB1b, RsbHLH2 and RsbHLH4, were isolated from red radish 'Hongxin 1'. The expression of RsbHLH4 and the two structural genes RsANS and RsUFGT was significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin contents. The expression of RsMYB1a was also highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation, particularly when the white flesh sample of 'Hongxin 1-1' was excluded. The transient expression of RsMYB1a in the radish cotyledon and leaf induced anthocyanin accumulation with even stronger promoting role when expression in combination with RsbHLH4. These results suggested that RsMYB1a was the crucial MYB, and that RsbHLH4 is an essential partner in regulating the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in radish. The low or undetectable RsbHLH4 expression paralleled the lack of anthocyanin accumulation in the white flesh of 'Hongxin 1-1' and 'Shaguan 1'. Assays demonstrated that RsMYB1a interacted with RsbHLH4 and activated the expression of RsbHLH4. Notably, all the dark red radish cultivars have a longer RsMYB1a genomic DNA sequence, while the short and nonfunctional RsMYB1a is present in non-red cultivars. The length of the first intron and the presence of an early stop codon of RsMYB1 might underlie the differential anthocyanin accumulation in the radish taproot.

The pickled radish can be kept at room temperature for years without spoilage. 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA), and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) were first found from the pickled radish. The structures of three phenolic compounds were elucidated by analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry data. All these phenolic compounds showed good free radical scavenging capacity except HBA. Both DHAP and 4-HPEA also showed high ferric reducing ability. DHAP showed good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Canidia albicans. HBA demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. coli and C. albicans but not B. subtilis. Based on the results of MTT assay, these compounds did not show cytotoxicity to LO2 cell line. All results indicated the pickled radish had antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to answer partially the question of why pickled foods can be kept at room temperature for years without spoilage based on the evidence of three phenolic compounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sound waves are emerging as a potential biophysical alternative to traditional methods for enhancing plant growth and phytochemical contents. However, little information is available on the improvement of the concentration of functional metabolites like flavonoids in sprouts using sound waves. In this study, different frequencies of sound waves with short and long exposure times were applied to three important varieties to improve flavonoid content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sound waves on flavonoid content on the basis of biochemical and molecular characteristics., Results: We examined the effects of various sound wave treatments (250 Hz to 1.5 kHz) on flavonoid production in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and red young radish (Raphanus sativus). The results showed that sound wave treatments differentially altered the total flavonoid contents depending upon the growth stages, species and frequency of and exposure time to sound waves. Sound wave treatments of alfalfa (250 Hz), broccoli sprouts (800 Hz) and red young radish sprouts (1 kHz) increased the total flavonoid content by 200%, 35% and 85%, respectively, in comparison with untreated control. Molecular analysis showed that sound waves induce the expression of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which positively corresponds to the flavonoid content. Moreover, the sound wave treatment significantly improves the antioxidant efficiency of sprouts., Conclusions: The significant improvement of flavonoid content in sprouts with sound waves makes their use a potential and promising technology for the production of agriculture-based functional foods. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

Although, oral cancer therapies have been developed for decades, patient survival rates have not changed. Side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy reduce quality of life of patients and it remains difficult to treat oral cancers due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that cause recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, we search for natural products that affect oral cancer cells including oral cancer stem cells. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of Raphanus sativus L. seed (RSLS) extracts on oral squamous cell carcinoma KB cells and CSC-like KB CD133+ cells. CD133 plays an important role in CSCs and physically binds to β-catenin to activate the β-catenin signaling targets. Therefore, a natural extract that can inhibit β-catenin act in may be effective anticancer drug acquiring CSC. Of the natural product extract candidates, RSLS extracts induced apoptosis in KB and KB CD133+ cells and inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin cell migration and invasion rates. Treatment of RSLS extracts resulted in increases of Axin and it leds to reductions of β-catenin in KB and KB CD133+ cells. Hence, the result suggests that RSLS are potential candidate for anticancer drug against oral cancer cells and CSCs.AbbreviationsCSCcancer stem cellsOSCCsquamous cell carcinoma cellsRSLS Raphanus sativus L. seed.

