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Background: Chlorzoxazone (CHZ) is a water-insoluble drug having bioavailability problems. The absorption rate of such drugs can be improved by reducing their particle size. In this work, the crystal growth kinetics of CHZ–ethanol for different degrees of supersaturation (SS) has been studied. Method: The equilibrium solubility data of CHZ in ethanol is determined by the shake-flask method within the 283.15–313.15 K temperature range. The mole fraction solubility of CHZ is calculated and correlated with the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, van’t Hoff equation, Wilson, and non-random two liquid (NRTL) equation. Batch crystallization experiments are performed on three different degrees of SS-1.16, 1.18, and 1.20 at 293.15 K as a function of time. Results: The maximum root mean square difference (RMSD) and relative average deviation (RAD) values of 169.24 x10-6 and 0.699 x10-2, respectively, are observed in the NRTL equation model. The dissolution properties such as standard enthalpy, standard entropy, and Gibbs free energy are predicted using van’t Hoff equation. Using a simple integral technique, the average crystal growth rate constant KG is calculated as 1.58 (μm/min) (mg/ml)-1 and the order n=1 for CHZ–ethanol at 293.15 K. Conclusion: The obtained result concludes that the crystals growth size is found to be varied at different SS ratio in batch crystallization. The particle size control in batch crystallization can be achieved by optimizing the operating conditions to get the desired size crystals.

Education is the most important instrument for human resource development. Education has been regarded as both an end in itself and as a means of realizing other desirable ends. It develops the personality and rationality of individuals, qualifies them to full files certain economic, political and cultural functions and there by improve their socio-economic status. Education is an instrument of socialization is considered as a powerful catalytic agent for social change. Hence quality education and empowerment of youth are very much needed in the context of Globalization, Liberalization and Internationalization. An effective educational system is an essential foundation to lead a decent life. The Indian youth is currently at crossroads. India has been facing the challenges in providing quality education to the youth. The issues of financing, management, equity, and relevance, reorientation of programmes for laying emphasis on values and ethics and quality of higher education all are of severe concern at the present situation. The mobility of skilled manpower increased with globalization and Indian education system also evolved into knowledge-based society. Demands of contemporary life, under privileged parenting, dysfunctional relations, changing family structure, new perspectives of young people’s needs, speedy socio-cultural changes all makes it crucial for a life skill education. Life skills are defined as the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour enables individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. The world health organization (WHO) defined life skill as abilities to face the day to day complex situations successfully and adjust with them efficiently. It identifies ten life skills that are very much needed to lead a healthy and happy life, so that all the human resources can be utilized effectively and productively. They are: Problem solving skills, Critical thinking skills, Creative thinking skills, Decision making skills, Effective communication skills, Inter personal relationship skills, Self-awareness skills, Empathy, Skills to cope with emotions and Skills to cope with stress. Life skill education can help to improve the well-being of individuals. The life skills are to be developed in the process of education. This life skills enable a person to live his life effectively purposefully, successfully and meaningfully. When knowledge is learned passively, without skills, it is often learned at a superficial level and therefore not readily transferred to new environments, deep understanding and accountability for the real world will occur Innovative Techniques of School Education and Teacher Education for 21st Century Srinivas University Page 10 only by embedding skills within knowledge domain, such that each enhances the other. In the present social scenario skills are the key to solving economic, civic, and global challenges and to engaging effectively in those spheres, then we must act upon the belief that using those skills to overhaul our education system is possible.

In this work, a fractional order internal model controller (FOIMC) is developed for the level control of a coupled tank system. The parameters of the FOIMC are optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The controller parameters obtained by the PSO algorithm, are compared with the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) and the whale optimization algorithms (WOA), and the PSO algorithm gave better results. The performance of the proposed FOIMC is compared with the state of the art. The experimental results obtained from the laboratory setup of the cylindrical tank system using the proposed FOIMC are also presented. The step responses from the simulation and the experimental results, indicated that the proposed FOIMC has good time domain performance than the state of the art. The proposed controller showed better robustness to a change in the operating point. The novelty of the present work is, for the first time, a comparative study of latest swarm algorithms is done for the tuning of FOIMC parameters.