Search

Current research indicates that racial discrimination is pervasive in the lives of African Americans. Although there are a variety of ways in which discrimination may contribute to health, one potentially important pathway is through its impact on substance use. Addressing the paucity of longitudinal research on this topic, the present study examined the influence of teacher discrimination on changes in substance use over time among African American adolescents and considered three dimensions of racial identity as moderators of this association (centrality, private regard, and public regard). Latent variable SEM analyses indicated that, on average, levels of discrimination were associated with increases in substance use across the high school years. However, public regard was found to moderate this association such that discrimination was less strongly associated with increases in substance use for individual who reported lower levels of public regard. The implications of these findings are discussed. Keywords Racial discrimination * Stress * Substance use * Identity * African American * Health disparities, Introduction Substantial disparities in health between African Americans and Whites exist in the United States today (Fuller-Rowell et al., 2011; Mays et al., 2007; Orsi et al., 2010). While there [...]

A large body of literature depicts that status-based discrimination is pervasive, but is silent on how economic incentive interacts with such discrimination. This study addresses this question by designing a field experiment in a reputable arranged marriage market that is prone to strong caste-status-based discrimination. We place newspaper advertisements of potential grooms by systematically varying their caste and income and focus on responses of higher-caste females to lower-caste males. The substantive finding is that despite the evidence of discrimination, discriminatory behavior of higher-status females decreases with an increase in the advertised monthly income of lower-status males. (JEL C93, J12, J15), I. INTRODUCTION The relationship between economic motive and observance of discriminatory social customs is hardly new to economists. This is implicit in the writings of Becker (1957, 1973, 1974) on [...]

The objective of the study is to identify racial disparities in prenatal care (PNC) utilization and to examine the relationship between PNC and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and infant mortality in Mississippi. Retrospective cohort from 1996 to 2003linked Mississippi birth and infant death files was used. Analysis was limited to live-born singleton infants born to non-Hispanic white and black women (n = 292,776). PNC was classified by Kotelchuck's Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index. Factors associated with PTB, LBW and infant death were identified using multiple logistic regression after controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, place of residence, tobacco use and medical risk. About one in five Mississippi women had less than adequate PNC, and racial disparities in PNC utilization were observed. Black women delayed PNC, received too few visits, and were more likely to have either 'inadequate PNC' (P < 0.0001) or 'no care' (P < 0.0001) compared to white women. Furthermore, among women with medical conditions, black women were twice as likely to receive inadequate PNC compared to white women. Regardless of race, 'no care' and 'inadequate PNC' were strong risk factors for PTB, LBW and infant death. We provide empirical evidence to support the existence of racial disparities in PNC utilization and infant birth outcomes in Mississippi. Further study is needed to explain racial differences in PNC utilization. However, this study suggests that public health interventions designed to improve PNC utilization among women might reduce unfavorable birth outcomes especially infant mortality. Keywords Preterm birth * Low birth weight * Infant mortality * Prenatal care utilization * Racial disparities, Introduction Prenatal care (PNC) has long been endorsed as a means to monitor maternal and fetal health and identify women at risk for unfavorable birth outcomes [1-3]. Early and continuous [...]

Literature on immigration and race relations in 1960s Britain has consistently emphasized legislation of this period as 'racist' in intent. Insufficient attention has been paid to the deconstruction of the language surrounding anti-immigration sentiment. In the context of the 1968 Kenyan Asians crisis, Commonwealth Immigrants Act, and Race Relations Act, popular anti-immigrant sentiment was not couched in singularly definable terms of racism. However, much opposition to immigration was expressed in a manner that suggested a defensive and exclusive sense of British national identity, described in terms that reflected concerns about the appendages of the postwar welfare state. This language suggests that anti-immigration sentiment ought to be placed in a broader context of economic and socio-political decline in Britain, rather than read exclusively as an expression of some objectively definable notion of 'racism.' La documentation sur l'immigration et les relations interraciales en Grande-Bretagne durant les annees 1960 a invariablement souligne l'aspect 'raciste' intentionnel des legislations d 'epoque. On a prete une attention insuffisante a la deconstruction du langage autour du sentiment anti-immigration. Dans le contexte de la crise asiatique kenyane de 1968, la loi sur les Immigrants du Commonwealth et la loi sur les Relations Interraciales n'exprimaient pas le racisme d'une facon singulierement definissable tel que le sentiment anti-immigrant populaire le presageait. Toutefois, beaucoup de cette opposition a l'immigration a ete exprimee d'une facon a suggerer un sens exclusif et defensif de l'identite nationale britannique et representee en termes qui refletaient les inquietudes au sujet des appendices d'un etat-providence d'apres-guerre. Ce langage suggererait que le sentiment anti-immigration devrait plutot etre vu dans le contexte plus large du declin economique et socio-politique de la Grande-Bretagne, au lieu d'etre interprete exclusivement comme etant une expression d'une notion objectivement definissable de 'racisme'., 1. Introduction The world was taking to the streets. Students rioted across Europe, attracting global attention in Paris; Robert Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. were assassinated in the [...]

