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Băl?ată Românească is a native cattle breed. The lactation determine a significant changes on physico-chemical parameters of milk. These parameters is influenced by haematological profile. It is important to evaluate the hematological profile, as is an assessment of the health of animals. HEM presents the lowest values in lactation 2, 8.32 ± 2.01 (g/dL) and higher lactation 5 10.35±0.96 (g/dl). HCT varies thus: lowest averages are 26.71±1.28 L1 and L5 highest in 29.87±1.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric fermentation process is of concern worldwide for its contribution to global warming. Methanogenesis process represents besides its contribution to greenhouse gases emissions an energy loss to the animal. In the last years, new strategy has been evaluated whether plant secondary metabolites can be used as natural additives to reduce ruminal methane emissions. The present study investigated the effects of trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids and catechin hydrate, four plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) on methane production and fermentation in in vitro ruminal cultures. The four PSMs were added anaerobically in a 6 mM concentration to 100 ml serum bottles containing 500 mg grass hay as substrate, 10 ml rumen fluid collected from a fistulated sheep and 40 ml 141 DSM culture medium. The bottles were incubated at 39 °C. The results showed that caffeic (p = 0.058) and p-coumaric (p = 0.052) acids tended to decrease methane production in comparison to control but the decrease was not statistic significantly at α= 0.05. The other two PSMs had no significant effect on methane production. Addition of PSMs did not affected the total gas volume, the pH and VFAs profile (P>0.05) in relation to the control (no PSM added). Caffeic and p-coumaric acids in 6 mM concentration showed promising effects for decreasing ruminal methane emissions without affecting ruminal fermentation parameters, further experiments with other concentrations needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the market demand for food is growing, aspect correlated with climatic changes more pronounced in the last decade, the growth technologies in fish farms it adapt, trying as much as possible to exclude environmental factors from the production equation. This is possible by maintaining constant physicochemical characteristics of water, artificially, using recirculating systems. Because some of the most important stages of the technological growth of trout are incubation, hatching and post-embryonic development, in this study we want to evaluate the obtained performance in two different growth systems: a classical system for incubation and post-embryonic development, respectively a recirculating system. Taken in the study two groups of 10.000 trout eggs each, with common origins, were studied and monitored: physico-chemical characteristics of the water in the two systems, losses during incubation, hatching rate, survival rate, duration of incubation and growth dynamics during post-embryonic stage. The results showed favorable and approximately constant values of the physico-chemical parameters in recirculating water system, while in the classical system were major variations. Also, the results for the other proposed objectives were favorable for the exploited group in recirculating system. This reflects the importance of recirculating systems using, at least in the early stages of the technological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigations on the incidence and intensity of parasitism in some endoparasytes in sheep performed on 376 animals (260 sheep and 116 young adult sheep) Turcana breed, Gilau area, Cluj County, indicated an increased incidence in trihostrongilidys of 72.7% in young sheep and 65.0% in adult sheep. The incidence of monesya had different values depending on age group, 45.5% at young sheep and 10.0% in adult sheep. The data obtained regarding the prevalence of hepatobiliary trematodsys of sheep in the study, indicates similar values for the two categories, 27.2% young sheep and 30.0% for adult sheep. Instead the extensivity of lung strongilatosys showed notable differences between the two groups of animals, 18.1% at young sheep and 35.0% in adult sheep. The cop microscopic pollution degree with trihostrongily eggs in correlation with age group, indicated a dominance of low infestation (50% young sheep and 61.5% adult sheep). In exchange, the data obtained on parasitism intensity with cestode oncospheres expresses a dominance of medium infestation (60.0%) in young sheep and the low (10.0%) in adult sheep. The intensity level of Hepatobiliary trematodosys parasitism in the young sheep showed a dominance of small and medium infestations (37.5%) and in adult sheep is dominant only at low infestations (45.4%). The larvae strongilatosys parasitism intensity in the lung detected similar values in the two age groups (50.0% in young sheep and 17.2% in adult sheep). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colostrum has many beneficial effects on newborns due to its main compounds (proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids, amino acids) as well as protective antibodies that confer to the body. The buffaloes are the second important species for milk production in the world after cows. The importance of the species is also conferred by a longer longevity, high dry content of milk and a strong organic resistance when compared with cows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of buffalo colostrum compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol and physicochemical parameters during the first seven days postpartum and under the impact of the season, summer on pasture and winter on dry diet (hay based). Results: Fat from colostrum differs depending on the postpartum day showing mean values of 11.31-7.56% (summer season) and 11.22-7.51% (winter season). These values gradually decreased starting with