The recovery of bio-wastes to obtain high added value compounds is of great interest for the pharmaceutical, medicinal and food industries. Therefore, the aerial parts of turnip (Brassica rapa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and leaf blade of wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori) were characterized regarding their nutritional composition, as also their content in soluble sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, and tocopherols. Furthermore, their hydroethanolic extracts and infusion preparations, were profiled regarding individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and their antioxidant, antibacterial and hepatotoxic activities were evaluated. Regarding the nutritional content, wild cardoon revealed the best results, however it was radish and turnip that showed higher values for organic acids and phenolic compounds. The hydroethanolic extract and infusion preparation of wild cardoon stood out for its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Overall, the hydroethanolic extracts seemed more effective (regarding antioxidant and antibacterial activity) than the infusions. Total phenolic acids proved to be strongly correlated with the antioxidant and antibacterial (against Morganella morganii) activities. This study showed that the discarded parts of these plants can be used as an important natural source of valuable nutrient content and new and safe bioactive compounds, beneficial for human health. Moreover, the extraction of those compounds from underused parts of turnip, radish and cardoon could be used to preserve foods, avoiding artificial additives and thus, contributing to the development of new natural ingredients., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Field experiments were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State (latitude 8.9°N and longitude 50°61 E.), Nigeria, to study the effect of some green manures as an alternative to inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield, mineral and proximate composition of radish. Green manure composed of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and Chromolaena odorata and were applied as follows: 10 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 0 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 1 ), 7.5 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 2.5 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 2 ), 5.0 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 5.0 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 3 ), 2.5 tonnes ha -1 Vernonia + 7.5 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 4 ), 0 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 10 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 5 ) while in-organic fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) was applied at 200 kg NPK ha -1 (T 6 ) and there was a control plot (T 7 ). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times. Vegetative, yield and quality parameters of radish were taken. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Analysis Software (S.A.S), 2000. Treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of probability. The study showed that application of green manures increased vegetative, yield and yield parameters and were comparable with application of NPK fertilizer while there was a significant increase in the nutritional composition of radish with application of green manures when compared with NPK and control. It can therefore be concluded that application 10 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 0 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 1 ) as green manure increased vegetative, yield and yield parameters while application 7.5 tonnes ha -1 vernonia + 2.5 tonnes ha -1 chromolaena (T 2 ) improved radish quality.

A new calibration method based on the use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and in-fiber internal standardization, combined with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for quantifying Se volatile organic species released by plants exposed to chitosan-modified selenium nanoparticles (Cs-SeNPs). The effect of several parameters affecting extraction and separation of the selected organic species of selenium (dimethylselenium (DMSe), diethylselenium (DESe) and dimethyldiselenium (DMDSe)) and deuterated dimethyl sulphide (d 6 -DMS) employed as internal standard were studied and optimized using an experimental design. The developed methodology was applied for quantifying the volatile selenium compounds produced over time by the plant species Raphanus sativus and Brassica juncea grown in hydroponic solution containing 5 mg Se L -1 in the form Cs-SeNPs. The procedure employed consisted in two steps. Volatile selenium species released from the plants were first extracted in the SPME fiber located at the headspace of a box with a fixed volume. Subsequently, the internal standard placed in a vial subjected to the same conditions as plants was extracted on the same fiber than the one previously used for extracting selenium compounds. Finally the extracted compounds were separated and analyzed by GC/MS. Results evidenced Cs-SeNPs biotransformation into DMSe and DMDSe by both plants species during growing stage, in amounts of the order of ng. Additionally, the resulting data were submitted to multifactorial ANOVA to evaluate the influence of plant type and time of exposure to Cs-SeNPs on the production of volatile selenium compounds., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Se (Selenium) treatment on nutritional quality in radish sprouts. The results showed that 15 µM sodium selenite significantly increased phenolics compounds, flavonoids compounds, anthocyanins, and some essential amino acid content, while improving the total antioxidant capacity of radish sprouts. Besides, the Se-enriched radish sprouts significantly alleviated the liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) in mice and improved the antioxidant capacity of the liver in mice, whereas the Se-enriched radish sprouts alleviated the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis caused by CCl 4 . These results imply that Se-enriched radish sprouts have a positive impact on mice with CCl 4 -induced liver injury, and that in future Se-enriched radish sprouts could be developed into an effective food and health care product for the liver injury prevention. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Because selenium is an essential trace element in the human body, selenium-enriched sprouts can help eliminate free radicals in the body, relieve aging, and selenium-deficient diseases. They are easy to grow and have low costs. Hence, selenium-enriched sprouts have a great potential of being widely consumed., (© 2019 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Radish anthocyanins were extracted from red radish. The total anthocyanins content (TAC) of the extracts under different extractants was optimized to reach the optimal condition. XAD-7HP was selected as the best resin to enhance TAC in the extracts. β-Glucosaccharase was chosen as the enzyme to hydrolyse radish anthocyanins. HPLC-MS analysis showed that hydrolysis resulted in an obvious change of the major constituents of radish anthocyanins. Four new constituents in hydrolysed radish anthocyanins were identified. The HPLC-MS results indicated successful hydrolysis of the attachments of glucosides and acids of radish anthocyanins. Furthermore, the FT-IR spectra of radish anthocyanins before and after hydrolysis further described the hydrolysis, which reached 53.36 ± 0.98% under the best performance. Thus, hydrolysis can significantly enhance the antioxidant and antiproliferative capacities of radish anthocyanins., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, the production and use of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) in different areas, especially in automotive industry, is rapidly increasing, causing their presence in the environment. Released CeO 2 NPs can undergo different transformations and interact with the soil and hence with plants, providing a potential pathway for human exposure and leading to serious concerns about their impact on the ecosystem and human organism. This study investigates the uptake, bioaccumulation, possible translocation and localization of CeO 2 NPs in a model plant (Raphanus sativus L.), whose edible part is in direct contact with the soil where contamination is more likely to happen. The stability of CeO 2 NPs in plant growth medium as well as after applying a standard enzymatic digestion procedure was tested by single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS) showing that CeO 2 NPs can remain intact after enzymatic digestion; however, an agglomeration process was observed in the growth medium already after one day of cultivation. An enzymatic digestion method was next used in order to extract intact nanoparticles from the tissues of plants cultivated from the stage of seeds, followed by size characterization by SP-ICP-MS. The results obtained by SP-ICP-MS showed a narrower size distribution in the case of roots suggesting preferential uptake of smaller nanoparticles which led to the conclusion that plants do not take up the CeO 2 NPs agglomerates present in the medium. However, nanoparticles at higher diameters were observed after analysis of leaves plus stems. Additionally, a small degree of dissolution was observed in the case of roots. Finally, after CeO 2 NPs treatment of adult plants, the spatial distribution of intact CeO 2 NPs in the radish roots was studied by laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) and the ability of NPs to enter and be accumulated in root tissues was confirmed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An anthracene carboxyimide derivative was synthesized as a colorimetric and fluorogenic sensor to determine NO 2 - with a rapid response (<4 min), excellent selectivity and a low detection limit (84 nM). Paper strips containing the sensor were applied to visually determine the NO 2 - content in food.