Abstract Black/White romance has become increasingly commonplace in the United States in recent years. Primetime television shows and movies frequently present as unremarkable the love affairs between Black men and [...]

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00732.x Byline: Wendy D. Roth (1) Abstract: Objectives. A primary justification for collecting U.S. racial statistics is the need to monitor racial discrimination. This article aims to show how analyses of Hispanics-who may officially be of any race-tend to miss discrimination based on racial appearance by relying on data that instead capture racial self-identification, a different aspect of race that often does not correspond. Methods. The study analyzes 60 qualitative interviews with Dominican and Puerto Rican migrants in the New York metropolitan area. It employs multiple measures to represent theoretically distinct aspects of the lived experience of race. Results. Respondents interpret the Census race question in different ways corresponding to different aspects of race, which often do not match one another. Although respondents experience discrimination on the basis of phenotype, their racial self-identification is a poor proxy for measuring their racial appearance. Conclusions. Scholars need to develop a language of race that communicates the multiplicity of social processes involved. Social surveys must provide measures of these multiple components, including interviewer observations of racial appearance, to monitor discrimination on the basis of phenotype within Hispanic groups. Author Affiliation: (1)University of British Columbia

Racial disparities in postdisplacement outcomes are investigated while controlling for predisplacement experience and earnings of individual workers. Applying data from the Displaced Workers Survey, no racial difference is demonstrated in the reemployment wage. Significant disparity is shown in the prospects of reemployment among workers with equivalent experience and characteristics.

Introduction Today the Kamehameha Schools are widely known for excellent education. In part this is due to the almost $9 billion dollar value of the Bishop Estate that funds and [...]

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01652.x Byline: John Dixon (1), Kevin Durrheim (2), Colin Tredoux (3), Linda Tropp (4), Beverley Clack (5), Liberty Eaton (6) Abstract: A random digit dialing survey (N = 596) investigated the relationship between quantity and quality of interracial contact and Black South Africans' perceptions of racial discrimination in postapartheid society. Results showed that harmonious contact was associated with lower levels of perceived collective discrimination, an effect that was mediated by racial attitudes and personal experiences of racial discrimination. The implications of the survey's findings are discussed in relation to two models of social change in social psychology (cf. Wright & Lubensky, 2008): a model of change grounded in the rehabilitation of the prejudiced individual and a model of social change grounded in collective awareness of, and resistance to, systemic inequality. Author Affiliation: (1)Lancaster University (2)University of KwaZulu-Natal (3)University of Cape Town (4)University of Massachusetts (5)Lancaster University (6)University of Cape Town Article note: (*) Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. John Dixon, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, United Kingdom [e-mail: j.a.dixon1@lancaster.ac.uk].

Objectives. We assessed the value of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WlC) services as a public health intervention seeking to improve birth outcomes and reduce racial disparities. Methods. We compared the infant mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live births and percentage of preterm births overall and by race for prenatal WIC versus non-WIC participants in Hamilton County, Ohio, from 2005 to 2008. Results. The IMR was lower for WIC participants than for non-WIC participants (8.0 vs 10.6; P = .04). For African Americans, the IMR of WIC participants was much lower than that of non-WIC participants (9.6 vs 21.0; P Conclusions. Prenatal WIC participation is associated with significant improvements in African American IMR. WIC participation reduces racial disparities in IMR between African Americans and Whites. (Am J Public Health. 2010;100:S204-S209. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168922)

Many people have commented that with the election of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States, this is a wonderful time to be a historian or other [...]

