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Background: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a dangerous condition with a high mortality rate. Many studies have found an association between adipokines and the development of SAP, but the results are controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of the association of inflammatory adipokines with SAP. Methods: We screened PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for articles on adipokines and SAP published before July 20, 2023. The quality of the literature was assessed using QUADAS criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the combined effect. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias tests were also performed on the information obtained. Result: Fifteen eligible studies included 1332 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Pooled analysis showed that patients with SAP had significantly higher serum levels of resistin (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI:0.37 to 1.19, z = 3.75, P = 0.000). The difference in leptin and adiponectin levels between SAP and mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) patients were not significant (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI: -0.08 to 0.68, z = 1.53, P = 0.127 and SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: -0.17 to 0.40, z = 0.80, P = 0.425, respectively). In patients with SAP, visfatin levels were not significantly different from that in patients with MAP (SMD = 1.20, 95% CI: -0.48 to 2.88, z = 1.40, P = 0.162). Conclusion: Elevated levels of resistin are associated with the development of SAP. Resistin may serve as biomarker for SAP and has promise as therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Regular physical activity (PA) regulates important interactive pathways linking energy balance, neuroendocrine function, and hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis. Consistent physical activities are known to improve insulin sensitivity which exerts its effects via adipokines. The purpose of the study is to determine insulin resistant (IR) status and the effect of brisk walking on the levels of adipocytokines in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Design: It is a prospective study. Materials and methods: The study included 143 married women with PCOS (as per Rotterdam's criteria) and 110 married women as controls with at least one child through natural conception. Anthropometric measurements were documented. Adiponectin and resistin were analyzed. Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and HOMA-adiponectin were calculated to assess IR. A follow-up task of 150 minutes/week of PA of brisk walking of moderate intensity was advised for 12 weeks and the status was reassessed. Results: Infertile women with PCOS, hypoadiponectinemia, and hyperesistinemia with elevated markers of IR (HOMA-IR and HOMA-adiponectin) were observed. The baseline data were compared with estimates after 12 weeks, it was found that adiponectin levels were increased with 4.75% weight loss, and decreased levels of resistin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-adiponectin were observed. Participants who met 150 minutes/week of brisk walking revealed an increase in adiponectin levels and a strong positive correlation (r = 0.76) was observed with regression analysis of metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs) PA with adiponectin levels. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of adiponectin at a cutoff value of 7.3 µg/mL with 150 minutes/week of PA were found to be 93.8 and 82.1%, respectively. It was observed a 16.6% reduction of HOMA-IR and 29% of HOMA-adiponectin in the women who completed 12 weeks of PA had statistically significant p-values. An ovarian follicular study revealed positive ovulation in 80% of the participants with >150 minutes/week of brisk walking. Conclusion: Brisk walking of 150 minutes/week resulted in increased adiponectin levels. Beneficial adiponectin facilitates the ovulatory menstrual cycle and thereby the chance of ovulation is increased in PCOS women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of stunting and excess weight in the same individual is defined as a double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and is associated with noncommunicable diseases. In this study, we evaluated the impact of DBM on adipokine concentrations and metabolic profiles in children compared with weight excess alone. Children were allocated to the weight excess group (n = 23) (height-for-age (HAZ) > 0.0 and < 2.0 Z-score and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) > 1.0 Z-score) or DBM (n = 22) group (HAZ < −1.0 Z-score (including mild stunting) and BMI/A > 1.0 Z-score). Lipid, glycemic profile, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were analyzed. Glycemia was significantly higher in the DBM group compared to the weight excess group (5.05 (4.76–5.31) mmol/L vs. 4.57 (4.35–4.81) mmol/L), although no differences were found in insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipokine concentrations did not differ between the groups. However, the DBM group showed higher resistin concentrations normalized by body fat mass than those of the weight excess group (1.44 (0.98–1.93) ng/mL vs. 0.76 (0.55–1.45) ng/mL). Insulin and HOMA-IR showed a negative correlation with adiponectin (r = −0.590 and −0.624, respectively, both p < 0.01). DBM was associated with increased glucose and resistin concentrations adjusted by fat mass compared to that associated with excess weight alone. Therefore, this association between mild stunting and weight excess has deleterious potential for long-term metabolic function, highlighting an additional precaution against weight gain in children, especially in those with stunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): High levels of resistin are associated with metabolic diseases and their complications, including hypertension. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is also involved in metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. Therefore, this study aimed to study cardiovascular (CV) responses evoked by the injection of resistin into the lateral ventricle (LV) and PVN and determine the mechanism of these responses in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Materials and Methods: Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in urethaneanesthetized male rats (1.4 g/kg intraperitoneally) before and after all injections. This study was carried out in two stages. Resistin was injected into LV at the first stage, and AP and HR were evaluated. After that, the paraventricular, supraoptic, and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus were chosen to evaluate the gene expression of c-Fos. Afterward, resistin was injected into PVN, and cardiovascular responses were monitored. Then to detect possible neural mechanisms of resistin action, agonists or antagonists of glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and aminergic transmissions were injected into RVLM. Results: Resistin injection into LV or PVN could increase AP and HR compared to the control group and before injection. Resistin injection into LV also increases the activity of RVLM, paraventricular, supraoptic, and dorsomedial areas. Moreover, the CV reflex created by the administration of resistin in PVN is probably mediated by glutamatergic transmission within RVLM. Conclusion: It can be concluded that hypothalamic nuclei, including paraventricular, are important central areas for resistin actions, and glutamatergic transmission in RVLM may be one of the therapeutic targets for high AP in obese people or with metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising incidence of obesity has coincided with rising levels of poor reproductive outcomes. The molecular basis for the association of infertility in obese males is now being explained through various mechanisms. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and changes in serum and gonadal concentrations of adipokines, like leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin have been implicated as causes of male infertility in obese males. The effects of obesity and hypogonadism form a vicious cycle whereby dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis—due to the effect of the release of multiple mediators, thus decreasing GnRH release from the hypothalamus—causes decreases in LH and FSH levels. This leads to lower levels of testosterone, which further increases adiposity because of increased lipogenesis. Cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukins, sirtuins, and other inflammatory mediators like reactive oxygen species are known to affect fertility in obese male adults. There is evidence that parental obesity can be transferred through subsequent generations to offspring through epigenetic marks. Thus, negative expressions like obesity and infertility have been linked to epigenetic marks being altered in previous generations. The interesting aspect is that these epigenetic expressions can be reverted by removing the triggering factors. These positive modifications are also transmitted to subsequent generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a novel electrochemical impedimetric biosensor for label-free analysis of resistin, a biomarker for obesity, is reported. For the fabrication of the immunosensor, a novel approach composed of electrochemical copolymerization of double epoxy groups-substituted thiophene (ThidEp) and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers was utilized. Anti-resistin antibodies were covalently attached to the copolymer-coated electrode. The capture of resistin antigens by anti-resistin antibodies caused significant variations in charge transfer resistance (Rct) because of the immunoreactions between these proteins. Under optimum experimental variables, the