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This study aims to evaluate a learning of reaction rates with nested curricular arrangement which is combined with connected curricular arrangement to improve critical thinking skills of the students. The evaluation of this study is based on the result of data collecting toward the implementation of learning, students’ activities, learning outcomes, critical thinking skills, and students’ responses. This study is conducted using scientific inquiry. The research design used in this study is one group pretest-posttest design including pre-experimental research. The subjects of this study are 36 X graders of MIPA 8 at SMAN 1 Manyar Gresik. The result of this study shows that the implementation of a learning of reaction rates with nested curricular arrangement which is combined with connected curricular arrangement to improve critical thinking skills of the students is in very high value category with percentage of agreement around ≥75% and value of the relevant students’ activity is greater than the percentage of the irrelevant students’ activity so that it has a better category. The students’ learning outcomes and critical thinking skills have significantly improved after conducting a learning about reaction rates with nested curricular arrangement which is combined with connected curricular arrangement which is analyzed using t-test. However, there are some students get post-test score under the expected standard value. This learning about reaction rates with nested curricular arrangement which is combined with connected curricular arrangement receives a positive responses from the students of 87, 22% by collecting data using a questionnaire response.Keywords: Critical Thinking Skills, Inquiry, Nested, Connected

The study aimed to describe the implementation of scaffolding game media to improve learning outcomes of thematic learning in VI-grade at SDN 27 Pontianak (Pontianak 27 State Elementary School). The research method used by researchers was descriptive. The form of research was Classroom Action Research. Data collection techniques in this study were observed and questionnaire responses of students. Research collection tools in the form of observation sheets. This research was conducted for two cycles. The results of this study included the ability of teachers to plan learning using scaffolding game media, namely cycle I (85.81%), increased 9.94% in cycle II (95.75%) with an average value of 87.41% (category very good). The ability of teachers to implement learning in the first cycle (76.19%) increased by 16.27%, and the second cycle to 92.46% with an average value of both cycles of 92.46% (very good category), an increase of 16, 27%. The first cycle learning activities with an average of 76.45% increased by 14.84% in the second cycle with an average value of 89.07%, the average score of the second cycle learning activities 81.65% (once category) and the questionnaire response positive students as much as 85.93% (very good category). The first cycle learning outcomes test with an average value was 76.45, and the second cycle was 79.48%, the average value of the learning outcomes test was 77.97% (good category), and an increase of 30.3%. Based on data analysis of student learning outcomes, shows that the use of Scaffolding Game media can improve student learning outcomes.

The aim of this research was to develop a module of Geometry at junior high schools for Think Pair Share Learning based on Ki Hadjar Dewantara teachings and to determine the feasibility of the module. This study was used Research and Development (R&D) method. This research has produced a module of geometry. It has been tested twice, namely a limited trial of 5 students and a main trial of 25 students in SMP N 12 Yogyakarta. The module has been validated by the material expert validator and the module expert validator who are lecturers of mathematics education department and the teacher. The mean score for the material is 3,59 wich is categorized very well, while mean score the module is 3,77 wich is categorized very well too. The student questionnaire responses obtained an average score of 88,09 and the percentage of learning accomplishment was 93.92%. As a result, this module was very well criteria and feasible to use. Eligibility is also supported by the correlation of students’ questionnaire response scores and learning achievement tests with a correlation coefficient of 0.53 with a high category, so this module is feasible to use.

The inquiry-link maps in learning physics can help students to improve their science process skills. Science process skills can be identified through students’ understanding of physics. This study aims to describe the profile of students’ understanding of physics and its relationship with science process skills through inquiry-link maps. The profile of students ‘understanding of physics is known based on the results of the students’ initial test scores on physics material which is also accompanied by filling out a questionnaire response. The results on students’ initial understanding of physics are shown in quantitative and qualitative data. Based on the results of the study, students have adequate specific knowledge of physics ability, especially on several material. Physics materials that are considered difficult is thermodynamics because the teacher does not give examples, and the student is never doing laboratory activities. The results show that students have difficulty in applying scientific methods which is one of the indicators in science process skills.

