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Summary: The figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, comprises c. 2000 species whose evolutionary relationships at the tribal level have proven difficult to resolve, hindering our ability to understand their origin and diversification.We designed a specific probe kit for Scrophulariaceae, targeting 849 nuclear loci and obtaining plastid regions as by‐products. We sampled c. 87% of the genera described in the family and use the nuclear dataset to estimate evolutionary relationships, timing of diversification, and biogeographic patterns.Ten tribes, including two new tribes, Androyeae and Camptolomeae, are supported, and the phylogenetic positions of Androya, Camptoloma, and Phygelius are unveiled. Our study reveals a major diversification at c. 60 million yr ago in some Gondwanan landmasses, where two different lineages diversified, one of which gave rise to nearly 81% of extant species. A Southern African origin is estimated for most modern‐day tribes, with two exceptions, the American Leucophylleae, and the mainly Australian Myoporeae. The rapid mid‐Eocene diversification is aligned with geographic expansion within southern Africa in most tribes, followed by range expansion to tropical Africa and multiple dispersals out of Africa.Our robust phylogeny provides a framework for future studies aimed at understanding the role of macroevolutionary patterns and processes that generated Scrophulariaceae diversity. This article is part of the Special Collection 'Global plant diversity and distribution'. See https://www.newphytologist.org/global-plant-diversity for more details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the local literature found in Upper Ngan, Compostela, Compostela Valley. The researcher searched, recorded, collected, translated, and analyzed stories, legends, poems, riddles and songs in the area. Likewise, this study aimed to describe the culture of the residents as reflected in their literary pieces particularly their beliefs and practices. Using the ethnographic qualitative research design, in-depth-interviews were conducted to the older residents who had resided for more than 10 years in the area. This study discovered seven stories; which were Kasal (Wedding story), Istorya sa kahoyng acacia (Story about the acacia tree), Ang anino (The shadow), Ang ulit (The greedy), Ang amigas (The ant), Ang traydor (The Traitor), Ang babae sa kalsada sa Spur-1 (The lady on the road). Seven legends were also explored, and these were Ang alamat sa lubi (The legend of the coconut), Ang alamat sa uk-uk (The legend of the cockroach), Alamat sa pulang lupa (The legend of pulang lupa), Alamat sa Bango (The legend of Bango), Alamat sa Quarry (The legend of Quarry), Alamat sa Tambuyong (The legend of Tambuyong), Alamat sa Tinago (The legend of Tinago). Six poems were generated; Sapa nga mala (The Dried River), Sa bukid sa Olibo (In the Mount of Olive), May gamayng balay didto sa bungtod (The little house on the hill), Ang kawayan (The bamboo), Ang baktin na matambok (The fat piglet), Ang nanaghoy (The whistle blower). Nine riddles were found, these were: Halayan (Riddle about the clothesline), Pugaran (Riddle about the chicken's nest), Buwan (Riddle about the moon), Lamparilya (Riddle about the lamp), Langit ug Yuta (Riddle about the heaven and earth), Sungkaan, (Riddle about the sungkaan), Ballpen, (Riddle about the ballpen), Lusa (Riddle about the small tick), W (Riddle about the W). And lastly, the study generated five songs; Taga-quarry si Coco (Coco is from Quarry), Ang batang buotan (The good child), Usa ka panimalay (One house), Yahushua, and Mamingaw na dalan (The quite road). Based of the findings, the generated local literature reflected the way of living, faith, social interaction and occupation of the people in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexicographica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article investigates the history of the genre of Ḥanafī legal riddles (alghāz fiqhiyya) during the Mamluk period (648/1250–923/1517). It argues that legal riddles did not constitute 'useless' knowledge as earlier scholarship on Islamicate learned riddles had assumed. In contrast, the article shows that the Ḥanafī texts under investigation fulfilled important functions in the transmission of canonized legal scholarship, the performance of madhhab identities, the establishment and maintenance of scholarly prestige and patronage relationships, and the legitimation of political rule. The article demonstrates that in order to fully understand processes of transmission and the canonization of legal knowledge, we must broaden our focus to encompass more than the bodies of knowledge used in qāḍī courts and taught in institutions of higher learning such as madrasa s. Instead, we should be open to the possibility that Islamic legal learning and its textual tradition were also shaped by institutions and practices that catered at least as much to the curiosity and aesthetic expectations of the people involved in them as to their desire for practically useful knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Once one draws a distinction between loyal non-existent items, which do not exist in a non-universal sense of the first-order existence predicate, and non-items, which fail to exist