changes in impedance signals were employed for the determination of resistin antigen concentration, and the prepared immunosensor based on conjugated copolymer illustrated a wide linear range between 0.0125 and 22.5 pg/mL, a low detection limit (LOD) of 3.71 fg/mL, and a good sensitivity of 1.22 kΩ pg−1mL cm2. The excellent analytical performance of the resistin immunosensor in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, storage stability, and low detection limit might be attributed to the conductive copolymer film layer generation on the disposable indium tin oxide (ITO) platform. The capability of this system for the determination of resistin in human serum and saliva samples was also tested. The immunosensor results were in accordance with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. The matrix effects of human serum and saliva were also investigated, and the proposed immunosensor displayed good recovery ranging from 95.91 to 106.25%. The engineered immunosensor could open new avenues for obesity monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Resistin is an inflammatory cytokine secreted mostly by adipocytes and immune cells that plays a role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes, and cancer. We hypothesized that resistin’s inflammatory activity influences the free radical and oxidative stress pathways. Methods: We used human breast carcinogenic (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and non-carcinogenic (MCF-10A) cells in this investigation and correlated the absorbed resistin concentration with the change in oxidative stress (TBARS, carbonated proteins) and antioxidant activity (Antioxidant Capacity, SuperOxideDismutase, CATalase, Glutathione Peroxidase). Results: Resistin was substantially more effective as a prooxidant at lower (12.5 ng/ml) concentrations, than at higher concentrations (25.0 ng/ml). Vitamin C did not appear to be an effective oxidative stress protector at antioxidant concentrations of 5.10–4 M. Leptin, at 100 ng/ml, did not result in conclusive oxidative stress or antioxidant defence stimulation, as expected. Conclusion: Taken together, the findings support resistin’s role as a non-oxidative stress marker and a metabolic signaling molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PCOS, considered to be a common endocrinological disorder of females of reproductive age is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperandrogenism, metabolic syndrome and infertility. Adipokines levels in PCOS is also reported to be altered may play a key role in obesity and dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. This study explored the relation among Adiponectin to Resistin Ratio, Tryglyceride to HDL cholesterol, HOMA IR and BMI. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional comparative study 144 PCOS patients were included. Anthropometric and Biochemical parameters were evaluated. Patient population was categorized into Obese and No-obese groups depending on BMI and all the parameters were compared. Correlation among Adiponectin to Resistin Ratio, Triglyceride to HDL cholesterol, HoMA IR and BMI was assessed. Result: Significant difference was observed between lipid profile of Obese and Non-Obese groups. TG: HDL Ratio also had strong association (r = 0.79) with BMI. A:R Ratio and TG: HDL Ratio correlated significantly (r= - 0.78). HOMA IR had moderate correlation with BMI (p = 0.54), A:R Ratio (r = -0.41) and TG: HDL Ratio (r = 0.59). Conclusion: In Obese PCOS patients Adiponectin and Resistin decrease significantly and A:R Ratio decrease significantly exposing the subjects to the more cardio-metabolic risk. TG:HDL Ratio can predict A:R Ratio, independent of HOMA IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The study aims to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes and adipokines, particularly resistin and adiponectin, in insulin resistance. It also explores the potential of the resistin to adiponectin ratio as an indicator for these conditions Methods: This research involved 198 participants, including 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and 98 controls. It focused on measuring various biochemical parameters like HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol), and adipokines (resistin and adiponectin). The study utilized the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and Triglyceride-Glucose index to evaluate insulin resistance. Results: Type 2 diabetic patients exhibited higher levels of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles, and resistin, but lower adiponectin levels compared to controls. Adiponectin showed a negative correlation with insulin resistance, while resistin demonstrated a positive correlation. Both adipokines significantly related to atherogenic markers, with adiponectin offering protection against atherosclerosis and resistin augmenting it. Conclusion: The findings underscore the complex roles of resistin and adiponectin in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance. The resistin to adiponectin ratio could be a useful biomarker for insulin resistance. These insights suggest potential therapeutic strategies for treating diabetes and preventing its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for various malignancies and emerging evidence suggests that adipokines play a pivotal role in linking excess adiposity to tumorigenesis. Adipokines are bioactive molecules secreted by adipose tissue and their altered expression in obesity contributes to a pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and growth-promoting microenvironment conducive to tumorigenesis. Leptin, a key adipokine, activates survival and proliferative signaling pathways whereas adiponectin exhibits tumor-suppressive effects by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Visfatin has also been documented to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Moreover, emerging studies suggest that adipokines, such as resistin, apelin, and chemerin, which are overexpressed in obesity, may also possess oncogenic functions. Despite advancements in our understanding of the roles of individual adipokines in cancer, the intricate interplay and crosstalk between adipokines, tumor cells, and the tumor microenvironment remain complex and multifaceted. This review highlights the evolving knowledge of how adipokines contribute to obesity-related tumorigenesis, shedding light on the potential of targeting adipokine signaling pathways as a novel therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancers. Further research on the specific mechanisms and interactions between adipokines and tumor cells is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of obesity-associated cancer pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presence is not just offering, it is also resistance. And to resistin the just struggle of difference, is not first and foremost to oppose, but quite simply to exist. In a close discussion with Emmanuel Lévinas, Maurice Blanchot and Jean-Paul Sartre, this text attempts to take thought to the limits of phenomenality. There is not only the 'present of presence' (as gift), but also the 'resistance of presence' (as simple being-there). To think it is not to presuppose "that there is meaning", according to an a priori of manifestation that is never justified. But at least it is to recognise "that there is meaning in the Il ya", in which we can also continue to speak. It is in this radicality that the essence of our existence is expressed, at the same time as we are cornered by ourselves and yet discover, deep within ourselves or in our own chaos, the strength to exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is preceded by asymptomatic changes in the geometry of the heart. The only symptoms of the beginning of cardiac remodeling and concomitant predictors of an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis are: thickening of epicardial fat (EAT), secreting a number of adipokines, and cardiospecific miRNAs. To improve the effectiveness of prevention of CVD in young patients with DM1, a search was made for structural-functional and epigenetic markers. Aim. To assess the state of the cardiovascular system according to MRI-heart with T1 mapping in T1DM without CVD. To reveal the relationship of epigenetic markers (circulating miR-126-5p, miR-21-5p) and adipokines with cardiovascular system in T1DM. Suggested personalized approach to patients with T1DM with initial manifestations of joint remodeling and/or exclusion of cardiospecific microRNA. Materials and methods. The study included 40 patients: 30 with T1DM (age 26.2±7.4 years), 10 without T1DM (26.4±8.2). The patients underwent a general clinical examination, bioimpedancemetry, electrocardiography, MRI of the heart with T1 mapping, determination of adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, NT-proBNP, miR-126-5p, miR-21-5p. Results. Patients with T1DM had lower levels of cardioprotective miR-126-5p (p=0.046). According to MRI of the heart in T1DM, signs of vascular remodeling were revealed – thickening of the interventricular septum (p=0.001), posterior wall (p=0.012) and relative size of the walls (p=0.048) of the left ventricle, an increase in EAT density (p=0.001). Diffuse vascular fibrosis was found in 16% of patients from the T1DM group. Also, in T1DM, the expression of visfatin is increased (p=0.036) and adiponectin is reduced (p=0.043). Conclusion. Structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system (including thickening of the EAT), shifts in miR-126-5p expression and adipokines profile are observed already at a young age in patients with T1DM. In T1DM, diffuse vascular fibrosis is detected in 16% of patients. The data obtained were used to identify the group increased risk of developing CVD in T1DM and served as the basis for determining the timing of the start of preventive therapy.

