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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine tolerance of channel partners' opportunistic behaviors as a viable governance mechanism and to test contingent transaction benefit and cost factors to determine tolerance of opportunistic behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: Through the theoretical lenses of governance value analysis and transaction cost economics, this study theorizes that a supplier's tolerance of its reseller's opportunistic behaviors should depend on transaction benefit factors (e.g. new product creativity and marketing program creativity) and transaction cost factors (e.g. performance ambiguity and opportunity cost). The author empirically tests the moderation model using data from a large-scale survey of 141 mobile phone suppliers in South Korea. Findings: The empirical results largely support the predictions on the moderating effects. For transaction benefit factors, marketing program creativity increases the supplier's tolerance, while new product creativity does not increase the supplier's tolerance. For transaction cost factors, the supplier's concerns about opportunity cost increase the level of tolerance, while performance ambiguity of a business partner decreases the tolerance level. Research limitations/implications: Theorizing opportunistic behaviors as a policy variable subject to benefit-cost assessment rather than an assumption provides new insights to interfirm governance research. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first kind to consider transaction benefit and cost factors together in a single contingency framework in tolerance research. Also, this research provides a new perspective on a microlevel marketing factor (i.e. creativity) as an influential factor in governance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the problem of selling an object to a stream of potential buyers with independent private values and participation costs. If the object can be resold in the future, and resellers can make posted price offers, the original seller may prefer to deal with potential buyers sequentially instead of holding an auction. The reason is that resale opportunities compress the dispersion of buyers' willingness to pay for the object, which lowers the surplus each buyer expects to receive in the auction. This effect may reduce participation in the initial auction to just one buyer, in which case the seller obtains zero revenue. We show that a simple form of sequential mechanism allows the seller to extract positive revenue, and becomes approximately optimal if the resale market is large. Our finding contrasts with the result that sellers usually prefer auctions when resale is not allowed (see Bulow and Klemperer in Am Econ Rev 99(4):1544–1575, 2009). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this note, we consider how to allocate property rights to scarce resources when agents have budget constraints. Each individual's wealth level is often observable to the state, although the individual subjective valuation for the resource is hardly known to the state. Under this situation, we mainly compare the efficiency of allocations under two assignment mechanisms; (i) the random assignment with resale and (ii) priority assignment to the poorest with resale. We show that the latter is more efficient than the former. If the mass of goods to be allocated is large enough, the latter can achieve social optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equipment replacement policies have a decisive effect on overall project cost and the achieved profit from construction equipment work. Equipment managers need to predict the resale value of the equipment to an acceptable level of accuracy to make the right decisions concerning equipment replacement. This research focuses on determining the factors affecting the resale value of construction equipment, then using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and statistical analysis process, those factors were ranked according to their impact on the equipment resale value. Preliminary list of factors affecting the resale value was determined from previous research. The preliminary list contained fourteen factors. Then brainstorm sessions organized for a focus group of experts to discuss the factors affecting the resale value of construction equipment, and to finalize the list of factors. The final list of factors contained eighteen factors that have an influence on the resale value. Factors are classified into five major categories. A questionnaire was developed using the factors, then one hundred experts from private, public companies and consultant offices were consulted about the factors and their impact on the equipment resale value. This research represents those factors and their relative impact on the resale value of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why and how an intermediate level of restrictions on speculative reselling may be optimal for the firm. Speculative reselling has long existed in many markets. Speculators purchase products that are in limited supply to resell at inflated prices later. A somewhat puzzling observation is that although firms often impose restrictions on speculation, we rarely observe actions that completely eliminate it. This paper explains why and how an intermediate level of restrictions on speculative resale may be optimal for the firm purely from the perspective of the firm's most desired amount of such resale, that is, without reliance on the decision space constraints. We consider a firm with limited capacity and consumers deciding whether to buy the product in advance (before their individual valuation uncertainty is resolved) or to wait at the risk of an increased price or sold-out product. We find that consumer willingness to pay in advance and the firm's profit may indeed be maximal at an intermediate level of restrictions on speculative reselling. Extending the model to allow consumer-to-consumer resale, we obtain that in our model, whenever an intermediate level of speculative reselling is optimal without the consumer ability to resell, this ability would hurt the firm. This may further explain why resale restrictions may be formulated in such a way that only knowledgeable resellers (speculators) are able to circumvent them. History: Yuxin Chen served as the senior editor and Anthony Dukes served as associate editor for this article. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2022.1383. