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Lysine is accepted as the first limiting amino acid in swine diets. Lysine deficient diets are generally supplemented with lysine in the form of L-lysine*HCl. Recently, a new source of lysine has been developed by Degussa-Huls called Biolys 60. Biolys 60 is a L-lysine sulfate that contains byproducts from fermentation, with a minimum lysine content of 46%. A pig growth assay was utilized to determine lysine bioavailability from Biolys 60. One hundred PIC nursery pigs with an average initial BW of 9.47 [+ or -] 1.5 kg were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments of 20 pigs based upon weight and gender. A corn- peanut meal diet containing 0.62% lysine was supplemented with 2 levels (.1% and .2%) of lysine as L-lysine*HCl or Biolys 60. Pigs were withdrawn from study after 3 wk. Relative bioavailability value (RBV) of Biolys 60 was determined using multiple regression slope-ratio methodology, using gain and feed efficiency as the response criteria. At the tested levels, linear responses for gain and feed efficiency were obtained. When weight gain was regressed on supplemental lysine intake, the bioavailability of Biolys 60 was 99% (P < 0.01) of L-lysine*HCl. When feed efficiency was regressed on supplemental lysine intake, the bioavailability of Biolys 60 was 97% (P < 0.01) of L-lysine*HCl. The RBV of Biolys 60 was subjected to a t-test and was determined not to be different from L-lysine*HCl, which was considered to be 100% bioavailable. These results support the conclusion that the RBV of Biolys 60 is not different from L-lysine. HCl. Key Words: Pigs, Lysine, Relative Bioavailability

SummaryThe present study investigated whether the optimum ratio between dietary apparent ileal digestible lysine and metabolizable energy (ME) in growing pigs is influenced by the energy density of the diet. Therefore, according to a bifactorial design, growing pigs were fed diets with 13.0 or 14.0 MJ ME/kg with ratios between apparent ileal digestible lysine and ME of 0.44, 0.53, 0.63 and 0.70 (g/MJ ME). Half the animals were barrows, half were gilts. The experiment was carried out throughout the body weight range between 28 and 58 kg. The parameters of animal performance assessed were body weight gain, feed intake, feed to gain ratio and energy to gain ratio. The feed intake of the animals was not influenced by the dietary treatment. The other parameters were markedly influenced by the ratio between apparent ileal digestible lysine and ME, but were independent of the energy density of the diet. The optimum ratio between apparent ileal digestible lysine and ME was nearly independent of the dietary energy level. According to exponential regression analysis, the optimum ratio was 0.66 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ ME for growth, regardless of the dietary energy density and at least 0.71 or at least 0.69 for optimum feed to gain ratio (at 13.0 and 14.0 MJ ME/kg, respectively). The ratio for optimum energy to gain was above the highest ratio used (0.71 g/MJ ME). Barrows exhibited higher feed intake (+11%) and body weight gain (+9%) than gilts. The optimum ratio between ileal digestible lysine and ME, however, was similar for gilts and barrows. In conclusion, the study shows that the optimum ratio between apparent ileal digestible lysine and ME is independent of the dietary energy level. The optimum ratio estimated was slightly above 0.70 g/MJ ME for pigs in a live weight range between 28 and 58 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features a study which determined the optimal ratio between sulphur containing amino acids and lysine in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Background of the study; Materials and methods; Results; Discussion.