first day postpartum until day seven. Dry substance and protein presented a similar evolution to fat reaching the lowest values at the end of the colostral period. Lactose, ash and pH showed a gradually increase reaching the maximum on day seven postpartum. The highest titres of fatty acids from colostrum are: butyric acid (C4:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and the lowest values showed up in myristoleic acid (C14:1), cis-10 -pentadecanoic acid (C15:1), pentadecylic acid (C15:0) and margaric acid (C17:0) for both seasons. Higher concentrations have been recorded for the summer season in general. Cholesterol concentration decreased from 12.93 and 12.68 mg/100 mL (summer and winter season) to 9.02 and 7.88 mg/100 mL in the end of the colostral period. Conclusions: Physicochemical compounds of buffalo colostrum were influenced by season and postpartum day of milking. Excepting lactose all other parameters gradually decreased during colostral period. Fatty acids and cholesterol showed the same evolution, presenting higher values for the summer season. Specific feeding in the summer season (on pasture) did lead in more concentrated colostrum in dry substance, fatty acids and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the premise that achieving higher production and economic performance in the salmonid farms is strongly influenced by the processes of artificial breeding, on this study we wanted to highlight the optimal age at which rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) females can be used for breeding. For this, where randomly selected from the each growth basins, 20-breeding females by the following age groups: 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. Were determined: body weight of each females, the total number of eggs / female, individual mass of eggs, the diameter of eggs, the volume of eggs, respectively the individual weight of the ovaries. Based on the obtained data, were calculated the following selection and breeding indices: gonado-somatic report (GSr), Behning fertility coefficient (Bfc), respectively Williams absolute individual fecundity index (Waif). In the gonado-somatic report (GSr) was found an increased value from 15.33 ±0.299 at 3 years age, up to a maximum of 17.194±0.366 (at the age of 6 years). For females of 8 and 10 years ages, its found an decreased value from this report (16.267±0.406, respectively 13.070±0.630). For the Williams absolute individual fecundity index (Waif), were obtained increasing values, proportional with age (4.278±0.279 at 3 years, 6.799±0.562 at 10 years). The same aspect has been reported in the case of Behning fertility coefficient (Bfc). Based on evolution of selection and breeding indices values, we recommended in the technological processes the use of rainbow trout females with age between 4 and 8 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted in dynamic, in 2005-2010 period, regarding the incidence of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in Mures County, on a cumulative total of 925 actual horses from households in the commune and the 2 villages belonging and serologically tested (Coggins test) showed a significant decline in positive serologically diagnosed cases, 20 positive cases in 2005 (10.9%) to 3 positive cases in 2010 (0.25%). Cumulative distribution of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in the commune and the 2 villages belonging showed variation, in the commune 16 cases (5.04%), in the I village 26 cases (7.10%) and in the II village 10 cases (3.87%). Assessing responsiveness to equine infectious anaemia correlated with sex, in the time reported showed a higher receptivity in males (5.7%) than females (5.5%). Also was found a higher responsiveness to infectious disease between age group 6-10 years (3.4%) compared with the age group between 11-15 years (2.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and laboratory investigations on the incidence and intensity of sarcoptic mange in a herd of 156 young cattle and histo-pathological picture of changes in the skin, highlights the following: anatomical-clinical examination performed revealed that 47.4% of young cattle have examined clinical anatomical changes visible (crusts, depilation, itching and scratching), with significant differences related to age and type of anatomy-clinical manifestation. The incidence of sarcoptic mange by microscopic examination, is ranging from 34.75 (category 0 - 6 months) 38.0% (category 6-12 months) with an average of 36.5%. The intensity of parasitism with Sarcoptes scabiei, var. bovis is correlated with the age. Thus the 0-6 months category predominate weak infestation (44.0%), while the 6-12 months category predominate large and medium infestation (40.6%). Histo-pathologically, the sections made in the skin and colored shows the presence of parasites in exfoliate epithelium with a low limfo granulocytes infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological material of buffaloes in this area shows favorable characteristics in the direction of milk production with a total length of lactation almost close to the normal one, but the interval between births is quite high. Pure milk fat content on total lactation is 6.98% and 6.96% for normal lactation, with variations from the first lactation of 7.27% to 6.86% in the ninth lactation. The time of the dry period shows variation between 80.84 and 142.84 days and calving interval between 375.91 and 435.48 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer preferences regarding the various species of fish or aquatic organisms are highly variable. The criteria by which they orient are represented by: the price, organoleptic characteristics, healing and nutritional properties of meat. Today it is known that a high consumption of fish meat has a beneficial role in human health. Moreover, statistics indicates a high level of life expectancy in countries with tradition in terms of fish consumption, e.g. North- European and Asian countries. Statistics