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Nearly two thousand nonimmune, postpubertal females given rubella vaccine in western Washington state in 1970 to 1974 were followed up for acute reactions, inadvertent pregnancy onset, and (776 women) seroresponse. Low-level prevaccination immunity appears to explain most of the apparent vaccine failure (11.6%). The 27 vaccine-complicated pregnancies identified resulted in 17 apparently normal infants (nine from nonimmune mothers). The remaining ten were terminated by abortion (four in nonimmune women), but no abortus yielded rubella virus. Frequency of post-vaccination complaints (largely joint-related) varied with age (higher in those over 25 years), with vaccine (higher after HPV-77-DE-5 than after Cendehill strain virus), with stage of menstrual cycle when vaccine was given, and with method of contraception.