Abstract Background Psoriasis is a protean disease associated with several comorbidities that may have increased levels of adiponectin such as resistin. This may affect the patients atherosclerotic risk. Objective To study resistin levels in a sample of Brazilian patients with psoriasis and its association with clinical profile, comorbidities, and carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT). Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 119 individuals: 34 healthy controls and 85 patients with psoriasis, 42 of which with skin involvement only and 43 with psoriatic arthritis. Clinical and epidemiological data, measurement of PASI (Psoriasis Area Severity Index) and DAPSA (Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis), lipid profile, cIMT by ultrasound were collected from medical records. Resistin serum levels were measured by ELISA. Results Patients with psoriasis had higher resistin levels (p = 0.009) and worse cIMT (p = 0.0002) than controls. In the psoriasis sample, no associations of resistin levels with epidemiological, clinical findings, and activity indexes were found. Resistin serum levels were associated with the presence of diabetes (p = 0.008) and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.01) and correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.26) and triglycerides (r = 0.33) but not with cIMT. Study limitations This work is limited by its transversal design and by the limited number of patients included. Conclusion Resistin serum levels are elevated in psoriasis patients. In this sample, clinical, epidemiological, and activity indexes were not linked to resistin serum levels, but atherosclerotic risk factors were.

Abstract Background Sarcopenia and obesity are two abnormal body composition phenotypes, and sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by both low skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) and high adiposity (obesity). SO negatively influences the clinical status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the studies exploring the prevalence and clinical effects of SO in COPD patients are limited. Our study aimed to elucidate the prevalence and impact of SO on COPD patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the pulmonary function, St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, exercise tolerance, body composition, and serum levels of resistin and TNF-α were assessed in 198 COPD patients. The clinical value of serum resistin and TNF-α for predicting SO in patients with COPD was evaluated. Results In the 198 patients with COPD, the prevalence rates of sarcopenia, obesity, and SO in COPD patients were 27.27%, 29.8%, and 9.6%, respectively. Patients with SO experienced more severe symptoms of dyspnea and worse health related quality of life. The expression of resistin increased in patients with SO compared to other patients. The AUC value of serum resistin level for predicting SO was 0.870 (95% CI: 0.799–0.940). BMI (OR: 1.474, 95% CI: 1.124–1.934) and resistin (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000-1.002) levels were independent risk factors of SO in patients with COPD in Multivariate analysis. Conclusion The prevalence rates of SO in COPD patients was 9.6%. COPD accompanied by SO is significantly associated with worse pulmonary function and poor physical performance. Serum resistin may be a potential adjunct for predicting SO in COPD patients.

Abstract Background Decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) is now known as a chronic inflammatory process, evidenced by elevated levels of circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which in turn lead to the development of more hepatic decompensation and multi-organ failure. Resistin has a pro-inflammatory effect through the production of several cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α) and cell adhesion molecules. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine playing a crucial role in acute phase responses and in regulating immune reactions through activation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. The current study aimed to evaluate the value of serum resistin and IL-6 as biomarkers of DLC and their role as prognostic markers of complications in these patients. Results This study was conducted on 90 patients divided into three groups: group I—30 patients with compensated cirrhosis (CLC); group II—40 patients with DLC; and group III consisted of 20 healthy controls. Serum resistin and IL-6 levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with DLC compared to patients with CLC at baseline. A cut-off value of > 302 pg/ml for serum resistin was found to discriminate between CLC and DLC with a specificity of 73.33% and sensitivity of 92.50% and a cut-off level of > 31 pg/mL for IL-6 differentiated between the two groups with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 76.67%. Patients with DLC were followed up for 3 months, 10 patients (25%) passed away, and 19 patients out of the remaining 30 (63.3%) patients developed complications including acute kidney injury, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum resistin and IL-6 were found to be significantly higher at baseline in those patients who developed complications or mortality after the follow-up period. In addition, there were positive correlations between IL-6 and resistin and MELD-NA and CRP. Conclusion Serum resistin and IL-6 could be used as sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of decompensated cirrhotic patients.

Abstract Background Resistin is a small protein that has pro-inflammatory and atherogenic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the level of serum resistin as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) sufferers. 114 MS sufferers and 114 age, sex and body mass index matched controls were enrolled in this study, subjected to detailed history taking, general, neurological examination, assessment of anthropometric measurements, serum resistin level, and carotid duplex to asses subclinical atherosclerosis. Results MS sufferers showed a higher cholesterol, and triglycerides levels as compared to controls. Progressive MS sufferers (SPMS, and PPMS) showed a higher cholesterol level as compared to RRMS sufferers. SPMS sufferers showed a higher cholesterol level as compared to PPMS sufferers. RRMS sufferers showed a higher triglycerides level as compared to progressive MS sufferers. Sufferers had significantly higher mean levels of resistin and right carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT) as compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation in MS sufferers between serum resistin and the following parameters: age, and disease duration, body mass index, triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. There were significant positive correlations between carotid intimal medial thickness and body mass index, disease duration, age, expanded disability status scale, levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol. The risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers were higher mean levels of resistin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and disease duration. Subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers was significantly associated with higher mean levels of resistin, and triglycerides. Conclusions Higher mean levels of resistin might reflect the predisposition to subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers.

Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the prognostic factors of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is essential for improving patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to establish the predictive role of plasmatic resistin and leptin on short-term mortality in adult patients with a first episode of AIS. Methods: This study enrolled 277 patients who were consecutively hospitalized for AIS. Demographic data, cardiovascular risk, comorbidities, and laboratory tests were collected. Death was noted if it occurred during hospitalization. Results: Death was recorded in 33 (11.9%) patients. Conducting multivariate analysis, the following variables were independent variables associated with in-hospital mortality: a resistin value of >11 ng/mL (OR 10.81 (95%CI 2.31;50.57), p = 0.002), a lesion volume of >18.8 mL (OR 4.87 (95%CI 1.87;12.67), p = 0.001), a NIHSS score of >7 (OR 5.88 (95%CI 2.01;17.16), p = 0.001), and the presence of IHD (OR 4.33 (95%CI 1.66;11.27), p = 0.003). This study has some limitations: single-center design (which may affect the generalizability of the results) and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient outcomes. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that resistin is a significant predictor of in-hospital mortality in AIS patients. Other established factors, such as a high NIHSS score, large lesion volume, and the presence of IHD, were reaffirmed as important predictors.