Objectives: A patient's suicide is arguably the event of most concern to consultant psychiatrists. Given the rise in the rate of suicide in the Republic of Ireland, the impact it has should not be underestimated. The aims of the study were: to assess the effect a patient's suicide has on a consultant's personal and professional life; to identify what factors modulated or exacerbated their response to the suicide; and to highlight what was shown to be beneficial in coping with the aftermath.Methods: Following a literature review, a questionnaire from a previous study was chosen. This was sent to 74 consultants working in the Munster province. It asked consultants to recall their ‘most distressing’ suicide and their response to it. The results were analysed using quantitative methodology. A further literature review was conducted on the issues raised.Results: The questionnaire response rate was 67.5%. A total of 80% of consultants had a patient commit suicide under their care. In the case of 27.5%, consultants said that their personal lives had been affected by the suicide and 32.5% said that their professional lives had been affected. The majority of those affected were recently appointed consultants. Consultants' peers and team were significant sources of support, as were team meetings. A total of 57.5% of consultants said that their management of future suicidal patients had changed following the suicide.Conclusions: A proportion of consultants experience negative effects in their lives as a consequence of patient suicide. However the support of consultant peers, the team and team meetings may help in the aftermath.

Based on the results of the analysis of the needs in elementary school at Kalimacan Sragen regency, it is found that the learning result of the students is still low, the learning media used has not cultivated the students' learning interest and the presentation of the less interesting IPS learning materials. This type of research is the Research and Development (R&D) by Borg & Gall. Product validation test conducted by a team of experts or an expert assessment, practicality test conducted by questionnaire response after learning of students and teachers, as well as the effectiveness of the test conducted pre-exsperimental design with one group pretest posttest study. The results of this development research that is produced product of comic based media problem that "Valid" with score 82,9%. The practicality of the product in learning is obtained from the result of questionnaire of student and teacher response with score respectively 84,4% and 86,9% in "Very Practical" criterion. Retrieved effectiveness of study of the test results is limited by the analysis of N-gain is an increase (gain) learning outcomes Elementary School fourth grade students Kalimacan amounted to 0.651 in the category "Medium". Based on the results of development research conducted, then the development of learning media Social science comic-based problem declared valid, practical and effective to improve student learning outcomes fourth grade elementary school.

The purpose of this chapter is to examine survey questionnaire as an instrument of primary data collection in business research. Data sources and authority are envisaged in this chapter differentiating between the two levels. An investigation of two approaches of primary data collection is developed including observation and communication approaches. The chapter examines self-administered survey questionnaires clarifying the advantages and disadvantages of this instrument. The process of questionnaire design is thoroughly scrutinised with an introduction of 6-W model of questionnaire design. Also questionnaire structure, item content and wording are investigated. Questionnaire response strategy is a crucial factor to be taken into consideration employing open-ended or closed-ended response questions. Researchers’ decision to employ open-ended or closed-ended response is strongly related to research objectives. Ways to investigate instrument improvement are clarified and finally a conclusion is provided.

Experience is divided into learning. Student the worksheet is used as a medium to train students’ critical skills. The research design used is ADDIE approach. The ADDIE stage it uses Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Validation testing of some experts is a way to look at the feasibility of student worksheet and conduct tests (pretest-posttest) to determine whether or not the improvement of critical thinking skills of learners. The sample used in the research is student first semester of physics education department. Development of student worksheet-based scientific approach gets a good predicate based on expert validation. The data generated from the questionnaire response of learners with a very good score that shows learners happy using student worksheet in the learning process. There is also an increase in critical thinking skills with an increase in the N-gain value of 0.61. It shows the effectiveness in a learning process. Based on the results, the development of student worksheet based scientific approach can be an alternative to train the thinking skills.

This abstract illustrates major results obtained from the questionnaire survey carried out in Kesennuma on October 2018.We conducted a questionnaire survey focusing on the lifestyles of young migrants living in Kesennuma. The questionnaire was carried out through the Internet using the Google Form. The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1) attitude toward work, income and time management, 2) use of the Internet and 3) interaction with local people.Kesennuma is the region where greatly damaged by the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011. Many volunteers visited this tsunami-hit area and spent days in reconstructing the area with the local people. Among those volunteers, a certain number of young people decided to migrate from other parts of Japan to the tsunami damaged area. Some left their jobs and found a new job in this area, some after graduating universities started new business, and some returned to their parents’ home to help them. Since then, they have been working continuously in many ways, with the local people in order to revitalize the tsunami-hit area, especially in Kesennuma.The objective of the questionnaire was to find out the reasons why those young people decided to migrate from other parts of Japan and settle down in this local area.The questionnaire was distributed to those young migrants in Kesennuma area who contacted with the Kesennuma Centre for Migration and Settlement. We received answers from 108 young migrants, and the response rate of the questionnaire was 87%. This number is extremely high compared to common questionnaire response percentage.We focused on the three topics of the questionnaire, namely Q1: Are you satisfied with your life here?, Q2: How many hours do you use the Internet per day? Q3: How far do you visit your local acquaintances?