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates the 'Blind Box' consumption, collection and prosumption practices in China within globalisation and the 'media-mix' fandom, which is to consume and resell media merchandise in opaque packages as probability goods. We re-centre the focus of fandom studies on the then much neglected 'missing child' and now the 'emerging adult' in a globalising world. We argue the Chinese emerging adult consumes, collects and resells Blind Boxes as a generative and agentic collection and fandom practice, defined as 'probabilistic and elastic prosumption' in a quasi-social and quasi-individual manner. We then critically examine and unpack the cultural production and meaning making process undertook by collectors who also accumulate sociality and form identity through affective and economic investments, mediated collection and exchange of figurines in a post-socialist and consumerist society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous rise in online resale transactions is associated with increased fraudulent activities in modern world economies. Customers are financially and emotionally impacted due to these fraudulent activities. To detect and prevent online fraudulent activities, there is a need for an efficient and impactful fraud detection system. Real-time fraud prevention on an online resale platform is a crucial aspect of ensuring a secure and trustworthy platform for both buyers and sellers. This leads to an increase in user trust, customer satisfaction, and reliable brand equity. In this paper, a real-time fraud detection technique is proposed with a live data stream, device fingerprint (DFP) algorithm, and machine learning techniques to improve the latency of fraudster detection and minimize the impact of fraudster activities. Real-time fraud detection mainly works on repeat fraudsters with multiple user accounts. Fraudster behavior and pattern analysis is conducted to build multiple statistics rules, seed fraudster detectors, machine learning models, and DFP mappers. The improved proposed model is quantitatively verified by the performance measuring parameter. From the result analysis, it is concluded that DFP-based real-time fraud detection increases the efficiency of detecting fraudsters and decreases the latency as compared to other conventional methods. It significantly prevents the customers from fraudulent activities and enhances the overall customer experience to a certain level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) is the property of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By using transaction‐level data, we study if two popular policies intended to cool an overheated housing market would serve their intended purposes. We found both mortgage tightening and Special Stamp Duties (SSD) actually led to higher starter home prices in Hong Kong. Mortgage tightening shifted the demand for bigger homes to that for smaller ones. The SSD that applies to resales within a specified period of the original purchase lowered turnover across the housing market. The decline in turnover is, as expected, sharpest for small flats, implying a dramatic shrinkage in second‐hand supply of such homes, driving their prices up. We also found transactions bunching as many homes are held till the SSD is no longer applicable, indicating lock‐in effects. Relative to those that are not subject to the SSD, the prices of properties subject to the levy are found to be lower by 6.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If consumers are buying ownership interests in Non-Fungible Token ("NFT")-tethered sound recordings, can they lawfully resell those interests under the Copyright Act? What exactly is the consumer buying--a digital sound recording, or a phonorecord? I argue that NFT consumers are purchasing fractionalized interests in a phonorecord from the copyright owner in addition to any interests they may acquire in the digital sound recording. NFTs are not art and do not create copyrights. Rather, NFT sound recordings are a decentralized Digital Rights Management ("DRM") technology that tethers a unique phonorecord to a unique digital sound recording. NFTs have captured the attention of artists and public alike, with many musicians, like Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr. (known professionally as "Snoop Dogg"), paying serious attention. Sales of Snoop's NFT-tethered album, Bacc on Death Row ("B.O.D.R."), totaled $44.3 million in five days, and the industry predicts that the NFT marketplace for sound recordings will become a multibillion-dollar one as early as 2025. I explore this emerging marketplace and the economic implications of NFTs as a decentralized distribution channel. Distribution of copyrighted works invites potential copyright misuse, raising unresolved issues under the venerable first sale doctrine. Congressional resistance to codification of digital first sale protections has resulted in increasing copyright misuse, made more apparent with this nascent technology. I weigh the advantages and disadvantages of three responses: (1) relying on Section 115's compulsory license scheme to check ongoing copyright misuse; (2) calling on Congress to extend Section 109's first sale protections to digital sound recordings; and (3) recognizing the NFT purchaser's acquired ownership interest to include both the digital sound recording and a fractionalized interest in the hard drive to which the NFT is tethered. Under the third response, Section 109's first sale doctrine covers the existing resale marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumer seller's expected price for their old product in the resale online market is most of the time significantly higher than the potential buyer transaction price, which results in fewer chances of transaction closure. The proposed work aims to analyze the consumer seller and buyer behavior to drive a relationship among the seller expected price, transaction price, and probability of deal closure of resale product. Data of online resale platform are analyzed and used to develop machine learning models. The consumer seller expected and transaction price model results have been compared to derive the relationship with the probability of transaction closure. The change in predicted and the actual prices is judged by using statistical parameter's mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). This research can help businesses to understand customer expectations of resale price and helps customers to put right price for a high probability of the transaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does resale affect multiproduct bundling? I investigate using a model of monopoly bundling with costly