shows a high consumption of ocean fish and different species of salmonid family. The culture and intensive fish farming represents an alternative to the requirements of the fish market. The salmonids farmers focus their efforts to obtain high yields of high quality, in conditions of maximum economic efficiency. In Romania, the predominant specie encountered in salmonis farms is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully reared because of its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and disease, and efficient feed-conversion. For restocking mountain water with biological material, some trout farms operate successfully brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), a less effective specie for meat production, due to slow growth and development and low resistance to changing environmental factors. Profitability of fish production depends on the propagation processes, fish growth and developments, and supplying optimal environmental conditions for enhancement of the biological potential. The artificial reproduction of salmonids, involves several technological operations for achieving outstanding results on fisheries production. Of these operations, critical is the selection and improvement of breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were done on 7 alive samples in agonic or death stage, taken from an extensive exploitation pond, in north-east Transylvanian zone, with an water surface of 0,2 ha and a total fish quantity of about 200 kg, second summer carp of an average weight of 300 g/individual. As a result of clinical, bacterioscopy and bacteriology and also necropsy laboratory exam it were put in evidence some aspects. So, clinical exam has revealed, by the presence of integument hemorrhagic ulcerous lesions, also the presence of some crustacaee ectoparasites, Argulus foliaceus species, which have made easier the disease spreading in whole effective. Necropsy exam puts in evidence, anatomyclinic, the presence of integument hemorrhagic lesions under a point or diffuse form, but also ulcers and muscle - cutaneous necrosis. As a following of bacterioscopy exam of smears done from pathologic material taken in cutaneous lesions and colored by Gram method it was ascertained the presence of a bacterial polymorph flora, of bacillus and cocobacillus type, Gram negative. Bacteriologic exam (cultural), realized on ordinary culture mediums (sauce, water) and selective mediums (agar with blood) isolates in pure culture germs from Aeromonas kind, basis on morphological and cultural characters, which are framed in Aeromonas genus patterns described by speciality literature. As a following of biochemical characters exam, with the help of multitest API20E system it was established that Aeromonas spp. strains isolated, belong to hydrophila group 1 species, species which is responsible of bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia performing in carp. By testing the sensitiveness to antibodies and chemiotherapy in strains which have been found as diagnosis (diffusiometric method of antibiogram), it was ascertained that group 1 Aeromonas hydrophila strains, isolated from disease pesthole, were in decreasing order sensitive to : Eurofloxocin, Florfenicol (Floron) and Oxitetracycline and resistant to Ampiciline, Amoxicilin, Eritromicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and paraclinical investigations (morpho-pathologic, bacterioscopic, bacteriologic and sensitiveness test to antibodies) done on 20 fish (rainbow trout), dead or in agony state, taken from a furunculosis pesthole in Salmonidae and proceeded from an intensive exploitation unit of trout, in Cluj county, put in evidence the following aspects :To clinical exam, in breeding basins, it appears individuals (5 %) which have presented locomotor troubles, listless and untidy swimming in water surface, lateral swimming anorexia, and on tegument it is observed diffuse hemorrhagic zones, lost of fish scale and necrosis of fins. It appears also secondary infections with fungi of Saprolegnia genus under the form of a white- dirty, downy film. From the 20 trut corpses were isolated 2 bacterial strains, from anterior kidney and from raclage in fin basis, with congestive lesions. Bacteria isolated are developing only after an incubation at 20 - 25° C and does not grow up to 37° C, and to microscopic exam directly from sauce, the mobility is absent Classic biochemical tests put in evidence the following positive biochemic properties: cataloze, oxidaze, indolal and the presence of hemolytic activity. Biochemical properties testing on API20E gallery also puts in evidence properties as : positive gelatinousis and sucraze fermentation. Based on bacterial strains development isolated only to 20 - 25 °C and the above mentioned biochemic properties, respectively the absence of pigment, bacterial strains isolated are appointed in Aeromonas genus, Aeromonas salmonicida species, achromogenes subspecies. By sensitiveness test in different medicine substances, using antibiogram technique, bacterial strains isolated from pesthole are sensitive in a decreasing order to: nalidixic acid, oxitetracycline, florfenicol and eurofloxacin and resistant to ampicyline, amoxiclav and colistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth dynamics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), superior to other salmonids species, led to the exploitation of this species in the most countries of the world. The individuals of this species, depend on many factors, like environment, nutrition and genetics. In this study, authors have followed over 540 days, the evolution of body mass and average daily gain at the specimens of rainbow trout from Fiad-Telcisor salmonids complex, Bistrita-Nasaud county, from the larval stage and up to the stage of trout for consumption with an average weight of 250 gr. These studies are necessary to prepare a strategy on fisheries production planning, depending on market demand of these products and eliminating additional costs due to over