Burns generate every year an important burden of morbidity, being a major global public health problem through prolonged hospitalization, complications, and increased mortality. This study’s purpose was to evaluate the serum levels of three adipokines and to establish significant correlations with other circulating molecules and with some clinical parameters. We evaluated 32 children with severe burns (over 25% total burned surface area—TBSA) at 48 h, day 10, and day 21 post burn, and 21 controls. The serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (among nine other biochemical parameters) were detected by Multiplex technique. Significant statistical differences were obtained for resistin and leptin compared to the control group, in different moments of measurements. Adiponectin serum levels presented statistically significant correlations with hot liquid mechanism of burn, the Revised Baux score, TBSA, resistin, PAI-1, CRP, TNF-α, and triglycerides (TGLs) serum levels. Resistin serum levels presented statistically significant correlations with adiponectin, CRP, PAI-1, leptin, and TNF-α. Additionally, we found statistically significant correlations between leptin serum levels and length of hospitalization, TNF-α, resistin, adiponectin, and PAI-1 serum levels. In severely burned children, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin specifically correlate with clinical parameters and with proteins involved in the systemic inflammatory response and the hypermetabolic response.

Childhood obesity has been related to metabolic syndrome and low-grade chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of physical activity intensities and practice on inflammation, endothelial damage, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. There were 513 participants, aged 6–14 years, recruited for the study. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and the children were classified into four groups according to quartiles of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) practice as very low active, low active, moderate active, and high active. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and plasma metabolic and proinflammatory parameters were analyzed. Very low active group presented a worse lipid profile and higher insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, while lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Type 1 macrophages, and interleukin 8 than high-active children. Regression analyses showed that a higher MVPA practice was associated with lower levels of triacylglycerols (β: −0.118; p =.008), resistin (β: −0.151; p =.005), tPAI (β: −0.105; p =.046), and P-selectin (β: −0.160; p =.006), independently of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). In contrast, a higher BMI was associated with higher levels of insulin (β: 0.370; p <.001), Homeostasis Model Assessment (β: 0.352; p <.001), triacylglycerols (β: 0.209; p <.001), leptin (β: 0.654; p <.001), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (β: 0.182; p <.001), Type 1macrophages (β: 0.181; p <.001), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (β: 0.240; p <.001), independently of sex, age, and MVPA. A better anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory profile was detected in the most active children; however, these differences were partly due to BMI. These results suggest that a higher MVPA practice and a lower BMI in children may lead to a better cardiometabolic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiparity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms of this relationship are unknown. Adipokines may predispose multiparous women to certain cardiometabolic complications that can increase their risk of future CVD. Materials and Methods: We studied 973 female participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis free of CVD, who had complete data on parity and adipokines measured at Examination 2 or 3 (randomly assigned). Parity was categorized as nulliparity, 1-2, 3-4, and ≥5 live births. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the association of parity with leptin, resistin, and adiponectin levels. Results: The women had mean age of 65 ± 9 years. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, study site, education, menopause status, smoking, physical activity, use of hormone therapy, and waist circumference, a history of grand multiparity (≥5 live births) was associated with 11% higher resistin levels (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-23) and 3-4 live births was associated with 23% higher leptin levels (95% CI 7-42), compared with nulliparity. After adjustment for computed tomography-measured visceral fat, the association of 3-4 live births with leptin remained significant. There were no significant associations of parity with adipokines after further adjustment for additional CVD risk factors. Multigravidity (but not parity) was inversely associated with adiponectin levels. Conclusions: In a multiethnic cohort of women, greater parity was associated with resistin and leptin; however, this association was attenuated after accounting for CVD risk factors. Dysregulation of adipokines could contribute to the excess CVD risk associated with multiparity. Further studies are needed to determine whether adipokines independently mediate the relationship between multiparity and CVD. Clinical trials registration: The MESA cohort is registered at NCT00005487.

Adipokines are substances secreted by adipose tissue that are receiving increasing attention. The approach to adipose tissue has changed in recent years, and it is no longer looked at as just a storage organ but its secretion and how it influences systems in the human body are also looked at. The role of adipokine seems crucial in developing future therapies for pathologies of selected systems. In this study, we look at selected adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, resistin, omentin-1, nesfatin, irisin-1, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and TGF-β2, and how they affect systems in the human body related to physical activity such as the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some studies indicate the role of selected adipokines in the development of endometriosis. However, a comprehensive assessment of plasma, peritoneal, and endometrioma fluids adipokines concentrations in women with ovarian endometriosis has not yet been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze plasma, peritoneal, and endometrioma fluids selected adipokines concentrations in women operated on for ovarian endometriosis. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional cohort study involved 56 women operated on for ovarian endometriosis. Body mass, height, and waist circumference were measured, and BMI was calculated. Plasma, peritoneal, and endometrioma fluids adiponectin, leptin, omentin resistin, RBP4, and visfatin/NAMPT were determined by ELISA. Results: The highest plasma levels of adiponectin, leptin, omentin, and RBP4 than in the endometrioma and peritoneal fluids were found, while levels of resistin and visfatin/NAMPT were significantly higher in endometrioma fluid than in plasma and peritoneal fluid. In addition, levels of visfatin/NAMPT were significantly higher in peritoneal fluid than in plasma. There were also positive correlations between leptin, RBP4, and adiponectin levels in endometrioma and peritoneal fluids (ρ = 0.28; p < 0.05; r = 0.31; p < 0.05; ρ= 0.32; p < 0.05, respectively). There were no associations between adipokines levels in plasma, endometrioma, and peritoneal fluids and endometriosis stage. Conclusion: Our results show that visfatin/NAMPT and resistin may be locally secreted in endometrioma related to inflammation regardless of the stage of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistin is an adipokine with metabolic and inflammatory functions. Epidemiological and translational studies report that an increase in plasma levels and tissue expression of resistin increases the aggressiveness of prostate tumor cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted constitutively and induced by cytokines, growth factors, and calcium and are found in multiple biological fluids such as saliva, serum, semen, and urine. In particular, EVs have been shown to promote tumor progression through the induction of proliferation, growth, angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. However, the role of resistin in the migration, invasion, and secretion of EVs in invasive prostate tumor cells remains to be studied. In the present study, we demonstrate that resistin induces increased migration and invasion in PC3 cells. In addition, these phenomena are accompanied by increased p-FAK levels and increased secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in resistin-treated PC3 cells. Interestingly, EVs isolated from supernatants of PC3 cells treated with resistin induce an increase in migration and invasion accompanied by high MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion in an autocrine stimulation model. In summary, our data for the first time demonstrate that resistin induces migration and invasion, partly through the secretion of EVs with pro-invasive characteristics in PC3 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistin, a diminutive secretory adipokine, has been linked to obesity and its related ailments. A growing body of evidence suggests that resistin may also be related to the pathogenesis preeclampsia. However, results of previous studies were not consistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the level of circulating resistin in women with PE. A systematic search of Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to April 28, 2023, was conducted to identify studies that compared blood resistin levels in pregnant women with and without PE. A random-effects model was utilized to pool the results, accounting for heterogeneity. The present study analyzed eighteen datasets from sixteen observational studies. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in blood resistin levels among women with PE compared to the control group. (standardized mean difference=0.35, 95% confidence interval: 0.16 to 0.54, p<0.001; I2=74%). The findings of the subgroup analysis indicate that various study characteristics, including study design, timing, and methods for measuring resistin, matching of body mass index between cases and controls, and study quality scores did not exert a significant impact on the outcomes. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the diagnostic criteria for PE employed in the studies included in the analysis may have influenced the results (p for subgroup difference=0.001). Women with preeclampsia exhibit a greater concentration of resistin in circulation when compared to healthy pregnant controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous chronic conditions including obesity exhibit autophagic dysfunction. Association of immune cell autophagic marker regulation by body fat percentage (%BF) is unknown. Investigate autophagy activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of adults with distinct %BFs and obesity-related circulating inflammatory markers. Sixteen individuals (eight males) with %BF above (n = 8, 36.9 ± 3.6 years, 27.1 ± 8.1%BF) and below (n = 8, 37.1 ± 3.7 years, 13.3 ± 3.7%BF) their age- and sex-specific 50th percentile value based on the American College Sports Medicine guidelines participated. Body fat percentage was calculated from hydrostatic weighing. PBMCs were isolated from venous blood, and PBMC autophagic flux markers (LC3-I, LC3-II, and p62) were measured via Western blot. CRP, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured via ELISA. LC3-II/LC3-I ratio correlated with %BF (r=–0.56, p=.023). Insulin (p=.05) and CRP (p=.018) were higher in high %BF participants. Autophagic activity markers in PBMCs correlate with %BF, but are not different between %BF groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to systematically explore the relationships between various adipokines and risks of endometrial atypical hyperplasia (EAH), type I endometrial cancer (EC), and type II EC. We enrolled 219 patients in this study, including 39 EAH, 87 type I EC, 38 type II EC and 55 control individuals. We subsequently explored the association of adipokine levels and the leptin-to-adiponectin (L/A) ratio with EAH, type I EC, and type II EC. The plasma leptin level and L/A ratio were significantly higher in the EAH group than in the control group (p = 0.012). Leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin levels were significantly higher in the type I EC group; however, the adiponectin level was lower in the type I EC, which resulted in a higher L/A ratio. Notably, the L/A ratio and visfatin level in the type II EC group were significantly higher. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher leptin level was significantly associated with a higher EAH risk (p = 0.012). Higher leptin level (p = 0.042) and L/A ratio (p = 0.027) were significantly associated with an increased type I EC risk. By contrast, higher leptin (p = 0.059) and visfatin (p = 0.003) levels, higher L/A ratio (p = 0.033), and lower adiponectin level (p = 0.042) were associated with an increased type II EC risk. We suggested that adipokines are potentially correlated with EAH and EC risks. What is already known on this subject? EAH and EC are considered significantly correlated with obesity and the related insulin resistance. Studies reported that some of the adipokines mediate obesity-related EC risk. What do the results of this study add? We systematically explored whether the adipokines produced from adipose tissue, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin as well as the L/A ratio were associated with increased EAH, type I EC, and type II EC risks; whether they are independent risk factors for EAH and EC. Moreover, we analysed the underlying roles of these adipokines in EC tumorigenesis and development. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study aimed to systematically explore the relationships between various adipokines and risks of EAH, type I EC, and type II EC, to suggest that adipokine levels correlated with EAH and EC risks, and to analyse the underlying molecular mechanisms linking adipokines with endometrial carcinogenesis. It is helpful to improve our understanding of EC tumorigenesis and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Resistin, a novel pro-inflammatory protein implicated in inflammatory processes, has been suggested to play a role in colorectal development. However, evidence from observational studies has been inconsistent. Mendelian randomization may be a complementary method to examine this association. Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization to estimate the association between genetically determined circulating resistin concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) from the SCALLOP consortium were used as instrumental variables (IVs) for resistin. CRC genetic summary data was obtained from GECCO/CORECT/CCFR (the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium, Colorectal Cancer Transdisciplinary Study, and Colon Cancer Family Registry), and FinnGen (Finland Biobank). The inverse variance weighted method (IVW) was applied in the main analysis, and other robust methods were used as sensitivity analyses. Estimates for the association from the two data sources were then pooled using a meta-analysis approach. Results: Thirteen pQTLs were identified as IVs explaining together 7.80% of interindividual variation in circulating resistin concentrations. Based on MR analyses, genetically determined circulating resistin concentrations were not associated with incident CRC (pooled-IVW-OR per standard deviation of resistin, 1.01; 95% CI 0.96, 1.06; p = 0.67. Restricting the analyses to using IVs within or proximal to the resistin-encoding gene (cis-IVs), or to IVs located elsewhere in the genome (trans-IVs) provided similar results. The association was not altered when stratified by sex or CRC subsites. Conclusions: We found no evidence of a relationship between genetically determined circulating resistin concentrations and risk of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with multifactorial causes. There are two types of diabetes in humans: type-1 diabetes, which occurs when the immune system attacks and eliminates insulin secreting cells, and type-2 diabetes, which can be triggered by a variety of factors, the most important being lifestyle, but can also be caused by various genotypes. Date palm sugar (DPS) is nutritive with good potential in treating diabetes due to the presence of polyphenols that have strong antioxidant properties. We assess various parameters in normal rats, sugar-treated rats and diabetes-induced rats, including body weight, food intake, water intake, blood glucose level, insulin level, insulin resistance, lipid profile, atherogenic index, adiponectin, resistin and TNF-α. The study results reveal that DPS contributes to significant improvement in diabetic rats. Thus, DPS is a beneficial substitute compared to other sugars in treating diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a complicated disease characterized by abundant fat accumulation. It is associated with cardiovascular disease. The current study aimed to appreciate the role of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) (18.72 nm in size) in curbing cardiovascular disease in an obesity model of a high fat/sucrose diet in male rats. For 16 weeks, 24 rats were fed a high-fat diet and a 25% sucrose solution to develop obesity, and after that, the rats were randomly allocated into four groups of rats. Group 1 served as the control group and consisted of normal, non-obese rats. Group 2 comprised obese rats that were injected with an equivalent volume of a neutral substance, serving as vehicle control. In Group 3 or 4, obese rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 5 or 10mg/kg of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for eight weeks. The treatment of obese rats with ZnONPs decreased plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), resistin, ENA78, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL6), and C reactive protein (CRP). Also, the remediation of obese rats with ZnONPs led to a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI), body weight gain, leptin, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein), glucose, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Moreover, ZnONPs treatment lowered troponin, creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac or adipose tissue iron content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) either in blood or heart tissue. Otherwise, treating obese rats with ZnONPs enhanced plasma adiponectin levels, cardiac-reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, ZnONPs displayed a significant influence on the cardiovascular system since they combat the rise in blood pressure and the pathological changes of the heart and aorta besides maintaining plasma nitric oxide levels. The results showed a positive correlation between BMI and MDA, MPC-1, CK-MB, and LDH. ZnONPs are convenient in treating cardiovascular disease in obese rats via reduced blood pressure, oxidative stress, cardiac iron accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The correlation between plasma adipose factor levels and Alzheimer's patients is not entirely clear. Objective: We aimed to investigate associations between AD and plasma levels of three adipokines including plasma adiponectin, leptin, and resistin. Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study recruited AD patients (n = 148) and cognitively normal (CN) controls (n = 110). The multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associations of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin with the presence of AD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to determine the diagnostic power of adiponectin, leptin and resistin for AD. Results: After adjusted for the conventional risk factors, plasma levels of leptin (OR = 0.417, 95% CI: 0.272-0.638, p < 0.0001) and adiponectin (OR = 1.249, 95% CI: 1.151-1.354, p < 0.0001) were associated with the presence of AD. In total participants, the plasma adiponectin level was negatively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001) and was positively with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and age (p < 0.0001). The plasma level of leptin was negatively correlated with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and positively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001). Both adiponectin (p < 0. 0001) and leptin (p < 0. 0001) featured higher AUC than the random chance. Conclusions: Plasma adiponectin and leptin were associated with the presence, symptomatic severity, and diagnostic power of AD, suggesting a potential role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphisms in genes of leptin-melanocortin and insulin pathways have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in IRS1, IRS2, MC3R , and MC4R influence metabolic and inflammatory markers and food intake composition in Brazilian subjects. This exploratory pilot study included 358 adult subjects. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained through interview and access to medical records. The variants IRS1 rs2943634 A˃C, IRS2 rs1865434 C>T, MC3R rs3746619 C>A, and MC4R rs17782313 T>C were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food intake composition was assessed in a group of subjects with obesity (n = 84) before and after a short-term nutritional counseling program (9 weeks). MC4R rs17782313 was associated with increased risk of obesity (P =.034). Multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted by covariates indicated associations of IRS2 rs1865434 with reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and resistin, MC3R rs3746619 with high glycated hemoglobin, and IRS1 rs2943634 and MC4R rs17782313 with increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P <.05). Energy intake and carbohydrate and total fat intakes were reduced after the diet-oriented program (P <.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed associations of IRS2 rs1865434 with high basal fiber intake, IRS1 rs2943634 with low postprogram carbohydrate intake, and MC4R rs17782313 with low postprogram total fat and saturated fatty acid intakes (P <.05). Although significant associations did not survive correction for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method in this exploratory study, polymorphisms in IRS1, IRS2, MC3R , and MC4R influence metabolic and inflammatory status in Brazilian adults. IRS1 and MC4R variants may influence carbohydrate, total fat, and saturated fatty acid intakes in response to a diet-oriented program in subjects with obesity. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained from 358 Brazilian adult subjects. IRS1 rs2943634, IRS2 rs1865434, MC3R rs3746619, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were evaluated. Food intake composition was assessed in 84 subjects with obesity before and after a short-term nutritional counseling program. Variants in IRS1, IRS2, MC3R , and MC4R influence metabolic and inflammatory status. IRS1 and MC4R variants may influence carbohydrate, total fat, and saturated fatty acids intakes in response to a diet-oriented program. Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; InsR, insulin receptor; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; IRS2, insulin receptor substrate 2; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LepR, leptin receptor; MC3R, melanocortin receptor 3; MC4R, melanocortin receptor 4; SFA, saturated fatty acids; 9w, 9 weeks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related alterations in cardiac function, metabolic, inflammatory and antioxidant profiles are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Here, we examined cardiac and metabolic phenotypes in relation to inflammatory status and antioxidant capacity in young, middle-aged and old mice. Real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reactions were performed on myocardium and immunoassays on plasma. Left ventricular (LV) structure and function were assessed by echocardiography using high-frequency ultrasound. Middle-aged mice exhibited an altered metabolic profile and antioxidant capacity compared to young mice, whereas myocardial expression of inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and IL10) remained unchanged. In contrast, old mice exhibited increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and plasma levels of resistin compared to young and middle-aged mice (p < 0.05). The pro-inflammatory signature of aged hearts was associated with alterations in glutathione redox homeostasis and elevated contents of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, echocardiographic parameters of LV systolic and diastolic functions were significantly altered in old mice compared to young mice. Taken together, these findings suggest age-related shifts in cardiac phenotype encompass the spectrum of metabo-inflammatory abnormalities and altered redox homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a significant risk factor for cancer development. Within the tumor microenvironment, adipocytes interact with cancer cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and orchestrate several signaling pathways by secreting bioactive molecules, including adipokines. Adipokines or adipocytokines are produced predominantly by adipocytes and function as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mediators. Adipokines can exert pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, and they play a pivotal role in the state of chronic low-grade inflammation that characterizes obesity. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a complex biological process whereby epithelial cells acquire the invasive, migratory mesenchymal phenotype is well-known to be implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that there is a link between adipokines and EMT. This may contribute to the correlation that has been documented between obesity and cancer progression. This review summarizes the existing body of evidence supporting an association between the process of EMT in cancer and the adipokines leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin/NAMPT, lipocalin-2/NGAL, as well as other newly discovered adipokines including chemerin, nesfatin-1/nucleobindin-2, AZGP1, SFRP5 and FABP4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE) are common complications in pregnancy, with incidence rates of 1– 5% and 9.4%, respectively, in China. Both these phenomena can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes and are extremely harmful to the mother and fetus. In this study, we observed that several predictive factors have important value in GDM and PE. Among the GDM group, abnormal levels of adiponectin (APN), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Leptin were observed. The coexistence of PE and GDM in the pregnant population is not uncommon. Ultimately, we discovered abnormal levels of factors such as Visfatin, Advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP), Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and resistin in both GDM and PE groups. Particularly, the FGF21 factor holds significant importance in our research. Therefore, we need to complete the analysis and discussion of relevant predictive factors to enable early prediction and disease monitoring of GDM, PE, and other pregnancy-related disorders, ultimately contributing to the long-term health of pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) sessions and 20 winter swimming sessions on the lipid profile and selected adipokines. Materials/methods: The experimental group consisted of 30 people who underwent a series of WBC treatments and 30 people who underwent a winter swimming. The control group consisted of 30 people - without intervention. Study 1: on the day of the commencement of whole-body cryotherapy / at the beginning of the winter swimming season; and Study 2: after a series of 20 cryotherapy sessions / at the end of the winter swimming season. The control group was also tested twice (4-week break). There were 20 WBC treatments − 5 times a week (4 weeks) and 20 cold water baths - once a week (20 weeks). Results: A statistically significant increase in the concentration of adiponectin, resistin and leptin in women and resistin and leptin in men was observed after the winter swimming season. Differences were also found in the second study between the groups of women using WBC and the control group, as well as the groups of women swimming and the control group. In men, however, these differences were observed in WBC and the control group. The significance level of α = 0.05 was adopted in the analyzes. Conclusions: The use of WBC may changes in the lipid profile and selected adipokines in men. Regular winter swimming may changes of selected adipokines in