resale. Consumers purchase in the primary market while anticipating resale, then participate in a resale market with market‐clearing prices. Resale forces the monopolist to balance the additional profit from a discounted bundle against the opportunity for consumer arbitrage. In equilibrium, the monopolist may still offer a discounted bundle, but resale reduces the returns to bundling and has an ambiguous effect on consumer and total welfare. When consumers have heterogeneous costs of resale, it is possible for consumers to resell in equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Journal of American Linguistics has announced its Editorial Advisory Board, which includes experts from various universities and institutions. The journal allows articles to be copied or reused without permission for personal, internal, classroom, or library use, in accordance with US Copyright Law. However, permission is required for other uses such as general distribution or advertising. The journal also offers advertising opportunities for material of scholarly interest. [Extracted from the article]

The development and expansion of commodity exchanges and the prospect of their transnationalization require that while examining the relevant laws and rights at the international level, the ground for their development and implementation in order to increase interactions with foreign exchanges and identify new export markets. One of these rights is the right to resell the goods covered by the International Convention on the Trading of Goods (1980). Studies show that the possibility of resale is not provided not only in commodity exchanges but also in the Iranian legal system, and the resale of goods before the termination of the initial transaction in one of the legal or contractual ways, the seizure of other and subject property The rules of transactions are volatile. The results of the research indicate that by amending the relevant instructions in the Iran Commodity Exchange, the right to resell the goods to the buyer and the seller can be used, and thus the possible damages caused by the buyer's non-transaction or delivery of non-compliant goods by the contract. The seller stopped

Droit de suite or resale right – names of a property right regulated for the first time at the beginning of the twentieth century under French law, which conquered the entire area of the European Union by Directive 2001/84 on the resale right for the benefit of the author of an original work of art. We aim to examine in the paper the legal-semantic harmonies that can be outlined in the context of analyzing the content of the resale right, as well as the legal implications of translating this notion into the lexical imprint of identifying a right. The relevance of the global use of the French name seems to denote the universality of the concept, which results from art. 14ter of the Berne Convention on Literary and Artistic Works.

The article presents the discussion on determining the place of supply and identifying the liable party. Topics include treatment of electronic charging (E-Charging) services for electric vehicles (EVs) under value-added tax (VAT) has long been a source of legal uncertainty; and transmission of electricity for EV propulsion, technical support services, and IT services facilitated through specialized platforms such as apps, websites, or software.

The market for luxury resale is booming and is predicted to continue its massive growth. Luxury resellers typically market and describe goods using the luxury brand's trademarks, including the brand name and logos. Luxury brands utilize their market power to "bully" smaller resellers and often take issue with third parties using their trademarks in any context, even when the use of the mark does not encroach on the luxury brand's share of the market. However, the doctrine of nominative fair use allows the use of a brand's trademark when referring to that brand's goods. An alleged infringer will be found liable for trademark infringement if their use of the trademarks is likely to confuse consumers about the source or the origin of the goods or the nature of the infringer's relationship with the trademark owner. The U.S. Supreme Court outlined an early version of the doctrine of nominative fair use in 1924, but it has since declined to endorse any of the various ways that circuit courts have applied the doctrine. The current nominative fair use landscape leaves both resellers and luxury brands alike unsure as to what nominative fair use analysis will apply and which burdens each party will bear. This Note presents a solution that allows resellers to use a luxury brand's trademarks, so long as the goods are authenticated and the resellers' use does not cause consumer confusion. This Note's proposed solution is designed to limit overreach by brand owners and to allow the resale market to flourish--an important goal given that the resale market benefits consumers, resellers, luxury brands, and society alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the resale prices of 217 recently sold California single-family dwellings built before 1960 to determine whether buyers value seismic retrofit. Of these, sellers indicated that 29 houses had been seismically retrofitted: 17 pre-1940 houses (when unanchored foundations and unbraced cripple walls were common) and 12 built between 1940 and 1959 (when unbraced cripple walls were common). A stepwise regression analysis indicates that in 2020 California home buyers paid 17% more for retrofitted pre-1940 houses. Buyers may have paid about 1% more for retrofitted 1940–1959 houses, but the correlation is weak. A higher resale price is a powerful incentive for people to invest in foundation bolts and cripple wall bracing. It reinforces findings by other researchers that natural hazard mitigation not only saves (by avoiding future losses), but it also pays (through higher resale value). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of resale allowance on entry strategies, seller's expected revenue, and social welfare in a second-price auction with two-dimensional private information on values and participation costs. We characterize the perfect Bayesian equilibrium in cutoff strategies and identify sufficient conditions under which the equilibrium is unique. Our analysis suggests that resale allowance leads the low-value bidder to become more aggressive on entry, while high-value bidder has a lower incentive to enter. Furthermore, the allowance of resale can increase the social welfare under a sufficient condition, and its effect on expected revenue is ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a poorly kept humanitarian secret that wherever food aid is given, it is also sold, as recipients seek to vary their diets to include culturally desired food, start businesses, or deal with economic shocks. This holds true in Nyarugusu refugee camp in Tanzania, the site of this research. While this article addresses the supply side of the World Food Programme resale system, its main focus is the demand side, providing one of the first in‐depth studies on what happens after the sale. Engaging with the political and development anthropology literature on brokers, the author introduces the intermediaries who make up this system, including low‐level madalali brokers and refugee and Tanzanian 'bosses'. There is agreement within brokerage research of the moral 'ambiguity' or 'ambivalence' of these figures, a nebulous quality that is heightened by the seemingly innumerable different types of brokers. This article contends that a Marxian conceptualization of social class, beyond Bourdieu's widely applied social capital theory, is productive in understanding the threat of violence that a small cartel of bosses has set up in collusion with Tanzanian police to maintain the exploitative food aid resale pyramid. Members of this elite class are, in turn, 'products and producers' of a structurally violent encampment and aid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the decision of Florida Governor Ron DeSantis to veto the Senate Bill 1382 pertaining to taxpayer cooperation during audits. Topics mentioned include the goal of the bill to address the failure of taxpayers to produce records, the revocation of resale certificate for noncompliance, the presumption of correctness, the statute of limitations, and the exclusion of evidence.

Problem definition: Although it is well known that a reseller's ability to hold strategic inventory under a short-term supply contract can potentially benefit both the reseller and a supplier, existing research on strategic inventory focuses almost exclusively on exclusive reselling environments. However, in practice, multiple suppliers often sell to the same nonexclusive reseller, and it is not uncommon for suppliers to ask for future commitments to order quantities from resellers in return for their own commitment to wholesale prices. We investigate how the possibility of strategic inventory influences competing suppliers' choices between short-term transactional and long-term commitment contracts to a nonexclusive reseller. Methodology/results: Using a game-theoretic model, we consider the interactions between two partially substitutable suppliers and a single, nonexclusive reseller over a two-period horizon in which demand is deterministic. We demonstrate that in nonexclusive reselling environments, where more than one supplier sells its product through the same reseller, the use of strategic inventory under short-term contracts intensifies the price competition between suppliers. We show how this effect can be mitigated when one or both suppliers offer a long-term contract. Moreover, we show that long-term contracts can arise as an equilibrium outcome, particularly when products are more substitutable or holding costs are large. Managerial implications: By considering the interactions between two partially substitutable suppliers and a nonexclusive reseller in a multiperiod setting, we contribute to the literature on strategic contracting and long versus short-term contracts. Our research provides managers with a new explanation, beyond the need to encourage idiosyncratic investments or eliminate the possibility of hold-up, for why long-term contracts may benefit suppliers in practice, who face competition while selling through a nonexclusive reseller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, marketing activity takes place within complex organizational structures. One example of this is the so-called 'plural forms' structure, where a buyer and a supplier perform the same activity or produce the same input simultaneously. Past research on plural forms has tended to focus on the buyer and on how it can benefit from the parallel use of different organizational forms. Considerably, less is known about the other party in a plural form system. We study this phenomenon in the context of dual distribution channels, where a company-owned salesforce and independent resellers perform parallel distribution functions. Taking the reseller's perspective, we propose that (1) its long-term relationship outcomes have path-dependent origins which follow from a dual channel's particular evolutionary path and (2) the magnitude of these path-dependent effects depends on the particular upstream and downstream competitive conditions. We test our hypotheses in a rich cross-industry sample of industrial resellers. We find that reseller relationships where manufacturers did not have a direct selling operation in place before initiating the relationship with the reseller have better relationship outcomes in terms of relationship satisfaction, transaction costs, and the level of information sharing, when compared to dual distribution situations where manufacturers added the in-house operation after initiating the relationship with the reseller; upstream competition attenuates this effect, while downstream competition aggravates it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prosperity of e-commerce has made more and more businesses willing to enter the e-commerce market, which has also brought a series of strategic collaboration between firms. This study considers game models with and without collaboration between the platform and the retailer. An e-commerce platform has relative logistics service sharing advantages while the retailer has relative procurement advantages. We formulated a multichannel supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and two retailers to explore the feasibility of the above strategic collaboration model. We utilized the Stackelberg game and Nash game approaches to obtain equilibrium solutions under both cooperative and noncooperative scenarios. Through a further analysis, we determined the impacts of the logistics sensitivity, the cost of the unit logistics service effort, the price of shared logistics service per unit, and the price competition intensity on optimal prices, the logistics service efforts, and the profits. Moreover, the collaborative exchange of advantages between the platform and the retailer needs to consider the interests of participating manufacturers in the game. Our extension suggests all three firms should actively promote deeper collaboration.