in a universal sense of that predicate, one may allow for the former but not for the latter in the overall ontological domain, so as to adopt a form of soft Parmenideanism. There are both theoretical and empirical reasons for this distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims at highlighting the importance and main functions of folk riddles in the Riffian Amazigh community. It demonstrates that riddles, as the case with other folk arts such as folk tales, poetry, etc., constitute a self-contained literary genre that played and still play considerable roles in people's lives. By making use of a corpus of a significant number of riddles, this paper seeks to objectively and accurately account for the importance and functions that characterise such Riffian Amazigh riddles. The data has been collected based on a fieldwork method that relied both on observation and on interviews. On the basis of the collected data, the present paper analyses the didactic benefits of these riddles and their contributions to developing cognitive skills and critical reasoning. Most importantly, it highlights the riddles' roles in imparting cultural norms and patterns as they preserve many Rif-fian Amazigh language and cultural patterns that have either disappeared or are disappearing nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of runes in the Exeter Book, exploring their presence within various contexts, including their incorporation into riddles, their use as abbreviations, and their potential implications for understanding the vitality of runic literacy in late tenth-century Wessex. Topics include the significance of runic competence in the manuscript, the logographic potential of runes, and the playful and cryptic nature of runic writing within the riddles themselves.

Odontomas are relatively asymptomatic odontogenic hamartomatous malformations, commonly in association with impacted or retained primary teeth. They appear as small, solitary or multi-layered radio-opaque lesions which often interfere with tooth eruption. These are diagnosed during routine dental examinations. This case report describes the case of a compound odontoma in a 10-year-old girl associated with an impacted permanent left maxillary incisor. A surgical excision was performed and a histopathological examination revealed a compound odontoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article aims to describe the format, figurative language, and social function of the traditional oral texts of Minangkabau collective riddles in West Sumatra, Indonesia. This research is based on the theory of folklore where riddles are categorized as a significant part of oral tradition that grows and develops orally and traditionally within the Minangkabau collective. The description of the research findings will explain the following points. First, how the format of riddles, consisting of descriptions or questions (descriptive) and answers (referent), is used by the Minangkabau collective. Secondly, it explains how the Minangkabau collective oral style uses figurative language to compose the format of descriptions or questions (descriptive) riddles that they ask to be answered by their listeners. Thirdly, it describes the Minangkabau collective attitude of the owners of the oral tradition, and it explains the importance of the riddles in their social life. This finding is in line with the theory about the social function of oral tradition for the collective owner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a project on the visualization of Yakut folklore texts aiming to explore figurative representations of Earth and space expressed through riddles. Folk riddles are regarded as a valuable source of material for research aimed at identifying traditional ideas about the world and its objects. A comprehensive analysis of riddles about natural phenomena, described in the forms of metaphors, reveals archaic mythological images and motifs about the structure and creation of the world. In order to construct a model of the Yakut Universe verbalized in folklore texts, the author initiated a school art project titled 'Postcards: Illustration of Yakut folklore texts'. The process of illustration was inspired by Yakut riddles collected by S.P. Oyunskaya (1975) and involved students and a teacher of Art and Technology. Within the project children conducted semantic, semiotic and interpretational analyses of Yakut riddles about the earth, the sky and celestial bodies. The children's interpretation of key metaphors resulted in the construction of a visual model of the Yakut Universe and the generation of anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, and subjectrelated images of the earth and cosmic objects. The postcards with drawings were subsequently processed by InVision App and transformed into pictures with animated 3D graphics accompanied by recorded audio texts in the Yakut and Russian languages. The further promotion of the art project at various conferences as well as the publication of the animated pictures in the Sakha Republic's children's magazine contributes to the conservation of Yakut cultural heritage verbalized in riddles that metaphorically describe the world and reflect the traditional mythological worldview of the Yakut people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resemblance is