production. Fish and fish products always represented a staple food in human nutrition. The aquatic resources of continental and oceanic natural waters, have permanently assured the humanity's food needs, but today, on the conditions of the demographic boom, may be destroyed the ecosystems balance, on the strenght of irrational exploitation of their (Svennevig & co., 2000). For this reason, specialists' attention bound for aquaculture, field of the last years a real progress (Goldburg & Naylor, 2005). On this economic stage, a fierce commercial competition and significantly reduction of the market price, involving development and alignment a new concept of strategy, to decrease the production price. For this, aquaculture producers focus their efforts to obtain high yields at a high quality level and in conditions of maximum efficiency. A common situation on the fish market in Romania, is to sell products. Lack of strategy on the relationship between production capacity of fish farms and marketing opportunities of these products, lead to the accumulation of hardly marketable stocks which involving additional financial burden (Popescu, 2009). To avoid such situations, are requested market studies and research on the possibilities to obtain rhytmic and constant productions. They involve serious knowledge about factors which influence the physiology of fish growth (Cocan & co., 2009). In Romania, but also in many other countries around the world, salmonid species predominantly found in farms are rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully exploited, due to its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and diseases, and due to efficient conversion of feed (Cocan, 2008). There have been numerous studies on the factors that influence the growth of rainbow trout, including: growth density, environmental conditions, water quality, the rate of removal of water or operating system adopted (North & co., 2006; Roque d'Orbcastel & co., 2009; Sørensen & co., 2005; Matthews & co., 1997; Clark, 2003). Leatherland (1993), has conducted studies on interaction between plasma growth hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol concentrations in rainbow trout, depending on the density of growth (150 kg/m³, respectively 60 kg/m³). The results demonstrated that to a high density, the growth rate drops significantly, due to high concentration of cortisol, but also due to restricted diet because of the high density. Because are poikilotherms, trouts shows changes of behavior and some physiological parameters according to season (Gallardo, 1997). Temperature is one of the abiotic factors with a major influence on the development of metabolic processes. Farming system adopted are also greatly influence on the growth dynamics of rainbow trout, each showing the advantages and disadvantages. Recirculating systems (RAS) providing optimal growth conditions, medial parameters being monitored continuously (Sirakov & Ivancheva, 2008), but inefficient water filtration systems can affect meat quality (Rønsholdt & McLean, 1999), or may give rise to health problems (Svobodova & co., 2005). Classical breeding systems are often at risk of contamination by polluted waters (Moogonei & co., 2010), and environmental conditions can not be controlled. In this study, authors have monitored the growth dynamics, body mass evolution and average daily growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), from Fiad-Telci or salmond complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and hygienic quality of milk is conditioned by animal health and hygiene of operated shelters, milking hygiene, staff, storage and cooling of milk immediately after milking, transport to the collection centers, processing and recovery units, and compliance with cold chain distribution network and marketing of milk (Miresan Vioara et al., 2009). All these are important links in quality management and milk as raw material milk products from producer to consumer. The food markets of Campia Turzii and Turda are small producers who sell milk from villages surrounding these cities. Milk samples were taken from seven sources of supply to different markets traders, which were performed on the physical-chemical milk fat content, protein, but the somatic cell count and total bacterial count. The results obtained on these quality parameters show that milk from these producers is within quality standards, but with the necessity to improve hygiene conditions at harvest and storage of milk sold in food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has targeted milk quality parameters collected morning and evening milking on three sequences. The following parameters were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count and weight of fatty acids depending on carbon chain (Jensen, R.G., 2002; Kurtz, F.E., 1987). Taking into account the fat content in both the morning milking and at evening, it increases the dynamic sequences of milking, in the sense that the second sequence of milking the fat content is higher by 75% from the first sequence milking. Differences between milking are very small and insignificant. A different aspect is the evolution of the milk protein content, meaning that it has a constant character, maximum differences of 5% between the second and third sequence of milking sequence of events, look at developments are observed and lactose content in milk. With regard to content in somatic cells, their development is of a tortuous, but at the same time on three different sequences of milking. Of fatty acids sequences have a significant weight in the morning to evening milking are palmate and oleic acids and with low are mostly the other fatty acids (myristic, lauric and caprylic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish and fish products were always a commodity in human nutrition. Aquaculture resources of natural continental or maritime waters permanently secured human food needs, but today, under the global population explosion, humanity may destroy