Enforcement is a key revenue management price discrimination tool. This study is first to address a hotel industry concern that enforcement is increasingly failing, as 3rd party agents resell unqualified prices to deal-oriented customers. We outline a decision model that involves the discount level (cost saving for the consumer) and information regarding a possible service denial by the hotel (risk to the consumer). Most importantly, this study is first to suggest, and empirically test, the notion that the level of discount might diminish the ability of information regarding service denial to reduce the undesirable behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and smart contracts in relation to resale royalty rights for artists. NFTs, which are digital assets stored on a blockchain, can be programmed to include a royalty payment for the original creator. The article explains the technical aspects of NFTs and smart contracts, clarifying that NFTs represent ownership rather than the artworks themselves. It also discusses the global landscape of resale royalty rights and the lack of legal initiatives in the United States. The article concludes by highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of NFTs in the art market. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Gestão e Desenvolvimento (18075436) is the property of Universidade Feevale and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The names of sixteen species of Polygala (Polygalaceae) collected by Luis Née and Thaddeus Haenke during the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794 were published mostly by C. L. Willdenow in Species Plantarum (1802) and by C. Presl in Reliquiae Haenkeanae (1835). Resale and/or redistribution of a large part of the collected specimens to various herbaria had hindered proper application of these names. Based on a thorough study of the original material, manuscripts, and pertinent literature, a critical review of the type collections for Polygala acuminata Willd., P. coridifolia C.Presl, P. gnidioides Willd., P. linarifolia Willd., P. minutiflora C.Presl, P. mucronata Willd., P. myrtilloides Willd., P. neaei DC., P. pavonii Chodat, P. polifolia C.Presl, P. quadrangula C.Presl, P. ramosissima Cav., P. sulcata Willd., P. tenella Willd., P. thesioides Willd., and P. velutina C.Presl is here presented. Lectotypes are designed for P. acuminata Willd., P. coridifolia C.Presl, P. linarifolia Willd., P. minutiflora C.Presl, P. mucronata Willd., P. myrtilloides Willd., P. neaei DC., P. quadrangula C.Presl, P. ramosissima Cav., P. tenella Willd., P. thesioides Willd., and P. velutina C.Presl, and two names are synonymized, P. coridifolia C.Presl (= P. aspalatha L.) and P. quadrangula C.Presl (= P. mexicana Moc. ex Cav.). Also, an erroneous lectotype designation for P. gnidioides Willd. by Bernardi is corrected to a lectotype designated by Rankin Rodríguez and Greuter, an erroneous lectotype designation for P. pavonii Chodat is corrected to a first step neotype and a second step neotype designated, and an erroneous neotype designation for P. tenella Willd. is corrected to a lectotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resale option theory states investors buy an asset containing a resale option where the value is tied to differences in opinion and short‐sale constraints. This study tests the validity of the resale option theory using warrants sold by individuals to other individuals in Taiwan. The findings of this study support the resale option theory. First, heterogeneous beliefs concerning warrant fundamentals and the fluctuation of heterogeneous beliefs are positively related to resale options. Second, when the estimation accounts for the float, risk‐bearing ratio, and floats relative to risk‐bearing capacity, the theory is valid. Third, the theory holds under the convergence of opinion differences around earnings announcements because resale options have a stronger link before the announcements than after the events. Finally, the holding‐period returns over the short‐term horizon are positive under an increase in opinion differences, consistent with the theory of resale options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of Volkswagen's 2015 emissions scandal ('Dieselgate') on the used car market in Israel. Using a difference‐in‐differences research design and administrative and proprietary data, we find that after Dieselgate the number of transactions involving VW‐manipulated cars fell by 18%, and the resale price of these cars fell by 6%. The drop in the number of transactions was concentrated among private sellers. We discuss alternative explanations and suggest that lower willingness‐to‐pay and adverse selection following Dieselgate could explain our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)