plain to see between Kripke's Wittgenstein introducing bizarre rules such as quaddition (in illustrating the sceptical paradox against theories of meaning) and Goodman's introducing the equally bizarre grue (in generating the new riddle of induction). But the two sorts of bizarre cases also differ in interesting respects. For those familiar with Goodman's case, this similarity sparks a strong temptation to enlist to the meaning sceptic's cause key elements of Goodman's new riddle, which are missing from Kripke's case. In this essay, I characterize a natural way of doing just this, which targets dispositionalist solutions to the sceptical paradox. I also show that, despite initial appearances, this new objection to dispositionalism (the symmetry problem) is not nearly as worrisome as originally thought. The solution offered on behalf of semantic dispositionalists does require a trade-off, though, from the severe form of indeterminacy advanced by the meaning sceptic to a much milder thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between riddles, education, and philosophy that Clearchus of Soli proposes in fr. 63W. I begin by analyzing the definition of "riddle" given in fr. 86W. I will argue in favor of the following claims: (1) a riddle (grîphos) is different from an enigma (aínigma); (2) a riddle is similar, in a certain way, to a dialectical problem; (3) there is a relationship between riddle and aporia. Then, taking the examples of riddles transmitted in the fragments of the treatise On Riddles into account, I will try to explain what the exact relationship between riddle, education, and philosophy could be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical thinking is foundational in American higher education, and yet the approaches are largely grounded in European and Euro-American thought. It behooves Africana Studies, then, to develop an African-centered approach to critical thinking and related pedagogical approaches. This article argues for employing African proverbs (wise sayings), riddles (verbal puzzles), and narratives (stories) as culturally grounded and relevant pedagogical practices that promote African Deep Thought which is an African-centered approach to critical thinking. The objective of this article is to advance African proverbs, riddles, and narratives as viable African-centered approaches to critical thinking. Secondly, it enhances African proverbs, riddles, and narratives as culturally relevant pedagogy for grounding students of Africana studies in African cultural values. Lastly, the article contributes to the existing literature on decentering European and Euro-American centered approaches to education by diversifying basic assumptions, core concepts, and pedagogical approaches in higher education. The article presents observations and reflections on student responses to African proverbs, riddles, and narratives in two Africana Studies courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biliary atresia is a potentially fatal condition of the bile ducts – both intra- and extrahepatic, for which we have no cure. Though principally a cholestatic condition, much of its pathology stems from its tendency to aggressively induce liver fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, only partially restrained by the portoenterostomy. This review is based on the current literature exploring the heterogeneous nature of biliary atresia. Thus, there are various phenotypes or variants of biliary atresia, each potentially with different etiological backgrounds caused by a number of hypothetical pathological mechanisms thought to be important in the genesis of the condition. Search methodology: the review (Oct. – Nov. 2022) is based on a search of PubMed (NLM) using main keyword 'biliary atresia' with supplementary searches using 'fibrosis'; 'inflammation'; 'BASM'; 'genetics'; 'surgery'; 'experimental'; 'etiology'; 'virology'; 'cases'; and 'syndromes.' Future developments will be made on matching clinical variants with a more distinct pathophysiological discrimination and those pathways linking the initial cholestatic phase of biliary atresia to the early stages of fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, in Chapter VI-A, has provided different sections 80A-80U under which deductions have been allowed while computing gross total income. Section 80C has been amended from time to time under the Finance Act and currently provides tax benefits to the tune of INR 150000 for the assessment year 2022-23. Albeit section 80C of the Indian Income Tax Act offers an array of saving instruments popular among taxpayers, the current study has motivated to assay the less popular instruments. Following a cross-sectional research design and a stratified random sampling technique, 150 sample respondents were selected. Statistical results have indicated that particular demographics and tax deductions have influenced saving decisions, while tax deductions and tax literacy have influenced tax compliance. Moreover, it has acknowledged limitations, indicated policy formulation, and sketched a future research roadmap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the development of concept learning in children aged 3-6 years using riddles. The contents of the riddles were animals, fruits, cars, vehicles, and objects in the house, where the questions