Graded equimolar concentrations of DL-methionine (DLM, 99%) or methionine hydroxy analog free acid (MHA-FA, 88%) were used in a study to evaluate N retention responses of pigs. A methionine-deficient basal diet was formulated to contain 2.2 g methionine/kg; to which was added (in mg/kg) DLM at 0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg or MHA-FA at 227, 455, and 682. The 7 diets were fed to 63 barrows (average body weight = 14.2 kg; 9 pigs/diet), housed in stainless-steel metabolism crates, using protocols that consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 5-d period of total but separate collection of feces and urine. Output of N in the urine linearly decreased (P < 0.01) as the concentrations of either DLM or MHA-FA increased in diets. Nitrogen retention expressed as a percent of N intake (NRNI) linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary concentrations of either DLM or MHA-FA. Furthermore, as dietary concentrations of either DLM or MHA-FA increased, N retention expressed as a percent of N absorbed (NRNA) linearly increased (P < 0.01). Common-intercept, multiple linear regression equations were: NRNI = 60.08 + 0.01255 (SE = 0.00295) DLM + 0.01087 (SE = 0.00277) MHA-FA, NRNA = 74.01 + 0.01464 (SE = 0.00233) DLM + 0.01192 (SE = 0.00218) MHA-FA using analyzed dietary concentration as the independent variable; or NRNI = 60.06 + 0.01217 (SE = 0.00290) DLM + 0.00976 (SE = 0.00255) MHA-FA, NRNA = 73.96 + 0.01427 (SE = 0.00229) DLM + 0.01080 (SE = 0.00202) MHA-FA using added dietary concentration as the independent variable. Based on these N retention responses, the biological efficacy of MHA-FA relative to DLM is between 81 and 87% on an equimolar basis; or between 71 and 77% on a weight for weight basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key concern with flooding dose technique for measuring protein synthesis (PS) is that a large dose of amino acid (AA) can change the animals' hormonal and nutritional status, which can influence PS. Among stable isotope tracers, 1-13C-valine is the preferred amino acid for measuring PS in gut tissue and mucins. A study was conducted to determine the impact of a flooding dose of valine on the metabolic status of pigs. Six barrows (12 kg BW) were randomly assigned, following a two-treatment cross-over design, to 12-minute intravenous infusions of either 150 mM valine (1.5 mmol/kg BW) or saline (control). Blood samples were taken at 10 min prior to infusion, at the end of infusion, at 10 min intervals for 1 hr, and at 90 and 120 min post infusion. Plasma concentration of insulin, glucose, AA, urea nitrogen and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using Proc Mixed Procedure of SAS. Infusion of valine increased plasma valine levels (4178 vs. 532 μmol/L; P<0.0001) but had no influence on PCV (26.4 vs. 27.2%), glucose (5.8 vs. 5.9 mmol/L), urea nitrogen (8.5 vs. 7.8 mg/dL) and insulin (8.2 vs. 8.4 μ U/mL; P>0.10). It also had no impact on plasma levels of most AA, particularly leucine (240 vs. 231 μmol/L) and isoleucine (308 vs. 332 μ mol/L; P> 0.10). There was however a slight increase in threonine (225 vs. 263 μmol/L; P<0.05) and a tendency towards reduced glycine (1387 vs. 1312 μ mol/L; P<0.10). There were also numerical increases in alanine (1186 vs. 1310 μ mol/L) and glutamine (788 vs. 846 μ mol/L) levels (P>0.10). The results indicate that a flooding dose of valine does not cause a substantial change in the metabolic status of growing pigs, and is therefore suitable for measuring PS rates in tissues with high protein turnover rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metabolism study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of methionine hydroxy analog free acid (MHA-FA, 88%) relative to DLmethionine (DLM, 99%) as a methionine source for pigs. Forty-two Cotswold barrows with an average initial BW of 9±0.52 kg (mean±SE) were obtained in two blocks of 21 pigs each. Pigs were randomly assigned from within block to 7 dietary treatments resulting in 7 replicate pigs per diet. Diet 1, basal diet (BD), was a corn-soybean meal diet and formulated to contain 15.54% CP and 0.21% methionine. Diets 2, 3 and 4 were BD supplemented with 0.034%, 0.068%, and 0.102% MHA-FA, respectively, on an equi-molar basis to the DLM. Diets 5, 6, and 7 were BD supplemented with 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.09% DLM, respectively. The pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates that allowed for separate but total collection of urine and feces. Pigs had unlimited access to feed and water, and were allowed to adapt to the metabolism crates, feeding regimen and experimental diets for 7 d followed by quantitative collection of feces and urine over the subsequent 5 d. Urinary N (%) declined linearly with increasing supplementation of BD with DLM (P = 0.003) and MHA-FA (P = 0.01). There were quadratic (P = 0.009) and cubic (P = 0.021) effects of MHA-FA supplementation to BD on fecal N (%) output but no such effect was observed for DLM. There was a linear response in N retained (g/d) with increasing supplementation of BD with DLM (P = 0.004) and MHA-FA (P = 0.025). The results indicate that the supplementation of methionine deficient diet with either MHA-FA or DLM improved N retention. Determined with multiple linear regression analysis, the bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM was estimated to be 65.8% (product to product comparison, wt/wt basis) or 74.8% (equi-molar basis) using N retention as a response criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Liverpool Adverse Event Profile (L AEP) is commonly used in clinical practice and pharmacological trials for the monitoring of side effects of anti-seizure medication (ASM). However potentially