Recently, there has been an interest regarding the consumption of wild edible plants in modern diets. However, there is still scarce information about several wild vegetables traditionally consumed. Therefore, this work aims on documenting the nutritional and chemical composition of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), as well as its bioactive potential. Results showed that wild radish is a potential source of beneficial compounds, including vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acid (particularly α-linolenic acid) and different phenolic compounds, in which fourteen phenolics were identified, with kaempferol-3,7-O-di-rhamnoside being the most abundant. The bioactive potential was exploited using hydroethanolic and decoction extracts. Both proved to inhibit several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and revealed antioxidant activity, while cytotoxicity against non-tumor cell was not observed. In general, results evidence the interest in recovering the use of this wild vegetable as part of a varied diet, which can bring several health benefits., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Effects of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan and combinative SA and chitosan (SA + Chitosan) preharvest-treatments on bioactive compounds improvement of daikon sprouts during cold storage (5 ± 1 °C) were investigated. In preliminary experiment, 2.0 mM SA and 0.1% chitosan treatments were best concentration in improving antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of the sprouts during storage. In the main experiment, the effects of SA + Chitosan treatment on visual appearance, antioxidant activity, phytochemicals and antioxidant enzymes of the sprouts were monitored during storage. Visual appearance and pigments contents did not significantly change throughout storage. SA + Chitosan treated sprouts contained total phenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant activity higher that control. Compared to SA and chitosan, SA + Chitosan enhanced total phenols, ascorbic acid, catalase activity and free radical scavenging activity during storage. In conclusion, SA + Chitosan could be a good mean enhancing phytochemicals of daikon sprouts during cold storage., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In tomatoes, most lycopene is present in the all-E-configuration and shows very low bioavailability, whereas the Z-isomers show higher bioavailability. Hence, for health reasons, it is expected that the ingestion of lycopene Z-isomers is preferable. Very recently, it was reported that onion and possibly garlic promoted thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene but there are no reports for other food ingredients. Here we show new food ingredients that enhance thermal Z-isomerization of lycopene in tomatoes and from the results, we guessed some causative components having the Z-isomerization promoting effect. A comprehensive investigation of food ingredients revealed that some vegetables (Allium sp., Brassica sp., and Raphanus sp.), shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes), and some edible seaweeds (Saccharina sp. and Ecklonia sp.) markedly promoted Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene in tomato puree with heating at 80 °C for 1 h. Moreover, it was revealed that polysulfides, isothiocyanates, carbon disulfide, and iodine, which were commonly contained in the above food ingredients in considerable quantity, enhanced thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene. Our findings on the food ingredients and the food-derived catalysts having a carotenoid Z-isomerization promoting effect are important, not only for the food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing industries, but also for daily home cooking.