highlighted the features and uses of the objects, e.g., “What animal has a big body and a long nose?” Young children solved riddles with greater ability with age. A difference was seen in skill with respect to difficulty level depending on the content, such that animal riddles were easier than vehicle riddles. It is suggested that solving riddles can be used to evaluate the development of concepts related to language ability and communication with others in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two years after the publication of Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he sought advice from his Irish friend, William Molyneux, concerning improvements for the second edition. This discussion resulted in the most substantial alterations of the Essay. Among these changes, Molyneux proposed a "Jocose Problem"—a 17th Century "brain-teaser"—concerning the ability of a formerly blind person to recognize the simple difference between the appearance of a cube and a sphere. Molyneux's jocose riddle eventually awakened "the greatest philosophic interest" and became the "common center" of attention for 18th Century thinkers like Berkeley, Voltaire, and Diderot (Cassirer 1951, 108-9). The following is meant to reintroduce Molyneux's Problem by suggesting its origin in the thought of Thomas Hobbes and its bearing on the role of religion in public life. After examining Molyneux's Problem and its importance for understanding the Essay, I conclude with a brief comparison to Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration in order to stress its bearing on theoretical and practical considerations for a wide range of political scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In m. 23 of Chopin's Prelude in E Minor, op. 28, no. 4, the music comes to a halt on what is spelled as a dominant 4/2 chord. Yet the Bb in the bass "resolves" upwards across the ensuing silence, prolonged by a fermata, to B in m. 24. This silence embodies a "negative action"-a gesture defined by an underlying intention not to carry out a premeditated act. Its notation calls upon the agency of the performer to subvert an implied harmony at the last possible moment. This enigmatic moment has its roots in a close relationship between the E-Minor and the A-Minor Prelude (op. 28. no. 2), as revealed by a sketch-leaf that holds the keys for deciphering Chopin's enigmatic spelling and recalls the troubled personal circumstances in the days surrounding the production of the sketch-leaf in Majorca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research involved the making of a factual documentary film, My FGM Story (2020), in collaboration with grassroots activists and the journalist Halimatou Cessay. It evaluated the film using Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation and Research (PEER) methods in the Brikama region of The Gambia. In The Gambia, 75 per cent of girls and women have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), where their clitoris and other parts of their genitalia are removed for no medical reason. The results of the research showed that factual documentary film could be an effective tool in changing perceptions about FGM. The key finding was that the most effective film should be made in a collaborative style considering the experience of the local NGOs and the nuances of the local culture and traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about nothing. Does that mean it is about something, namely, 'nothing'? Or is there quite literally no thing that this article is about? Follow the dialogue between characters discussing the nature of non-existence and absences to find out! Along the way there will be tongue twisters, contradictions, paradoxes and riddles, ready to challenge our preconceptions of reality as we embark into the mysterious realm of nothingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the practical significance and pragmatic functions of aphoristic genres (proverbs, sayings, riddles) of Lezgin folklore. To understand the feasibility and usefulness of verbal formulas, the principle of evaluation is applied – pragmatism. As a result, the author carefully examines the artistic component of the genres presented. A distinctive feature of these genres is structural and semantic differences. It has been proven that folk paremias and riddles consist of a descriptive component – the “object/object” construction and commenting. It is noted that the meaning of definitely affirmative and alternative judgments in the value system, expressed in Lezgin folk proverbs and sayings, cannot be understood without taking into account the practical component of publicly available thought. The main function of the Lezgin paremias is communicative. The question is raised about how folk riddles operate in relation to the basic pragmatic aspects of normal communication. It has been established that the principles of pragmatics are fundamentally non-standard, that is, they are motivated in terms of conversational goals. The main goal of solving riddles is to lead all participants in the interaction to understand and agree on the special logic of individual riddles. On the basis of a pragmatic analysis of the aphoristic genres of Lezgin folklore, it is proven that riddles do not exist as questions, but act as entimemes in the same way as proverbs.