the balance of existing ecosystems by exploiting their irrational considerations to which attention is directed to aquaculture specialists, knowing that real progress in recent years. In this economic stage, a fierce commercial competition and significantly reduce the market price, and achieving alignment implies a new concept of strategy to lower production cost, which ends with the use of improved genetic lines. Genetic improvement programs correctly applied in accordance with existing species and environmental conditions will help increase the performance of production and reproduction of fish and getting a low production cost, benefiting in this respect, both producers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk quality is influenced by many factors including rank lactation This study aims to present the evolution of the main quality parameters of milk as the fat, protein, lactose, dry matter and the number of somatic cells for the first five lactations in Bălţată Românească breed during twelve official controls, starting in June 2015 until the month of April 2016. The biological material studied was represented by three herds of dairy cows in three farms from Sălaj County (Crasna, Marin and Bodia villages). Analyzing qualitative parameters of milk obtained from the herds in lactation 1 during the 12 controls, there was a percent of 3.58% fat, 3.05% protein, 4.49% lactose and 8.48% dry substance and less than 100,000 cells/mL for SCC. in Crasna farm. These parameters varied over the five lactations, the highest values being ranked in lactation five. Herd from Marin farm presented a fat content of 4.44% in lactation 2, while the lowest percentage of fat was recorded in lactation 3 (3.66%). Regarding the protein, the highest percentage was obtained in lactation 2 (3.70%) and the lowest in lactation 1 (3.39%). In the farm from Bodia the values were intermediate between the two other farms. Lactation rank affects milk quality, so in lactation 1 there were recorded the lowest values of quality parameters of milk. Somatic cell count was under 100,000 for all three farms, suggesting a good health status of the herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical data of last years reveal a significant fish consumption increase by human, but also of other aquatic organisms, which are over 400 species, from which fishes represent about 200 species. Because natural resources are more and more reduced, the aquaculture has an ascendant trend and inside it the salinoniculture detains a forehead place. in this context, it is necessary to be permanently perfected salmonid breeding methods and technologies, following to obtain some production qualitatively as great and appropriate as possible, by maximum exploitation of the biological potential of culture material. inside this experiment, the authors determined the body weight and main morpho- physiological indices on a number of 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) breeding stock individuals, taking in study randomly 10 individuals (5 males and 5 females) from the existent four breeding stock populations inside Fiad trout farm, Bistriţa-Năsăud County. Description of these body weight indices and those of body frame ones, on age categories, will permit inside this trout farm the optimal age, body weight and body frame determination that breeding stock must have in view to obtain some viable and valuable offspring, both qualitatively and also quantitatively. Finally, the obtained data were statistically processed and interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches were conducted on a biologic material, a cow livestock, in different lactating stages and their physico-chemical parameters were determined: fat; protein, lactose, unfat dry substance, milk freight. Microbiologic determinations mainly envisioned: the number of somatic cells (NSC), number of total germs (NTG). The detection of this microbiologic parameter in the composition of cow milk provides information regarding the hygienic conditions of their production and handling. Correlations between the number of somatic cells, milk production and composition are employed in dairy cow farms, in order to assess losses caused by mastitis and the implementing of certain measures for the control of these diseases. On the other hand, correlations between the number of somatic cells and milk composition proveuseful in establishing milk processing behaviour, as the practice of setting milk raw matter prices according to the number of somatic cells in the milk is becoming increasingly more frequent in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades the genetic modified organisms (GMO) have started to "conquer", little by little our lives. The most widely used are the genetic modified plants, because they have big productions and they are resistant to different pests. In the beginning, the spread of the genetic modified plants was controlled, but today many countries cultivate genetic modified plants without any control. Among these countries Romania is ahead, starting the cultivation of the genetic modified plants in 1999, very soon after their obtaining. Today it seems that in Romania there are cultivated large surfaces with soy, potatoes and corn. The effect of these cultures on the environment is as far not completely known. This paper outline the effect of the food consumption obtained from this plants which may determine different sort of allergies, especially in children and the scientists are worried about their effect on long term use. Also, because the genetic modified plants have bigger productions than the normal ones and they are more resistant, the farmers are not encouraged to declare that they are using genetic modified seeds. So, in that way, the consumer does not know what kind of food he consumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the structure of the Danube crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) population from Ţaga Mare Lake, Cluj County was analyzed. According