Selenium (Se) and iodine (I) are essential elements for humans, and biofortification of vegetables with these elements is an effective way to amend their deficiencies in the diet. In this study, the distribution and transformation of Se and I species were investigated in radish seedlings that were simultaneously supplemented with these two elements; the fate and the bioaccessibility of Se and I species were dynamically surveyed in the oral, gastric and intestinal phases using a simulated in vitro digestion method. The radish seedlings were cultivated in hydroponic conditions with Se (IV), Se (VI), I - and IO 3 - (each 1 mg L -1 ). The results revealed that Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys), selenocystine (SeCys 2 ), selenomethionine (SeMet) and Se (VI) were present in radish, and MeSeCys was the dominant species in both gastric and intestinal extracts, comprising 32.7 ± 1.5% and 39.6 ± 1.1% of the total content, respectively. I - was also the dominant species, which accounted for 57.1 ± 2.1%, 46.6 ± 1.5% and 68.8 ± 1.8% of the total digested content respectively in the oral, gastric and intestinal extracts. Meanwhile, IO 3 - was absent and organic I accounted for approximately 20%. The bioaccessibility of Se and I in the intestinal phase reached 95.5 ± 2.5% and 85.8 ± 0.9%, respectively; although after dialysis through membranes, the data reduced to 60.1 ± 2.8% and 39.6 ± 0.8%, respectively. Contents of MeSeCys and I - increased from the oral to intestinal phase and the bioaccessibility of both Se and I in radish was above 85%. So radish is suitable as a potential dietary source of Se and I with biofortification., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, an effective single step affinity method is presented for purifying plant peroxidase (POD) enzymes from radish species. This method make possible to purify the enzymes in high yield and purity. Briefly, 10 different 4-amino benzohydrazide derivatives were synthesized and identified as new competitive POD inhibitors. Then, these derivatives were coupled to Sepharose 4B-L-Tyrosine support matrix by diazotization to form the affinity gels. Purification factors were recorded as 54.8% yield - 665-fold, 33.8% yield - 613-fold, 22.7% yield - 595-fold, 34.4% yield - 781-fold, 40.9% yield - 282-fold for turnip (T-POD), black radish (BR-POD), daikon (D-POD), sweet radish (SR-POD) and kohlrabi radish, (KR-POD), respectively. It has also been shown that the affinity gels, which prepared using the 4-amino 3-bromo benzohydrazide and 4-amino 2-nitro benzohydrazide molecules, capable to purify all radish species POD enzymes in high purity and yield., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Radish pods are known as vegetable eaten as a part of diet. Though the pharmacologic potential of radish has been well known but there are fewer reports regarding pharmacological and toxic effects of radish pods. On account of this reason, the current study was aimed to evaluate the pharmacological and toxic effects of ethanol extract of Raphanus caudatus (radish pods) in rabbits after 60 days of administration. The plant extract was administered in 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg doses and effect was observed on hepatic, renal, cardiac and lipid profile. The extract was found to be hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and cardioprotective. Also it showed hypocholestrolemic potential at 1000 mg/kg. However at higher doses the extract presented chronic gastritis. Conversely, no indication of histological alterations was seen in other vital organs such as liver, kidneys, heart. Thus there is critical requirement to identify toxic constituent/s inducing gastritis so that safety profile of the plant can be established for effective therapeutic use.

Zinc as a micronutrient and cadmium as a nonessential toxic element share similar pathways for entering plant tissues and thus may be antagonistic. In nutrient solution culture, 17-day-old radish (Raphanus sativus L) plants were exposed to short-term (24 h) equimolar metal contamination (2.2 µM of each 70 Zn and total Cd) to investigate the in situ Zn/Cd distribution in the apical root tissues using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) imaging. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of bulk root tissue confirmed large root uptake of both metal elements. After 24-h exposure the total root concentration (in µg/g DW) of 70 Zn was 180 ± 24 (mean±SE) and of total Cd 352 ± 11. NanoSIMS mapping was performed on the cross sections of the radish root apex as a crucial component in root growth and uptake of water and nutrients from soil. Elemental maps of 70 Zn and 114 Cd isotopes revealed greater enrichment of both metals in the outer epidermal root layer than in cortical tissues and especially stele, confirming the epidermal root cells as preferential sites of metal uptake, and indicating relatively slow and less-intensive metal transport into other parts (edible hypocotyl, shoot) of metal-sensitive radish. NanoSIMS has been confirmed as a powerful tool for spatial detection and visualisation of some ultra-trace metal isotopes (e.g. 70 Zn) in the fast-growing root tips. However, precise (sub)cellular mapping of diffusible metallic ions (Cd, Zn) remains a technically-challenging task in plant specimens given an unavoidable compromise between optimising methodology for structural preservation vs. authentic in vivo ion localisation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to investigate the impact of ferulic acid pretreatment on the hardness of Chinese radish after cooking. Radish slices were immersed in ferulic acid solution and distilled water, respectively. The ferulic acid treated samples showed significantly higher hardness (p < 0.05) than the control samples after cooking, and could keep relatively more integrated cell wall structure after cooking at 100 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, we determined the cell wall fraction contents, sugar ratio and molecular weight distribution of different treated samples. Ferulic acid treated groups showed higher percentage of chelate-soluble fraction (CSF) and sugar ratio 1 than the control groups in both fresh and cooked samples. The CSF had two high molecular weight peaks at 7.7 min and 8.6 min, probably due to the cross-linking with ferulic acid. This research may provide an effective way to decrease the softening of thermally processed fruits and vegetables., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Consumption of arsenic (As)-contaminated vegetables is a major As exposure pathway for humans. However, little is known about plant As uptake characteristics and the bioaccessibility of As after ingestion of As-contaminated radish. The present study investigated As concentrations and species in As-contaminated radish and assessed the effects of steamed, griddled and boiled cooking on the bioaccessibility of As in radish using in vitro digestion. The results showed that the radish accumulated 46.3 ± 2.3, 79.2 ± 1.2 and 113.2 ± 3.7 μg As g-1 when treated with 0.5 mg L-1 As(iii) + 0.5 mg L-1 As(v), 1.0 mg L-1 As(iii) + 1.0 mg L-1 As(v) and 2.0 mg L-1 As(iii) + 2.0 mg L-1 As(v), respectively, in culture solution. In both gastric (G) and gastrointestinal (GI) fractions, the total As and species contents in radish decreased in the following order: raw > steamed > griddled > boiled. The bioaccessibility of total As was 97.5 ± 1.2%, 89.3 ± 1.3%, 84.8 ± 1.2% and 52.1 ± 1.1% in the GI phase when the radish was raw, steamed, griddled and boiled, respectively, and the bioaccessibility was not more than 60.1 ± 2.3% in the G phase. These data suggested that boiled cooking should be recommended for consumption of As-contaminated radish because it reduces total As and its species by approximately 50%. Additionally, organic As forms and factors influencing the bioaccessibility of As should be further studied to scientifically evaluate the health risks of As in radish.