Objective To explore how physiotherapists currently address analgesic use among patients with hip osteoarthritis, and their beliefs about the acceptability of prescribing for these patients. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire was mailed to 3126 UK-based physiotherapists. Approaches to analgesic use among patients with hip osteoarthritis were explored using a case vignette. Semi-structured telephone interviews were undertaken with 21 questionnaire responders and analysed thematically. Setting UK. Participants Physiotherapists who had treated a patient with hip osteoarthritis in the previous 6 months. Results Questionnaire response: 53% (n = 1646). One thousand one hundred forty eight physiotherapists reported treating a patient with hip osteoarthritis in the last 6 months (applicable responses), of whom nine (1%) were non-medical prescribers. Nearly all physiotherapists (98%) reported that they would address analgesic use for the patient with hip osteoarthritis, most commonly by signposting them to their GP (83%). Fifty six percent would discuss optimal use of current medication, and 33%, would discuss use of over-the-counter medications. Interviews revealed that variations in physiotherapists’ approaches to analgesic use were influenced by personal confidence, patient safety concerns, and their perceived professional remit. Whilst many recognised the benefits of analgesia prescribing for both patients and GP workload, additional responsibility for patient safety was a perceived barrier. Conclusions How physiotherapists currently address analgesic use with patients with hip osteoarthritis is variable. Although the potential benefits of independent prescribing were recognised, not all physiotherapist want the additional responsibility. Further guidance supporting optimisation of analgesic use among patients with hip OA may help better align care with best practice guidelines and reduce GP referrals.

Cancer prevention and early detection strategies are fundamental to reducing breast cancer burden. Offering prevention guidance on modifiable risk factors within early detection settings is rare. We aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a magazine focused on lifestyle and cancer prevention for use in breast screening clinics. A lifestyle magazine was developed and distributed within two breast screening settings in the West of Scotland over a 2-month period. Women were either offered the magazine on arrival or in a self-service format. Uptake was recorded by NHS staff. Women's views were sought via an evaluation questionnaire. Staff were interviewed on their experiences of intervention delivery. Uptake was greatest when offered to attendees (95% vs. 20% self-service). The evaluation questionnaire response rate was 17.3%. Almost 60% of respondents reported an increased knowledge about breast cancer and lifestyle and felt motivated to find out more about cancer prevention and 40% expressed intentions to make lifestyle changes. Over 90% of respondents thought lifestyle factors were important in breast cancer prevention. Staff feedback was positive, indicating no detrimental effects on workloads. In conclusion, a cancer prevention lifestyle magazine can be successfully delivered in the breast screening setting and deserves further exploration for roll out.