to the study results, three age categories (2+, 3+ and 4+) were identified for the Danube crayfish specimens. Numerically, females are more numerous than males, the sex ratio between males and females being as follows: SR2+ = 0.33; SR3+ = 0.33; SR4+ = 0.86. In terms of body size, males are better developed, except for their abdominal segments, where females are better developed due to the female reproductive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations carried out on a herd of 485 sheep (ovine adult and youth), a private unit of household type, regarding the incidence of pod dermatitis and the picture in dynamic of clinical anatomical changes in the period January-April 2011, highlights the increasing frequency of their 2.2% in January to 2.7% in February, 3.4% in March and 4.6 in April. Of all disease, are dominant lesions of pod dermatitis with necrobacilium (66.1%), followed by lesions of felon (15.9%), suppurative pod dermatitis (12.9%) and other causes (6.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were collected samples of mammary gland tissue from Turcana breed sheep, nearly aged, in lactation stage and with similar mammary gland volume/conformation. By histological and stereological evaluation were determined the relative areas of glandular parenchyma (mammary alveoli, excretion canaliculli system) and stroma (connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves). Before histological sample collecting was determined the average milk production resulted from three successive milking days. The results revealed positive correlations between average milk production and glandular parenchyma area and negative correlations between average milk production and connective stroma area from mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper shares the results of genetic structure analysis of the PEN-P gene, carried out in an ovine nucleus of Merinos of Cluj breed. Biological samples (blood) were collected from 20 rams (Merinos of Cluj breed) from a herd in genetics conservation belonging to SDE Cluj-Napoca and were genotyped at the PRN-P locus by means of primer extension analysis, and the final products were analyzed on a Genetic Analyzer ABI Prism 3130 xl. The frequency of genes by haplotypes were identified, and the individuals were categorized in risk groups based on the frequency of the identified genotype, with a view to applying assisted selection at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic engineering appeared as an own scientific discipline at the beginnings of '70 and till today it has many definitions, but the most comprehensive looks to be the following: genetic engineering represents an ensemble of methods and technologies made "in vitro" with genes, chromosomes and some times with entire cells, on the purpose of "building" of some new genetic structures with premeditated hereditary properties (Popa L. şI col., 1982, cit. Vlaic A., 1998). Practically the term of genetic modified organism designate every organism of which genetic patrimony was modified using the specific methods of genetic engineering. Presently the genetic modified organisms have an increasing role in the environment, this being the reason why this paper presents the GMO and their socio-economical role. The purpose of the paper is to produce an exhaustive image regarding the presence of the GMO, regarding their utilisation and risks. Supplementary the paper presents the way how the transgenic plants were obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigations were done on the ruminal juice from sheep youth of Tigaia, Merino of Clue and Corriedale breeds in fattening in fact stage. In view to establish the fodder structures' effect on ruminant microflora and microfauna it was done the microscopic exam of ruminal juice to all the experimental breed structures on phases, making clear also, through centrifugation, the proportion of infusoria and bacterium. Also, was determined through the hemocytometric method, the number of protozoa and bacterium in ruminal juice. With the purpose to point out the bacterium genus it was used the Gram staining. Doing the analysis of the obtained values on fattening phases it was ascertained a greater number of bacterium in the growing phase after which it is recording a diminution of them in fattening and finishing phases. The number of protozoa determined on ml is similar to the data cited in specialty literature for the intensive fattening technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of increase the fish farms productivity and diversification of aquaculture products, have been evaluated the growth dynamics of three species of trout: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). All three species of trout were grown in Trecătoarea Ursului trout farm, Braşov County and have benefited from the same environmental parameters and the same feeding conditions. The growth dynamics of rainbow trout was significantly higher, compared to the other two species. This is the result of domestication and improvement of rainbow trout, as well as its genetic characters. The lower growth dynamics of brook trout and arctic charr increase the production price, this aspect having directly implications on the selling price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was examined the influence of seasons and farming systems on hematological profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the classical growth system, the mean values of hematological indices showed large variations, depending on the season. In the recirculating growth system, hematological indices were relatively constant, regardless of the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because recirculating systems for breeding fish (in general) and trout (in particular), are more and more used in fish production and aquaculture, we investigated the influence of two different growth systems (classic system vs. recirculating system) on the fish health. Physiological status of trout was evaluated by