A recent trend in the preparation of carbon dots, optically unique nanomaterials, revolves around the use of readily-available, low-cost natural resources as precursors and their multipurpose applications. In this work, a hydrothermal method for preparing biocompatible carbon dots from radish was developed. The carbon dots were then tested for sensing of Cu 2+ and acetic acid vapor. The carbon dots exhibited blue emission under UV illumination with, a quantum yield of 15%. The fluorescence emission was selectively quenched when Cu 2+ ions were added, giving a detection limit of 0.16 μM. A paper-based fluorescent sensor was fabricated and shown to sense Cu 2+ with a limit of detection of 6.8 μM. The carbon dots were able to determine the Cu 2+ concentration in real water samples, with excellent recovery and reliability. The carbon dots were also used as the sensing material in an optical electronic nose, and tested for real-time detection of acetic acid vapor. Using principal component analysis, different ratios of acetic acid to methanol in solution were successfully identified with a detection limit of 15.5%. The acetic acid concentration in a real vinegar sample was also accurately determined. Our results demonstrated that label-free carbon dots derived from readily available radish can be simply used as versatile probes, giving them potential uses in multipurpose sensing applications., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Internal browning (or brown heart) in radish is a physiological disorder, manifested as a reddish pigmentation in the central part of the tuberous root. Boron deficiency has been known to induce brown heart, but the relationship between B tissue concentration and the development of brown heart has not been tested. Here, we examined the relationship between these variables. Dissected root tissues of two inbred lines (i.e., cultivars) of East Asian big long radish exhibiting different severity of brown heart were submitted to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to reveal the spatial distribution of 19 chemical elements. Statistical analysis revealed that only B correlated negatively with the severity of brown heart. There was no significant difference in the average B concentration between the two cultivars, suggesting that differences in the efficient use of local B may be responsible for the variation in brown heart resistance between the two cultivars., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Raphanus sativus (Radish) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is a widely consumed root vegetable all around the world. The nutritional and medicinal values of radishes have been proven by several researches. Extracts prepared from the aerial and underground parts of radishes have been used in the treatment of stomach disorders, urinary infections, hepatic inflammation, cardiac disorders and ulcers in folk medicine since the ancient times. The pharmaceutical potential of radishes is attributed to the presence of its beneficial secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates, polyphenols and isothiocyanates. The present review has focused on the impact of radish extract administration under pathological complications, such as cancer, diabetes, hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, a comprehensive view of molecular mechanism behind the regulation of molecular drug targets associated with different types of cancers and diabetes by the bioactive compounds present in the radish extracts have been discussed in detail.

Zinc (as an essential phytonutrient) and cadmium (as a toxic but readily bioavailable nonessential metal for plants) share similar routes for crossing plant biomembranes, although with a substantially different potential for translocation into above-ground tissues. The in situ distribution of these metals in plant cells and tissues (particularly intensively-dividing and fast-growing areas) is poorly understood. In this study, 17-day-old radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) plants grown in nutrient solution were subjected to short-term (24 h) equimolar contamination (2.2 µ M of each 70 Zn and Cd) to investigate their accumulation and distribution in the shoot apex (leaf primordia) and edible fleshy hypocotyl tissues. After 24-h exposure, radish hypocotyl had similar concentration (in µg/g dry weight) of 70 Zn (12.1 ± 1.1) and total Cd (12.9 ± 0.8), with relatively limited translocation of both metals to shoots (concentrations lower by 2.5-fold for 70 Zn and 4.8-fold for Cd) as determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The in situ Zn/Cd distribution maps created by high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS, Cameca, Gennevilliers, France) imaging corresponded well with the ICP-MS data, confirming a similar pattern and uniform distribution of 70 Zn and Cd across the examined areas. Both applied techniques can be powerful tools for quantification (ICP-MS) and localisation and visualisation (NanoSIMS) of some ultra-trace isotopes in the intensively-dividing cells and fast-growing tissues of non-metalophytes even after short-term metal exposure. The results emphasise the importance of the quality of (agro)ecosystem resources (growing media, metal-contaminated soils/waters) in the public health risk, given that, even under low contamination and short-term exposure, some of the most toxic metallic ions (e.g., Cd) can relatively rapidly enter the human food chain.