Ezra Pound's obsessive concern with economics and the role of the Jews began in 1932. Yet there is no consensus about the immediate cause of this fateful turn. A look at the relation between Pound and Otto Kahn, however, indicates that Pound's unhappiness with Kahn must have been a contributing factor. Their relation was at its most intense in 1931 and 1932. During those years, Pound appealed to Kahn to come to the aid of such writers as Louis Zukofsky and George Oppen. Kahn politely deflected these appeals. Pound's failure to move Kahn convinced him that capitalism could not provide a living wage for the true artist, either in the 'free market,' or in the form of funds from a wealthy patron. Therefore, a radical reconstruction of economics was necessary. After 1932, Pound considered Kahn symptomatic of economic injustice and (eventually) racial degeneration. Keywords: Pound / Kahn / economics / anti-Semitism, One afternoon in Paris (April 29, 1931, to be precise), patrons of the restaurant at the Ritz Hotel might have been amused to notice an odd couple sharing a table: [...]

Using personnel data from a large U.S. retail firm, we examine whether the race or ethnicity of the hiring manager affects the racial composition of new hires. We exploit manager turnover to estimate models with store fixed effects and store-specific trends. First, we find that all non-black managers--that is, whites, Hispanics, and Asians--hire more whites and fewer blacks than do black managers. This is especially true in the South. Second, in locations with large Hispanic populations, Hispanic managers hire more Hispanics and fewer whites than do white managers. We also examine possible explanations for these differential hiring patterns.

This article examines post-Civil Rights Act trends in private sector managerial representation for white men, white women, black men, and black women. We examine how three factors affect changing access to managerial positions: (1) industrial restructuring, (2) the process of bottom-up ascription, and (3) organizational characteristics. Accounting for compositional shifts in the labor supply, we find that white male managerial overrepresentation remains virtually unchanged since 1966, even while other status groups make gains. A significant portion of the observed equal opportunity advance for women and blacks takes place in the expanding service sectors of the economy. We also find that female and minority gains are enhanced in larger and more managerially intensive workplaces. For all groups, managerial representation is increasingly tied to the presence of similar others in nonmanagerial jobs. Further examination reveals a new status hierarchy of managers and subordinates--a hierarchy wherein white men are likely to manage men of all races. White women, in comparison, are realizing a growing racial privilege in managing women of color.

Last of all, the Mexicans; in-bred and isolation-shrunken descendants of the Castilian world-finders; living almost as much against the house as in it; ignorant as slaves, and more courteous than [...]

THIS IS A WORLD OF CONTRASTS, among and between people. It is a world of variation, often in our own backyards. Fittingly, then, my life, like that of many others, [...]

What can account for the differences in marriage and employment decisions across blacks and whites? To answer this question, I develop a dynamic, equilibrium model of marriage. Two explanations for the racial differences in behavior are considered: differences in population supplies and wages. Black-white differences in population supplies explain one-fifth of the difference in marriage rates and between one-fifth and one-third of the differences in employment rates across race. Removing the racial gap in wages eliminates the differences in employment but increases the differences in marriage rates.

Ethnicity, gender and class are the major factors of social inequality and have been studied extensively leading to a large literature pertaining to each one of them. The issue of the intersection of ethnicity, gender and class has been introduced into the social sciences by feminist critical theory. Intersection theory postulates that minority groups are discriminated against on the basis of more than one characteristic which are 'inextricably tied' leading to complex forms of inequality in various social domains. This study examines the intertwined effects of these factors as they are experienced and narrated by Mizrachi women (19) who are employed in universities and colleges. Although the intersection approach is generally supported by the data it was found that under certain conditions ethnicity, gender and class may be separated. One type of decomposition is when one identity encroaches upon another or others; the second is the separation of diverse identities assigning them to different life areas. These change processes do not support stereotypical dichotomies between Ashkenazi and Mizrachi, women and men and so on, and enable the creation of new hybrid identities. Keywords Gender * Ethnicity * Class * Faculty women * Intersection