Background: Oral examinations are a useful tool to appraise certain medical skills compared to other examinations. However, they have some disadvantages that might be reduced with standardization. Aim: To compare students’ perception comparing a standardized oral exam (SOE) versus a traditional, non-standardized oral exam (NSOE). Material and Methods: During the first semester of 2013 a NSOE was applied to internal medicine undergraduate students. During the second semester, a SOE was applied. An anonymous and voluntary perception questionnaire, consisting in 10 questions based on a 5-level Likert scale, was answered by these students. Statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Among the 118 students, 50.8% were evaluated using NSOE and 49.2% using SOE. Questionnaire response rate was 84%. Among respondents, 52% took the SOE and 48%, the NSOE. Students evaluated using SOE perceived that the degree of complexity of clinical cases was similar for all examinees (p < 0.05), that exam duration was standardized (p < 0.05), and that grades obtained were less influenced by the clinical site where the exam was taken (p < 0.05). However, anxiety level remained high in both groups, as well as the overall satisfaction experience. Conclusions: Standardization of an oral examination improves the perception of medical students about levels of difficulty, duration and external influences on the final grade.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of dietetic practice placements in European higher education institutions (HEIs). Design/methodology/approach – An online questionnaire was used to investigate adherence to the European Dietetic Practice Placement Standards. Supporting documents were assessed against the “Guide to best practice” criteria. Findings – The questionnaire response rate was 39 out of 67 DIETS2 partners, representing 19 European countries. According to the questionnaire, the majority of HEIs have a formal agreement regarding roles and responsibilities on practice placement. They have clear learning outcomes, policies, standards and procedures to test, approve and monitor practice placements. However, less than half HEIs provide support and training for supervisors. Practice placement documentations from 16 European HEIs were assessed against the 15 “Guide to best practice” criteria. Only 1 HEI met all 15 criteria. The range of the rest HEIs fell between 1-14 criteria, the mean being 10 criteria. The least met criterion concerned appropriate support and guidance for supervisors, which was met by 18.8 per cent of HEIs. Practical implications – Promoting high-quality practice placements is crucial for the preparation of the dietetic workforce to meet changing societal needs of the dietetic profession, impacting on European nutritional health and productivity. Originality/value – This study is the first attempt to specifically address quality measures on dietetic practice placements in HEIs across Europe and highlights the issues that need improvement to prepare students for their new roles as dietitians in Europe.

Although the implementation of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) could increase productivity of radiology departments, this depends on factors such as the PACS competence of radiologic technologists (RTs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the RTs’ perceptions of PACS competence and educational issues in Western Australia (WA). A hardcopy questionnaire was distributed to WA RTs for obtaining their perceptions of PACS competence and educational issues. Descriptive (percentage of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t test and analysis of variance) were used to analyze the responses of the multiple choice and five-point scale questions from the returned questionnaires. The questionnaire response rate was 57.7 % (173 out of 300). The mean values of all PACS competence questions except questions 2e–g are in the range of 3.9–4.9, i.e., around competent to very competent. Participants indicated they received adequate PACS training (mean 3.8). Statistically significant variables influencing RTs’ perceptions of their PACS competence and educational issues including the age (p

Background: The diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis have evolved over time and currently the 2010 McDonald criteria are the most widely accepted. These criteria allow the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis to be made at the clinically isolated syndrome stage provided certain criteria are met on a single magnetic resonance brain scan. Our hypothesis was that neurologists in Scotland did not use these criteria routinely. Method: We sent a SurveyMonkey questionnaire to all Scottish neurologists (consultants and trainees) regarding the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Results: Our questionnaire response rate was 65/99 (66%). Most Scottish neurologists were aware of the criteria and 31/58 (53%) felt that they were using these routinely. However, in a clinical vignette designed to test the application of these criteria, only 5/57 (9%) of neurologists appeared to use them. Conclusion: Scottish neurologists’ use of the 2010 McDonald criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis varies from practitioners’ perception of their use of these criteria.

In this analysis, to classify the customer from the marketing of purchasing data and survey respondents of data. And, what kind of difference in the survey responses of each customer, to analyze what they are buying.

This research aims to (1) produce a reasonable science student worksheet to improve collaboration and communication skills of junior high school student, (2) • determine the student's collaboration skills training by the Wadi worksheet, (3) • determine the student's communication skils training by the Wadi worksheet, (4) • determine the student's response after using the worksheets. This research is R D with 4 D models (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The instruments used in this research consisted of validation form of science student worksheet, the student's questionnaire response form, the form of learning process with project based learning models, self-just my assesment of collaboration skills, peer-just my assesment of collaboration skills, observation sheet of collaboration skills, and observation sheet of communication skills. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis for the data of worksheet's validation and students's response. Quantitative analysis for collaboration skills training of self-just my assesment; Peer-just my assesment; and observation sheet data and communication skills training of observation sheet data that for both of them by percentage calculations-gain score calculation U Mann-Whitney, and for percentage of learning process. The result showed that (1) the worksheet that has produced was reasonable to improve collaboration and communication skills of junior high school student; (2) student's collaboration skills training have moderate categories, 31.54% from it is "enough" to be "good" with significantly difference before and after using the worksheet score, by signification value (Sig) was 0.000; (3) the student's communication skills training have moderate categories, it is 47.96% from "less" to be "good" with significantly difference before and after using the worksheet score, by signification value (Sig) was 0.000; (4) the student's response got the worksheet with very well categories (A).