Concentrations of iodine-129 ( 129 I) and atomic ratios of 129 I/ 127 I in livestock (grass and milk), agricultural (cabbage, Japanese radish, and rice), and fishery (flatfish and brown alga) products collected from locations around the first Japanese commercial spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho were measured from 2006 to 2016. The actual spent nuclear fuel rods were cut and processed to test the functioning of the plant that discharged controlled amounts of 129 I to the atmosphere and coastal seawater during the period from 2006 to 2008 (the "cutting period"). Statistically significant increases in 129 I concentration and 129 I/ 127 I ratio were observed during the cutting period in livestock products and flatfish. On the other hand, these parameters were statistically comparable during and after the cutting period in the other products. The radiation dose through the ingestion of the maximum 129 I concentrations, measured in the different products, was estimated to be in the nanoSievert per year level. This value is much smaller than 1 mSv yr -1 , which is the permissible authentic radiation dose for the general public. The 129 I levels in the samples, especially in milk and flatfish, are discussed in context of the 129 I discharge history from the plant.

Synthetic auxin herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), are widely used for selective control of broadleaf weeds in cereals and transgenic crops. Although the troublesome weed wild radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum) has developed resistance to 2,4-D, no populations have yet displayed an enhanced capacity for metabolic detoxification of the herbicide, with both susceptible and resistant wild radish plants readily metabolizing 2,4-D. Using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the major 2,4-D metabolite was identified as the glucose ester, and its structure was confirmed by synthesis. As expected, both the endogenous and synthetic compounds retained auxin activity in a bioassay. The lack of detectable 2,4-D hydroxylation in wild radish and the lability of the glucose ester suggest that metabolic 2,4-D resistance is unlikely to develop in this species.

An edible and pH-sensitive film combined with electrochemical writing was developed by using gelatin, gellan gum, and red radish anthocyanins extract for intelligent food packaging. The composite film showed an orange red-to-yellow color change in the pH range of 2-12. The tensile strength, ductility, and barrier abilities to ultraviolet (UV) light and oxygen of the films were improved as the concentration of red radish anthocyanins increased. Multicolor patterns were successfully drawn on the films by using the electrochemical writing method. The composite films, which acted as gas sensors, presented visible color changes in the presence of milk and fish spoilage, while the written patterns were well-preserved. Accordingly, this composite film with written patterns could be an easy-to-use indicator with great potential for monitoring food spoilage as a part of an intelligent packaging system.

Background: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional quality of radish sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.) after domestic short-term storage. We stored fresh radish sprouts at 25 ± 1 °C and at 4 ± 1 °C for 12 h, and detected phenolic substances, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, vitamin C, and various antioxidant and abiotic stress-related factors. We investigated nutrient-related metabolic differences and associated pathways and postharvest treatment effects on nutritional quality using metabolomic analysis., Results: Most active substances and antioxidant properties, but not phenolic acids and vitamin C, decreased significantly (P < 0.05) upon domestic storage; this reduction decelerated at low temperatures. Short-term storage disrupted redox balance; low temperature enhanced stress resistance. Differences were observed in amino acid and vitamin derivatives, phospholipid accumulation, and organic acids. Short-term storage at ambient temperature promoted lysine, threonine, cysteine, vitamin H, phospholipid, and lauric (dodecanoic) acid accumulation, inhibiting proline, phosphatidic acid (PA) (14:1(9Z)/12:0), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (O-18:0/O-18:0) accumulation; low-temperature, short-term storage promoted myristic acid and phospholipid accumulation and reduced methionine synthesis and vitamin H and K accumulation., Conclusion: Overall, the nutritional quality of radish sprout decreased upon short-term storage, with differences in certain active substances. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Red radish was extracted by methanol to obtain crude radish procyanidin extracts. The purity of procyanidin (PP) and procyanidin dimers (PD) of crude radish procyanidin extracts under different ratios of methanol to radish was optimized to achieve the best extraction performance. Then the crude radish procyanidin extracts was, respectively, processed six macroporous resins separation to separate radish procyanidin oligomers (RPO) and polymers (RPP). Depolymerization of radish procyanidin polymers (RPP) into oligomers was then conducted. N-Acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL) was first used as the enzyme to depolymerize RPP. The depolymerization yield (DY) under different depolymerized conditions was also investigated. Results showed the DY of RPP would achieve 53.24 ± 0.35% at the best conditions. Then the high-purity procyanidin dimers was prepared by depolymerized procyanidin oligomers and PRO. Additionally, the chemical structure of the preparative radish procyanidin dimers was elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional NMR.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a serious liver disorder associated with oxidative stress. Black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) extract (BRE) can lower the risk of this disease. The hepatoprotective effect of BRE containing 3-(E)-(methylthio)methylene-2-pyrrolidinethione was evaluated in human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cells and in rat livers with carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatic injury. BRE was administered at 125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL to the oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups: the control group, BRE group, CCl 4 group, and BRE + CCl 4 group. BRE was administered orally at 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day once daily for 7 consecutive days, followed by a single oral treatment of 1.5 mL/kg CCl 4 . Inhibition of lipid accumulation, serum markers of liver injury, histological evaluations, levels of oxidative stress related enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in HepG2 cells and liver tissue were investigated. The protein expression of main liver P450 isoenzymes such as cytochrome p450(CYP)2E1, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2(Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) were also studied. BRE has an inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation and caused acute hepatotoxicity manifested by increased levels of lipid peroxidation, serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase with corresponding histopathological changes and high levels of oxidative stress. BRE treatment significantly increased the level of CYP2E1, Nrf-2, and HO-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, 3-(E)-(methylthio)methylene-2-pyrrolidinethione significantly increased radical-scavenging effects and the expression of Nrf-2 in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. These results suggest that BRE treatment reduces lipid accumulation in oleic acid-induced steatosis of HepG2 cells, and has a hepatoprotective effect against CCl 4 -induced liver injury in rats, possibly through Nrf-2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant effects.