This paper examines inequalities between white and black and brown populations in Brazil within occupations that require university degree. The main result confirms that once reached the university degree, blacks/brown usually obtain smaller but comparable income to that of whites. Although some racial discrimination in labor market may exist, such result corroborates other studies that identify schooling differentials as the main reason for the high income inequality found in Brazil. Keywords Labor market. Social inequalities- Racial inequalities. Labor discrimination. Inequalities in Brazil

Race and sex differentials in labor market outcomes in Brazil appear substantial, phenomena often tied to occupational segregation. This paper presents an array of Duncan indices of dissimilarity to investigate the magnitude and contours of occupational differentiation in Brazil, as well as changes in the recent past, constructed from Pesquisa Nacional pot Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) microdata for 1989 and 2001. Findings include the facts that measurable occupational differentation by sex is over twice as high as that by race and that differentiation on both counts is highest among people 35 and older and outside the Northeastern region. Occupational differentiation by race appears comparable among women and men, but may be higher among women if accurately measured. Racial differentiation grows with education, while sexual segregation declines. Differentiation has declined modestly since 1989 in almost all categories except by race among younger people, men and the most educated. Keywords Occupational segregation. Race- Ethnicity. Sex. Brazil-Labor markets. Discrimination

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01268.x Byline: Eleanor K. Seaton (1), Tiffany Yip (2), Robert M. Sellers (3) Abstract: This study tested the longitudinal association between perceptions of racial discrimination and racial identity among a sample of 219 African American adolescents, aged 14 to 18. Structural equation modeling was used to test relations between perceptions of racial discrimination and racial identity dimensions, namely, racial centrality, private regard, and public regard at 3 time points. The results indicated that perceived racial discrimination at Time 1 was negatively linked to public regard at Time 2. Nested analyses using age were conducted, and perceptions of racial discrimination at Time 2 were negatively linked to private regard at Time 3 among older adolescents. The findings imply that perceived racial discrimination is linked to negative views that the broader society has of African Americans. Author Affiliation: (1)University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2)Fordham University (3)University of Michigan Article note: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Eleanor K. Seaton, Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3270, Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270. Electronic mail may be sent to eseaton@unc.edu.

'A Raisin in the Sun,' a play by Lorraine Hansberry, explores the racial politics involved in home ownership in Southside Chicago during post-World war II. The play also acknowledges the relationships of social and personal struggles to belong in one's own skin, community, and nation. The political, psychological, philosophical, historical, and material nature of the home is examined.

This study investigates perceptions of workplace discrimination among racial minorities in Canada. Specifically, the study examines how objective experiences of disadvantage and expectations for equity influence racial minorities' perceptions of discrimination. The results indicate that while both of these factors affect perceptions of discrimination, expectations for equity may be especially important. Although new immigrants are among the most disadvantaged groups in the Canadian labor market, they are less likely to perceive discrimination than longer term immigrants, who may have higher expectations for equitable treatment. Education also increases the perception of discrimination among immigrants, perhaps due to the higher expectations of educated immigrants. Lastly, objective income inequity is not found to be related to perceived discrimination. Keywords Discrimination * Racial minorities * Perceptions * Employment inequity

ABSTRACT In the standard account, American sex equality law rests on a partial and imperfect analogy to race, developed in the 1970s by feminists intent on establishing formal equality between [...]

Objectives. We examined the association between work discrimination and morbidity among Filipinos in the United States, independent of more-global measures of discrimination. Methods. Data were collected from the Filipino American Community Epidemiological Survey. Our analysis focused on 1652 participants who were employed at the time of data collection, and we used negative binomial regression to determine the association between work discrimination and health conditions. Results. The report of workplace discrimination specific to being Filipino was associated with an increased number of health conditions. This association persisted even after we controlled for everyday discrimination, a general assessment of discrimination; job concerns, a general assessment of unpleasant work circumstances; having immigrated for employment reasons; job category; income; education; gender; and other sociodemographic factors. Conclusions. Racial discrimination in the workplace was positively associated with poor health among Filipino Americans after we controlled for reports of everyday discrimination and general concerns about one's job. This finding shows the importance of considering the work setting as a source of discrimination and its effect on morbidity among racial minorities. (doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110163)