It is known that factors stemming from human nature play an active role in the emergence of riddles, which are one of the oral products. It is obvious that the riddle as a genre, which is thought to have been born and developed for purposes such as having fun, having a good time, arousing curiosity, and solving the unknown, has deep traces of the psychological structure of the human being. In this study, the effect of basic impulses on riddles is discussed with different dimensions. The research is based on document analysis and it was conducted on Turkish riddles that were established with obscene associations with a decent answer, creating a threatening perception and containing insult and cursing, and the samples belonging to the genre were analyzed from a psychoanalytic perspective. At the end of the study, some inferences were made such as the one to the effect that sexuality and aggression impulses can be satisfied without being subjected to any censorship thanks to the peculiar structure and characteristics of riddles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Fairy tales begin with conflict because we all begin our lives with conflict," famously states Jack Zipes. And yet, this statement does not always seem to apply to non-Western story structures. An example of this is the East Asian Kishōtenketsu, which implies a story development that does not necessarily revolve around conflicts, but that interprets potential clashes more as contrasts that can be somehow harmonized. In many of Hayao Miyazaki's movies (e.g., My Neighbor Totoro, Spirited Away, The Secret World of Arietty), it is possible to detect, on the one hand, the widespread presence of Western fairy-tale tropes, and, on the other hand, a plot strongly influenced by the Kishōtenketsu model. This article argues that: 1.) The way in which Miyazaki's stories represent conflictual situations is less dichotomous than in the Western tradition, and conflicts in his movies are depicted in the forms of open riddles, implying an interrogative attitude, a playful and flexible state of mind; and 2.) The employment of unusual narrative patterns in Miyazaki's movies, mixing up together Eastern and Western frames of reference, gives rise to stories that puzzle the mind of spectators, working as complex narrative riddles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers memes through the lens of riddles and discusses the generative or creative aspect of the meme format as applied in the classroom. In a literary studies course on cultural narratives, ranging from canonical to bestselling fiction, we critically discussed the genre-specific potential of memes, which students were encouraged to explore both intellectually and experientially. In addition, we asked students to create memes in their assessment of the course. The results were highly ambivalent, ranging from humor to seriousness, self-critique to critique of the course, panic (regarding the final exam) to playful exaggeration of said panic. This ambivalence, often accentuated by irony and excess, challenges any definitive understanding of the memes' content and meaning. Rather than dismissing memes as a flawed, imprecise tool, this article examines them as riddled forms and hypothesizes that, due to their ambivalence, they may actually be closer to a student's "truth." The connection between memes and meaning-making is especially relevant to courses that, like the one in this article, foreground semantic ambiguity and an explorative habitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from its title, little is known about the Wedding of Ceyx , and scarcely anything is preserved in the fragments. Outlining the plot is extremely difficult. The epic style is enigmatic, and the sources may have been misinterpreted, leading to hypotheses about riddles likely mentioned in the text. The solutions are far from clear, giving rise to several issues concerning the style and epic diction, the effective relevance of the αἰνίγματα to the plot, their contextualization and plausible solution, the cultural background and the historical localization of the Wedding of Ceyx , and the links (if any) between the poem and other Hesiodic poems. Confronting these fundamental questions helps one address this epic's context, origin, and distinctive features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter has ten sections: 1. Manuscript Studies; 2. Prose; 3. Beowulf ; 4. Other Secular Heroic Poems; 5. Biblical Poetry; 6. Riddles; 7 Wisdom Poetry; 8. Lyric Poetry; 9. Hagiographical Poetry; 10. Reception. Sections 1, 6, and 7 are by Rachel A. Burns; sections 2 and 8 are by Niamh Kehoe; Section 3 is by Rafael J. Pascual; section 4 is by Rafael J. Pascual and Eleni Ponirakis; section 5 is by Emma Knowles; sections 9 and 10 are by Eleni Ponirakis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to investigate strategies of translating riddles in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. Taking as framework Pagis' (1996) and Senderovich's (2005) model of analysis for riddles as well as Wagner's (2020) pragma-semantic model of ambiguity, the paper redefines literary riddles as forms of conventionalized ambiguity that are strategically produced, perceived and resolved. The analysis of four target texts reveals that the main strategies employed in preserving a balance between opacity and transparency in literary riddles are equivalence, explicitation, rationalization and omission and that translation loss can be repaired through compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses an interesting group of glass intaglios with the motif of Oedipus and the Sphinx. They are known from sites between the Adriatic, the Danube and the Black Sea, and occur in various colors and cuts, which suggests production in different molds or even workshops. Probably modeled on an intaglio made in an Italian officina gemmaria, the glass replicas may have been produced at Aquileia. The style points to the Late Republican or Augustan era, whereas the material of the glass copies and the funerary context from Aquincum show they were in use and probably produced till the 4 th century. The paper also discusses the possible meanings of the motif, from a simple illustration of the famous heroic adventure to a metaphoric depiction representing the mystic message of the key to a blessed afterlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article is devoted to the research of the Kipchak monument Codex Cumanicus. The author takes Kipchak riddles as the research, carries out interlinear translation into Kazakh and Turkish, according to the degree of belonging, creates the classification of riddles, performs phonetic, morphological analyses, and also shows the continuity of Kipchak words in modern Turkic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]