High-pressure nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) source is a recently developed technique in which the electrospray ionization is generated inside an enclosed chamber with gas pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the performance of nanoESI under different gas pressures, emitter position, ion inlet temperature, additive for desalination are presented. Under a pressure of 2 bars, the nanoESI is almost eased from the electrical discharge problem, and that offers a wider tuning window for the emitter potential to produces a higher and more stable ion signal. With optimized ion inlet temperature, the high-pressure operation facilitates the generation of ion species of higher charge-state from the highly aqueous solution, and produced less sodium adducts. A preparation method for the high-throughput analysis of raw biological samples using disposable plastic nanoESI emitter is also described., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Vascular diseases, such as myocardial and cerebral infarctions, are the leading causes of death. Some vascular diseases occur as the result of decreases in vascular endothelial function. The innermost layer of the vasculature is formed by vascular endothelial cells (VECs), which are critical for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. In our search for active constituents in farm products with the potential for improving the vascular system, we examined the effect of Raphanus sativus cv. Sakurajima Daikon on NO production in VECs. In this study, we found that the underlying mechanism for stimulating NO production by Sakurajima Daikon extract involves endothelial-NO-synthase (eNOS) activation by the phosphorylation of Ser1177 and the dephosphorylation of Thr495, which are triggered by elevated concentrations of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ resulting from the activation of Ca 2+ channels in VECs. We observed that trigonelline, an active constituent of Sakurajima Daikon, improves NO production in VEC cultures.

In this study, low-thermal technology was used to treat the mercury contaminated farmland soil from a chemical plant in Guizhou Province, China. A series of field planting experiments were also aimed at determining the content of total and methyl-Hg in crop plants after thermal treatment. The results showed that the mercury concentration in soils was reduced about 70% from 255.74 mg/kg to 80.63 mg/kg when treated at 350 °C for 30 min in engineering-scale experiments, and the treated soil retained most of its original soil. Organic-bound and residual mercury in treated soil were reduced by 64.1 and 56.4% by means of a sequential extraction procedure, respectively. The total and methyl-mercury concentrations in crops decreased significantly, and the degree of soil mercury accumulation to crop roots has been reduced significantly. The total Hg concentrations in potato and corn were lower than the mercury tolerance limits for food in China, and the Hg concentration of radish was close to the limit. The technology provides a more sustainable remediation method for treating mercury-contaminated farmland soil in future engineering applications.

In recent years, the carbohydrate moieties of plants have received considerable attention, as they are a potential source of cross-reactive, allergy-provoking immune responses. In addition, carbohydrate structures also play a critical role in plant metabolism. Here, we present a simple and rapid method for preparing and analyzing N-glycans from different cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus) using an N-glycanase specific for the release of plant-derived carbohydrate structures. To achieve this, crude trichloroacetic acid precipitates of radish homogenates were treated with PNGase H + , and labeled using 2-aminobenzamide as a fluorescent tag. The labeled N-glycan samples were subsequently analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for a detailed structural evaluation and to quantify relative abundancies of the radish-derived N-glycan structures. This protocol can also be used for the analysis of N-glycans from various other plant species, and may be useful for further investigation of the function and effects of N-glycans on human health.