histological investigations made at the liver level. At trout reared in the classical system, histological changes have not been major. At trout reared in a recirculating system, where environmental conditions are maintained at optimum parameters, voluntary feed intake (much enhanced by optimal environmental conditions), led to the appearance of massive lipid inclusion, such as the liver appears to be a hypertrophic fat mass. This may lead to the occurrence of the diseases and could endanger fish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphopathological research performed on organs (liver, lungs, and mesenteric lymphonodules) prelevated from 51 cattle individuals (21 youngs and 30 adults), slaughtered during January - June 2014 in SC ROXMONT TRADING SRL slaughter house from IARA village, county of CLUJ, concerning the incidence of some digestive and lung endoparasitosis, as well as produced lesional picture. It emphasizes the incidence of cronic fasciolosis with different values, from 9.5% (in young) up to 16.6% (in adults), being in correlation to cattle grazing areas high dry land areas or low marshy areas, rich in aquatic gastropods, intermediate hosts in the life cycle of the parasite Fasciola hepatica. The hepatic and lung ehinococcosis have a different incidence with variation function of age category. Thus, in young the incidence, in both localizations (liver and lungs) have identic values from 28.5%; in adults values are different, 50% located in liver and 66.6% located in lungs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of meat and meat products is an essential component in the human diet (Banu C. 2007). To assess the quality of meat products obtained from SC "Marele Alb" SRL Turda where carried out physical-chemical and microbiological analyses, effected periodically and on lots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to modernization of growth technologies and the increasing of growth trout densities, were highlighted differences in terms of the final products obtained quality. Therefore, we aimed to identify the possible morphological and histological changes of the digestive system of rainbow trout, by adequate investigation on some specimens from two different farming systems, one classical and the other superintensive-recirculating. Respecting the working protocols, were slaughtered trout from each system, being prelevated samples and segments of the esophagus and stomach. The results did not reveal morphological and histological differences, except for some lipids deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aimed the quality parameters analysis collected from three milk collection centers in the NW Transylvania which used to obtain different types of milk based products. The average values obtained for milk collection centre 1 was 3.78±0.04% fat, 3.27±0.02% protein, 8.62±0.04% dry matter, density 27.97±0.030L, SCN 239.97/ml"1000 and TGN 102.90/ml"1000; for the average collection centre 2 were obtained 3.76±0.03% fat, 3.27±0.01% protein, 8.62±0.03% dry matter, density 27.98±0.040L, SCN 194.07/ml"1000 and TGN 118.67/ml"1000; for the average collection centre 3 were obtained 3.69±0.03% fat, 3.24±0.01% protein, 8.61±0.02% dry matter, density 27.92±2.140L, SCN 131.93/ml"1000 and TGN 153.97/ml"1000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because there are few salmonid farms in Romania where trout are artificially breed, is necessary for them to streamline their technological and economic activities, based on a selection-breeding program. Factors that influence the production and reproduction performance of rainbow trout are numerous, one of them being breeding age. Due to this, we aimed to identify the optimal age for use in breeding females of rainbow trout. For this, were randomized retained 20 rainbow trout females with 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years age old (20 from each category). They were weighed and measured, being analyzed the breeding performance, like ovary weight, the total number of eggs, egg diameter, egg volume, individual mass of eggs. The obtained data were used to calculate the reproduction indices: gonadosomatic ratio GSr, absolute individual index of fertility - Williams Waif, Behning-fertility coefficient Bfc. Between the values of these indices and the values of initial phenotypic characters analyzed, were calculated correlations. The results lead to the conclusion that, in practice, must be used rainbow trout females between the ages of 4 and 6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional value of milk is closely related to its chemical composition and it is estimated that milk contains high vegetable protein, the same amount of meat protein. In biochemical terms, cow's milk contains four major elements: protein, carbohydrates, lipids and minerals. The working method used consisted of physical-chemical and microbiological analysis of raw milk, analyzes were conducted in the laboratory of the fabrics. The periods of analysis were November-December 2011 and January-April 2012, and were taken a total of five samples monthly. The results of the study on the quality of raw milk processed in SC Romfulda SRL Beclean-Bistriţa suggests that this unit is getting shifted to correspond to consumer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study tracked seasonal variations as an influence on the main milk components (fat and protein) and quality parameters in terms of content in somatic cells (SCC) and total bacterial count (NTG). The biological material studied was represented by 20 head of dairy cows Romanian spotted breed from which milk samples were collected in four seasons of the year. The results obtained shown differences in the studied parameters according to the season, differences that are due to different diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction is one of the most important function of organisms, after which arise descendants that inherit the parental characteristics. At fish, the reproduction is materialized following the occurrence a large number of gametes (Miclea and Zăhan, 2006). At the majority salmonids species, the breeders are procured from the natural environment, during the breeding. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) case, the breeding stock is reared in special ponds from the trout farms. In this case, the breeding stock is the results of a strict selection (Gjedrem, 2005), and the growth requires optimal environmental conditions. As the literature shows differences regarding the production performances of rainbow trout female according to their age (Fornshell, 2002), in the present study we aimed to determine the fertility and eggs quality in four age categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a summary of a study on the peculiarities of oro-pharyngeal cavity of rainbow trout fish. It shows that the oro-pharyngeal cavity, which represents the first section of the digestive tract in fish, has some morpho-histological peculiarities in terms of shape and of couple anatomical segments. It also characterizes the morphological and histological attributes of the said segment of the fish's digestive system.

This article discusses a study of the physico-chemical parameters from buffalo raw milk during different lactations. The study started from the fact that the quality assurance of starting material is one of the principal parameters which is conditioning the quality of end product. It provided the results of the physico-chemical investigation of the buffalo milk fated in the industrial processing.

Fish meat is an important source of nutrients, having organoleptic and dietary properties, especially important for human nutrition, in the form of essential and non-essential amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids such as Omega 3, Omega 6, Omega 9 and Omega 12. They are essential for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease or various forms of cancer, like colorectal cancer. In the present study, characteristics and chemical properties of the meat were analyzed in eight different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), golden grey mullet (Liza aurata), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), sea bream (Sparus aurata) and prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). The characteristics and chemical properties of the meat were analyzed, taking into account the anatomical muscle segments (epaxial muscles, hypaxial muscles and caudal peduncle muscles). The analyses of the chemical composition of the meat consisted of: water content (%), dry matter (%), crude protein (Pb%), crude fat (Gb%) and mineral content (Min.%). The proximate analysis results are influenced by many factors, such as the sex of fish, the age of fish, the catch season, the farming system used, the geographical region of catch, the time from harvest to analysis, the conservation method, and many others. The results offer important information regarding the structure and composition of fish meat available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given to the peculiarities of the lactating buffaloes behavior and for influencing the chemical composition and technological quality of the final products made from buffalo milk, we thought it advisable to study the main physico-chemical parameters (fat, protein, lactose and solids) from the herd of buffaloes GDG Cluj county formed from 72 buffaloes in I-VIII lactations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are major components of buffalo milk with great implications in nutrition and economical aspects. The nutritional value of buffalo milk is derived from its complex chemical composition and its high rate of assimilation. Major fatty acids found in both milk and cheese were: palmitic acid (16:0), oleic (18:1) and stearic (18:0). The ratio between UFA/SFA was 0.3, lower than the threshold of 1.5 which is considered to not raise negative health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy buffalo feeding must supply their optimal economic and technical level and highlights their biological production potential output. This study aims to emphasize the results of the physical and chemical compounds analyze from the administered forage to lactating buffaloes, and profile of the fatty acids, using gas chromatography. The most representative fatty acids from the forage are: palmitic acid C16:0, linoleic acid C18:2 and linolenic acid C18:3. The dry matter of the administered forage to lactating buffaloes varies between the following average values: 88.65±0.02% and 93.59±0.01%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the main milk components function of lactation. The following components were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, non-lipid dry matter, density, and pH. In our study these components are influenced by the specific reference seasonal conditions. The average fat percent in milk frames within: 7.23-8.89%; protein 5.17-5.42% and lactose 4.19-4.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the milk production performances of the Romanian dairy breed of buffaloes from three important areas of Sălaj county from north-western Romania. This county has oneof the valuable buffalo herds from Romania. Comparative analysis in the direction of the maincharacteristics of buffalo milk production were conducted on a herd of 65 buffaloes exploited in extensivetraditional conditions. In terms of milk production total lactation it ranks highest value in lactation VIIIi.e. 1679.92 kg in area I, 1675.79 kg in lactation VI in area II, respectivelly 1442.53 kg in lactation VI inarea III. Differences are less than 1% from normal lactation, with small variations from one lactation toanother. These small differences between buffaloes and lactations emphasizes the use of buffaloes forother destinations (traction). The calving interval in buffaloes in this study presents the highest valuesi.e. 485.26 days in lactation VI, area I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]