both women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia and obesity are two abnormal body composition phenotypes, and sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by both low skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) and high adiposity (obesity). SO negatively influences the clinical status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the studies exploring the prevalence and clinical effects of SO in COPD patients are limited. Our study aimed to elucidate the prevalence and impact of SO on COPD patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the pulmonary function, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, exercise tolerance, body composition, and serum levels of resistin and TNF-α were assessed in 198 COPD patients. The clinical value of serum resistin and TNF-α for predicting SO in patients with COPD was evaluated. Results: In the 198 patients with COPD, the prevalence rates of sarcopenia, obesity, and SO in COPD patients were 27.27%, 29.8%, and 9.6%, respectively. Patients with SO experienced more severe symptoms of dyspnea and worse health related quality of life. The expression of resistin increased in patients with SO compared to other patients. The AUC value of serum resistin level for predicting SO was 0.870 (95% CI: 0.799–0.940). BMI (OR: 1.474, 95% CI: 1.124–1.934) and resistin (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000-1.002) levels were independent risk factors of SO in patients with COPD in Multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of SO in COPD patients was 9.6%. COPD accompanied by SO is significantly associated with worse pulmonary function and poor physical performance. Serum resistin may be a potential adjunct for predicting SO in COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) is now known as a chronic inflammatory process, evidenced by elevated levels of circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which in turn lead to the development of more hepatic decompensation and multi-organ failure. Resistin has a pro-inflammatory effect through the production of several cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α) and cell adhesion molecules. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine playing a crucial role in acute phase responses and in regulating immune reactions through activation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. The current study aimed to evaluate the value of serum resistin and IL-6 as biomarkers of DLC and their role as prognostic markers of complications in these patients. Results: This study was conducted on 90 patients divided into three groups: group I—30 patients with compensated cirrhosis (CLC); group II—40 patients with DLC; and group III consisted of 20 healthy controls. Serum resistin and IL-6 levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with DLC compared to patients with CLC at baseline. A cut-off value of > 302 pg/ml for serum resistin was found to discriminate between CLC and DLC with a specificity of 73.33% and sensitivity of 92.50% and a cut-off level of > 31 pg/mL for IL-6 differentiated between the two groups with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 76.67%. Patients with DLC were followed up for 3 months, 10 patients (25%) passed away, and 19 patients out of the remaining 30 (63.3%) patients developed complications including acute kidney injury, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum resistin and IL-6 were found to be significantly higher at baseline in those patients who developed complications or mortality after the follow-up period. In addition, there were positive correlations between IL-6 and resistin and MELD-NA and CRP. Conclusion: Serum resistin and IL-6 could be used as sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of decompensated cirrhotic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resistin is a small protein that has pro-inflammatory and atherogenic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the level of serum resistin as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) sufferers. 114 MS sufferers and 114 age, sex and body mass index matched controls were enrolled in this study, subjected to detailed history taking, general, neurological examination, assessment of anthropometric measurements, serum resistin level, and carotid duplex to asses subclinical atherosclerosis. Results: MS sufferers showed a higher cholesterol, and triglycerides levels as compared to controls. Progressive MS sufferers (SPMS, and PPMS) showed a higher cholesterol level as compared to RRMS sufferers. SPMS sufferers showed a higher cholesterol level as compared to PPMS sufferers. RRMS sufferers showed a higher triglycerides level as compared to progressive MS sufferers. Sufferers had significantly higher mean levels of resistin and right carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT) as compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation in MS sufferers between serum resistin and the following parameters: age, and disease duration, body mass index, triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. There were significant positive correlations between carotid intimal medial thickness and body mass index, disease duration, age, expanded disability status scale, levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol. The risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers were higher mean levels of resistin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and disease duration. Subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers was significantly associated with higher mean levels of resistin, and triglycerides. Conclusions: Higher mean levels of resistin might reflect the predisposition to subclinical atherosclerosis in MS sufferers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: One of the current challenges in psychiatry is the search for answers on how to effectively manage drug-resistant depression. The occurrence of drug resistance in patients is an indication for the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This method is highly effective and usually results in relatively quick health improvement. Despite the knowledge of how ECT works, not all of the biological pathways activated during its use have been identified. Hence, based on the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression, we investigated the concentration of two opposite-acting adipokines (anti-inflammatory adiponectin and proinflammatory resistin) and BDNF in antidepressant-resistant patients undergoing ECT. Methods: The study group comprised 52 patients hospitalized due to episodes of depression in the course of unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. The serum concentration of adipokines and BDNF was determined before and after the therapeutic intervention using an ELISA method. In the analyses, we also included comparisons considering the type of depression, sex, and achieving remission. Results: Adiponectin, resistin, and BDNF concentrations change after ECT treatment. These changes are correlated with an improvement in the severity of depressive symptoms and are more or less pronounced depending on the type of depression. Conclusions: Although not all observed changes reach statistical significance, adipokines in particular remain exciting candidates for biomarkers in assessing the course of the disease and response to ECT treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective. Patients with psoriasis may exhibit abnormal changes in serum adipokine levels, which are often related to disease severity of the disease. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an acute-phase inflammatory protein that may be linked to adipokines in psoriasis. In this study, we evaluated the differences in the expression of adipokines and LRG1 between patients with psoriasis and healthy individuals, analyzed the correlation between the expression of LRG1 and adipokines, and explored their relationship with psoriatic lesions. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, patients with psoriasis (n = 54) and healthy controls (n = 26) were enrolled, and their clinical characteristics were recorded. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from each participant. The serum concentrations of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and LRG1 in each sample were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The study included 54 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 26 healthy controls. The serum levels of LRG1, leptin, and resistin were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than in healthy controls. Conversely, adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with psoriasis. The study showed that LRG1 expression was positively correlated with leptin and resistin expression but negatively correlated with adiponectin expression. Interestingly, only leptin, resistin, and LRG1 expression showed a linear correlation with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). When we categorized patients with psoriasis based on their LRG1 levels, we observed that the group with high LRG1 levels showed a higher PASI. Conclusions. We observed a significant correlation between LRG1 and adipokine expression in patients with psoriasis. In addition, the expression levels of LRG1, leptin, and resistin were observed to be correlated with the severity of psoriasis. We believe that the occurrence and development of psoriasis are collectively influenced by LRG1 and leptin/resistin expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adipokines represent a spectrum of bioactive molecules that could modulate fibroblastic and inflammatory processes. The role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of frozen shoulder (FS), a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, remains obscure. Purpose: To evaluate whether adipokines contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of FS and to evaluate any potential correlation of adipokines with patients' symptoms. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Shoulder capsule specimens were obtained from 10 patients with FS and 10 patients with shoulder instability (control group). The specimens were dyed using hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically assessed with antibodies targeting adipokines, collagen I, collagen III, and tumor necrosis factor α. Immunoreactivity was graded from "no" to "strong" in a blinded manner. Reverse transcription–quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis was conducted. Before the surgery, patient-reported frequency of pain, severity of pain, stiffness, and shoulder range of motion were documented. Results: In comparison with the control group, patients with FS had significantly greater pain frequency, pain severity, and stiffness and more limited shoulder range of motion (P <.001). Hematoxylin and eosin- and Masson trichrome–stained samples from the FS group displayed hypercellularity and increased collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR analyses indicated that expression of adipokines was significantly increased in FS capsules compared with the control group. The expression of collagen I, collagen III, and tumor necrosis factor α was also increased in FS capsules. No significant correlation was noted between adipokine expression and patient-reported outcomes in the control group, whereas in patients with FS, adiponectin expression was correlated with pain frequency (r = 0.78; P =.01) and stiffness (r = 0.73; P =.02). Visfatin was also correlated with pain frequency (r = 0.70; P =.02). Conclusion/Clinical Relevance: This study indicated a potential role for adipokines in the pathogenesis of FS and demonstrated a correlation between adipokine expression and patients' pain and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high morbidity and mortality rates associated with sepsis highlight the challenges of finding specific remedies for this condition in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to cell types in sepsis and investigate the role of resistin in the survival of sepsis patients through Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. We used single-cell and bulk transcriptome data to identify cell type-specific DEGs between sepsis and healthy controls. MR analyses were then conducted to investigate the causal relationships between resistin (one of the identified DEGs) levels and the survival of sepsis patients. Additionally, we utilized meQTL (methylation quantitative trait loci) to identify cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites that may directly affect sepsis. We identified 560 cell type-specific DEGs between sepsis and healthy controls. Notably, we observed the upregulation of resistin levels in macrophages during sepsis. In bulk transcriptome, RETN is also upregulated in sepsis samples compared with healthy controls. MR analyses revealed a negative association existed between the expression of resistin, at both gene and protein levels, and the mortality or severity of sepsis patients in ICU. Moreover, there were no associations observed between resistin levels and death or organ failure due to other causes. We also identified three methylation CpG sites, located in RETN or its promoter region—cg06633066, cg22322184, and cg02346997—that directly affected both resistin protein levels and sepsis death in the ICU. Our findings suggest that resistin may provide feasible protection for sepsis patients, particularly those with severe cases, without serious side effects. Therefore, resistin could be a potential drug candidate for sepsis treatment. Additionally, we identified two CpG sites, cg06633066 and cg22322184, that were associated with RETN protein levels and sepsis death, providing novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association has been suggested between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Considering the role of adipose-tissue-derived inflammatory mediators (adipokines) and the shared risk factor of obesity in OSA and AMI, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of adipokines in AMI patients with and without OSA. Serum levels of adipokines and inflammatory mediators were quantified, and home respiratory polygraphy was conducted. A total of 30 AMI patients and 25 controls were included. Patients with AMI exhibited elevated levels of resistin (7.4 vs. 3.7 ng/mL), interleukin-6 (8.8 vs. 1.3 pg/mL), and endothelin-1 (3.31 vs. 1.8 pg/mL). Remarkably, AMI patients with concomitant OSA exhibited higher levels of resistin (7.1 vs. 3.7 ng/mL), interleukin-6 (8.9 vs. 1.3 pg/mL), endothelin-1 (3.2 vs. 1.8 pg/mL), creatin kinase (1430 vs. 377 U/L), creatine kinase-MB (64.6 vs. 9.7 ng/mL), and troponin T (2298 vs. 356 pg/mL) than their non-OSA counterparts. Leptin showed a correlation with OSA severity markers. OSA was associated with greater cardiac damage in AMI patients. Our findings underscore that adipokines alone are not sufficient to discriminate the risk of AMI in the presence of OSA. Further research is necessary to determine the potential mechanisms contributing to exacerbated cardiac damage in patients with both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid diseases have effects on metabolism and inflammation. Adipocytokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions on several organs which have a central role in subclinical inflammation of adipose tissue, and obese adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin, and resistin. Cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune thyroid diseases. Methods: All samples were conducted at Salah Aldeen General Hospital and the specific private clinic in Tikrit which started from November 2022 to February 2023, the study samples included (30) individuals with hyperthyroidism, (30) individuals with hypothyroidism, and (30) healthy individuals with age (18-76) years. Results: Adipokines (resistin and visfatin) and interleukins (IL10 and IL32) were increased in hypo and hyperthyroidism rather than control. Conclusion: The effect of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response of some adipokines and interleukins affect the pathogenesis role in thyroid diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the cytokine balance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), arterial hypertension (AH), coronary heart disease (CHD) and hepatic steatosis (LS) requires further study. This study aims to evaluate the content of cytokines in patients with named diseases depending on obesity. We examined 24 outpatients and divided them into 3 groups (overweight, class I obesity, and class II obesity). In addition to standard examinations, the levels of insulin, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance test, non-esterified fatty acids, leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa), selectin, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-2 were determined; triglyceride-glucose and leptin-resistin ratios, leptin-body mass and Castelli-I,-II indices were calculated. The cytokine profile in ObI was characterized by a significant increase in selection (181.5%; p=0.07) together with a decrease in IL-6 (59.3%, p>0.05) and TNFa (74.7%, p0.05), whereas in ObII - by an increase in leptin (219%, p<0.05) and IL-2 (122%, p>0.05), a slight decrease in increased selection (145%, p>0.05) compared to overweight group. We proposed formulas for cytokine profiles. In obese patients, cytokines correlated with transaminases, lipids, and T2DM, AH, and CHD duration. Cytokine profiles of patients with class I and II obesity are different, which can explain the obesity paradox; an exponential growth of leptin is observed in class II obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the changes occurring in some immune variables in women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome in Tikrit City to study the effect of this elevation on the emergence and development of the disease. These variables included ( Adeponectin, resistin, Beta klotho, and Endophilin A2). The study included non-infected women as the control group, women having polycystic ovarian syndrome who do not have insulin resistance, as well as those who have the disease but are insulin resistant. All the methodology of the immunological variables was done by ELIZA technic according to the instructor of the company leaflet. According to the findings, there were no significant changes (p<0.05), in adiponectin levels between the control group and the polycystic ovarian group with and without insulin resistance. the results indicated a significant increase in the level of Resistin in the blood serum of the patient’s group (group 2 and grpup3) compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the level of Beta Klotho and Endophilin A2 mean in blood serum between the control group and the other groups of patients (p<0.05). It concluded from this study the most variable that can be affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome disease is resistin which increases in the patient groups Resistin plays an important role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) due to its association with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, resistin is associated with androgens, especially testosterone, Therefore, polycystic ovarian syndrome increases both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]