This article describes the meaning of the African American female social work educator's experience in predominantly white educational settings. The experiences and special challenges of African American women in these settings are the focus of attention and are discussed from the framework of Kanter's theory of proportional representation (Kanter, Men and women of the corporation, New York, NY: Basic Books, 1993). The tenets of Relational/Cultural theory are applied to illustrate the importance of interpersonal connections in the social work academic environment as well as to provide a framework for the emotional, psychological, social and spiritual consequences of their experiences. Implications for institutional change as well as recommendations are provided to address the interpersonal challenges that African American female social work educators face. Keywords African american female social work educators * Kanter's theory of proportional representation * Relational cultural theroy

This paper examines the challenges that African Americans face teaching predominantly white classes at the tertiary level, and argues that these challenges can be resolved by establishing strong ties between students and teachers. While it is largely black faculty who incur the costs of this relationship building, the paper notes that they probably are not the only beneficiaries. White students are likely to benefit as well, as is society at large. The paper's analysis suggests that black faculty face work that is outside the scope of what white faculty must do. Such work can be viewed as another dimension of the burden of delivering a 'hidden curriculum' for their predominately white institutions of employment (Brayboy, Journal of Black Studies 34: 72-86, 2003). Keywords Teaching * Higher education * African Americans

The presence of African American women at predominantly white institutions is one of historical relevance and continues to be one of first, near misses, and almosts. Individually and collectively, African American women at PWIs suffer from a form of race fatigue as a result of being over extended and undervalued. The purpose of this article is to present the disproportionate role African American women assume in service, teaching, and research as a result of being in the numerical minority at PWIs. Information is presented to provide an overview on racism in the academy, images and portrayals, psychosocial, spiritual, and legal issues for African American women faculty. Finally recommendations are presented to assist African American women faculty, and administrators, colleagues, and students at PWIs to understand and improve the climate at their institutions. Keywords African Americans * Women * Faculty * Academe * Black women faculty * African American women faculty at PWIs

African American faculty constitute a small number of faculty members who teach at predominantly White colleges and universities. Although their presence within these institutions is beneficial for a number of reasons, they often face many challenges on various levels. In this paper the authors address the physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, social and legal concerns faced by African American faculty who teach at majority institutions. Recommendations for thriving in these environments are given. Keywords Racism in academia * Racial isolation * Discrimination

Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover. those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized. Keywords: dehumanization, racial bias, historical representations, implicit knowledge, stereotyping

This study examined a model of international students' educational satisfaction in the U.S. Using Communication Theory of Identity as a framework, the authors proposed that personal--enacted identity gaps and personal--relational identity gaps contribute to international students' educational satisfaction. Furthermore, acculturation and perceived discrimination were hypothesized as contributing factors to those gaps. Survey data were collected from 218 international students. Acculturation and perceived discrimination were significantly related to educational satisfaction. The perceived personal--enacted identity gap was also related to educational satisfaction and mediated the relationships among acculturation, discrimination, and educational satisfaction. Keywords: Communication Theory of Identity; Identity Gaps; Educational Satisfaction; Discrimination; Acculturation

A quasi-experimental vignette study was conducted to test whether ethnic identity moderated the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational positive and negative affect of Asian American college students. Results showed that imagining multiple incidents of racial discrimination was related to higher negative affect than imagining a single incident. Asian Americans with high ethnic identity reported lower positive affect when imagining multiple incidents of racial discrimination compared to individuals with high ethnic identity imagining a single incident; by contrast, Asian Americans with low ethnic identity reported higher positive affect when imagining multiple incidents of racial discrimination compared to individuals with low ethnic identity imagining a single incident of racial discrimination. Results suggest ethnic identity may exacerbate the association between racial discrimination and situational well-being for Asian Americans. Moreover, post hoc analyses indicate that the relationship between ethnic identity and discrimination is more relevant for U.S.-born Asian Americans than it is for immigrant Asian Americans. Keywords: racial discrimination, ethnic identity, situational positive and negative affect, Asian American, generational differences