Tea saponin (TS) is extracted from the seeds of the tea plant and is generally regarded as a safe compound that has insecticidal properties and can act synergistically with other compounds. In this study, the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared in midgut tissues of third instar larvae of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The larvae were fed on three different host plants, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata [Capparales: Brassicaceae]), radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radiculus Persi [Capparales: Brassicaceae]), or rape (Brassica campestris L. [Capparales: Brassicaceae]), that had been treated with TS. Higher SOD, POD, and CAT activities were found in DBM larvae fed on cabbage after LC20 (concentration that induced 20% larval mortality) or LC50 (concentration that induced 50% larval mortality) treatment than on the control. On rape, TS treatments led to lower SOD and CAT activities than in the control and to higher POD activities after 24 h. MDA content increased in larvae fed on rape but decreased in larvae fed on radish after 12 h. Our results indicated that DBM larvae are more susceptible to TS on rape than on cabbage and radish, suggesting that this treatment may be an economic and effective means of controlling DBM on rape.

Biofumigation is an integrated pest-management method involving the mulching of a glucosinolate-containing cover crop into a field in order to generate toxic isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are effective soil-borne-pest-control compounds. Variation in biofumigation efficacy demonstrates a need to better understand the factors affecting pest-control outcomes and develop best practices for choosing biofumigants, growth conditions, and mulching methods that allow the greatest potential isothiocyanate release. We measured the glucosinolate concentrations of six different commercial varieties of three biofumigant plant species: Brassica juncea (ISCI99, Vitasso, and Scala) Raphanus sativus (Diablo and Bento), and Sinapis alba (Ida Gold). The plants were grown in the range of commercially appropriate seeding rates and sampled at three growth stages (early development, mature, and 50% flowering). Within biofumigant species, the highest ITC-release potentials were achieved with B. juncea cv. ISCI99 and R. sativus cv. Bento. The highest ITC-release potential occurred at the 50% flowering growth stage across the species. The seeding rate had a minor impact on the ITC-release potential of R. sativus but had no significant effects on the ITC-release potentials of the B. juncea or S. alba cultivars.

In the present study, we report perhaps for the first time the use of novel varieties of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis and Raphanus sativus as potential bioreductant, to synthesize highly stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, no aggregation observed for six months), which is a significant finding as plant extract-directed AgNPs are intrinsically unstable and tend to aggregate. The reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 nanostructures was confirmed using UVVis spectroscopy showing SPR spectra at 400-435 nm. Nanosight and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed monodisperse spherical AgNPs (4-18 nm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the polyphenolics and other secondary metabolites including glucosinolates in the aqueous extracts may act as reducing/capping agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the face centered cubic crystalline (fcc) structure of AgNPs. Controlled synthesis of AgNPs was achieved by varying experimental parameters (AgNO 3 concentration, extract volume, pH and temperature). These AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity at significantly lower concentration (5 ppm) against both Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Myroides, Psuedomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Kocuria and Promicromonospora) bacteria. In the present study, the green AgNPs showed (10-30%) better antimicrobial efficacy than chemical AgNPs and AgNPs from other Brassicaceae members. These green AgNPs may have promising application in nano-drug formulation to combat bacterial infections, in future., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Rhodosporidium toruloides , an oleaginous yeast, can be used as a fast and reliable evaluation tool to screen new natural lipid-lowering agents. Herein, we showed that triglyceride (TG) accumulation was inhibited by 42.6% in 0.1% red radish coral sprout extract (RRSE)-treated R. toruloides . We also evaluated the anti-obesity effect of the RRSE in a mouse model. The body weight gain of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 0.1% RRSE (HFD-RRSE) was significantly decreased by 60% compared with that mice fed the HFD alone after the 8-week experimental period. Body fat of the HFD-RRSE-fed group was dramatically reduced by 38.3% compared with that of the HFD-fed group.

Water shortage appears to be expedited under the current climate change scenario worldwide. The present work was aimed to investigate the effects of zinc-chelated lysine (Zn-Lys) on germination and yield of water stressed radish plants. The research was comprised of two studies where the effect of Zn-Lys seed priming on germination attributes under PEG-induced water stress was investigated in the first experiment. In the second experiment, growth, physio-biochemical, and yield responses of water-stressed radish plants raised from Zn-Lys primed seeds were recorded. The seeds pre-conditioned with 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, or 6 mg kg -1 of Zn-Lys was grown in petri-dishes and pots. Priming treatments significantly improved the germination attributes under water stress. Plants raised from primed seeds exhibited significant improvements in plant biomass production, leaf photosynthetic pigments, final root yield, and nutritional quality. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were increased, while the melondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased. Root flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, protein, carbohydrates, fiber and lysine content were significantly improved due to Zn-Lys seed priming, both under water-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Moreover, plant's mineral nutrients such as K and Ca as well as Mg, Fe, P, and Zn of final harvested roots were also improved due to Zn-Lys seed priming. Overall, for the induction of drought tolerance and nutritional quality, Zn-Lys regimes of 3 and 4.5 mg kg -1 were most effective. It can be inferred that the Zn-Lys priming maintained a potential balance of nutrient uptake and translocation by preventing drought-induced lipid peroxidation of membranes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)