unrelated, additional symptoms and normative data should be considered to put patients´ complaints into perspective., Methods: An extended 32-item AEP (E AEP) was given to 537 healthy subjects and 1,605 patients with epilepsy as part of the Bonn ASM side effect registry. The tool was factor-analyzed, corrected for age, gender, and repeated application, and related to drug load and individual substances (with N> 100) on item and scale level (total E AEP and its subscales cognition, dizziness, energy, mood, bodily symptoms, aggression, and sexuality)., Results: Compared to non-normalized results, at item level, between one and two-thirds of responses suggesting impairment were found to be unlikely to be related to ASM treatment after normalization. Binary regression analyses revealed differential effects of medication choice, but also of antidepressants and neuroleptics on complaint domains. The explained variance was better for physical than psychological domains. The results reflect both known drug side effects and indications. Patients´ explicit attribution of problems to their medications barely improved the correlation of the E AEP and treatment parameters., Conclusion: Application of a norm-referenced AEP is highly recommended to avoid overestimation of treatment related problems in patients with epilepsy. It allows evaluation on item and scale level for individuals as well as groups in drug trials. Plausible relations to individual drugs and to drug load can be demonstrated. The explanatory power was better for physical than psychological domains. Drug-related complaint patterns reflect known drug side effects (e.g. perampanel and brivaracetam with aggression) as well as drug indications (e.g. lamotrigine for depression). This is likely to be particularly relevant when side effects may have affected treatment decisions. Longitudinal evaluation with repeated application of the E AEP with changes of drug treatment is in progress., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest CH has nothing to declare in regard to the present work. Independent on this he received honoraria and travel support from UCB, Eisai, Jazz Pharma, Angelini, Desitin as well as license fees from UCB Japan and Eisai outside the presented work. CM, SM, SMH MR and RVW and JAW have nothing to declare in connection to the present work., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Importance: For the large population of people with drug-refractory epilepsy, alternative treatment approaches are needed. Clinical trial outcomes of a novel stimulation device, which is newly available in Europe for the treatment of patients with a predominant seizure focus, are reported for the first time., Objective: To perform a pooled analysis of the results of 2 prospective, multicenter, single-arm trials, A Pilot Study to Assess the Feasibility of Neurostimulation With the EASEE System to Treat Medically Refractory Focal Epilepsy (EASEE II) and A Pilot Study to Assess the Feasibility of Patient-Controlled Neurostimulation With the EASEE System to Treat Medically Refractory Focal Epilepsy (PIMIDES I), assessing the safety and efficacy of epicranial focal cortex stimulation (FCS) with a novel implantable device (EASEE [Precisis]) as adjunctive treatment for adult patients with drug-refractory focal epilepsy., Design, Setting, and Participants: This study was a pooled analysis of 2 nonrandomized uncontrolled trials, EASEE II and PIMIDES I, which began on January 15, 2019, and January 14, 2020, respectively, and ended on July 28, 2021. EASEE II and PIMIDES I were the first in-human, prospective, single-arm trials with an 8-month evaluation period. Patients were recruited at 7 European epilepsy centers. Consecutive participants with drug-refractory focal epilepsy were enrolled. Study data were analyzed from September 29, 2021, to February 2, 2022., Interventions: After a 1-month prospective baseline period, patients were implanted with the neurostimulation device. After a 1-month postimplantation recovery period, unblinded FCS was activated using both high-frequency and direct current (DC)-like components performed via electrode arrays placed epicranially above the individual epileptic focus region., Main Outcomes and Measures: Efficacy was prospectively assessed by the responder rate in the sixth month of stimulation compared with baseline; safety and additional end points were assessed after device implantation and during the stimulation period., Results: Of the 34 adult patients enrolled at 6 German and 1 Belgian investigational site, 33 (mean [SD] age, 34.6 [13.5] years; 18 male patients [54.5%]) received the neurostimulation device implant. A total of 32 patients underwent combined high-frequency direct current-like stimulation at least until the 8-month postimplant follow-up visit. After 6 months of stimulation, 17 of 32 patients (53.1%) were responders to treatment with at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency compared with baseline, corresponding to a significant median seizure reduction by 52% (95% CI, 0.37%-0.76%; P < .001). No device- or procedure-related serious adverse events were reported (0; 95% CI, 0%-10.58%). There were no significant alterations in cognition, mood, or overall quality of life., Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this pooled analysis of 2 nonrandomized uncontrolled trials suggest that FCS with a novel neurostimulation device was associated with an effective reduction in seizure frequency in patients with drug-refractory focal epilepsy and may offer a promising treatment option for patients with a predominant epileptic focus., Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00015918 and DRKS00017833, respectively, and jointly under PROSPERO: CRD42021266440.