The study explores how residents and faculty assess the ACGME's 16-h limit on intern shifts.Questionnaire response rates were 76% for residents (N = 291) and 71% for faculty (N = 279) in 13 general surgery residency programs. Results include means, percentage in agreement, and statistical tests for 15 questionnaire items. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 39 residents and 43 faculty were analyzed for main themes.Few view the intern shift limit as a positive change. Views differ (P 0.01) for residents and faculty on 12 of 15 item means and across PGY levels on all 15 items. Interviews indicate concerns about losses with respect to education and professional development, difficulties when interns transition to their second year, and how intern shifts may be more fatiguing than expected.The 16-h limit on intern shifts has remained a source of concern and an educational challenge for residents and faculty.

IntroductionMigraine is the leading cause of age-adjusted neurological disability in Australia, but little is known about headache training in our region. We aimed to assess the quantity of teaching in headache subjects during undergraduate and postgraduate years.MethodThis is a cross-sectional survey study where questionnaires were sent to 137 delegates from Australia, New Zealand and Asia, prior to the Headache Master School in Sydney in August 2018. The Main outcome measured are recalled number of hours of teaching in undergraduate year and postgraduate years in: 1) Migraine; 2) Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs); 3) Asthma; 4) Myasthenia gravis (MG).ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 73% (100 of 137), of which 29 delegates were within 10 years of completing their undergraduate degree and 98 were neurologists. In undergraduate training, there was much greater quantity of teaching in asthma than migraine (Z=5.007, pConclusionsDespite the high prevalence and morbidity of headache disorders, they receive less attention in training than conditions with similar prevalence. We propose that headache training opportunities should be improved in our region, particularly in the undergraduate course and preceptorships or fellowships in postgraduate years.

Objectives: It is recommended that magnetic resonance (MR) technologists should not work alone due to potential occupational health risks although lone working is legally acceptable. The objective of this study was to investigate the current situation of lone working MR technologists in Western Australia (WA) and any issue against the regulations. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire regarding the issues of occupational health of lone working MR technologists was developed based on relevant literature and distributed to WA MR technologists. Descriptive (percentage of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact, Chi2 and t tests, and analysis of variance) were used to analyze the responses of the yes/no, multiple choice and 5 pt scale questions from the returned questionnaires. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 65.6% (59/90). It was found that about half of the MR technologists (45.8%, 27/59) experienced lone working. The private magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) centers were more likely to arrange technologists to work alone (p < 0.05). The respondents expressed positive views on issues of adequacy of training and arrangement, confidence and comfort towards lone working except immediate assistance for emergency (mean: 3). Factors of existence of MRI safety officer (p < 0.05) and nature of lone working (p < 0.001-0.05) affected MR technologists' concerns. Conclusions: Lone working of MR technologists is common in WA especially in private centers. The training and arrangement provided seem to be adequate for meeting the legal requirements. However, several areas should be improved by the workplaces including enhancement on immediate emergency assistance and concern relief.

Objective This research aimed to investigate motivations for studying chiropractic, and to determine what students look for in a course/college and potential barriers to studying chiropractic. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional survey. Following IRB/Ethical approval, a paper-based questionnaire was distributed to students at McTimoney College of Chiropractic. Demographic data were compared to another chiropractic college in the United Kingdom. Results The questionnaire response rate was 70.8% (n = 121). Motivating factors for studying chiropractic included a desire to help others (54.5%, n = 66), with 44.6% (n = 54) attracted by chiropractic's holistic, drugless approach to health. Previous help from chiropractic influenced 55.4% (n = 67) and 22.3% (n = 27) felt chiropractic had “changed their life.” Just over half of the respondents (55.4%, n = 67) viewed the ability to work while studying as extremely important and 73.6% (n = 89) said they could not have studied chiropractic without this. Conclusion Previous help from chiropractic care was a common motivation for studying chiropractic. The ability to work while studying was seen as vital by many students and, without it, the vast majority felt they could not have studied chiropractic.

PurposeAuto‐components industry is a major subsector of automobile manufacturing sector and largest feeder industry that has put India on the global map for excellence and innovation. The purpose of this case study is undertaken to explore and understand the instruments adopted in designing and implementing the policies by Pune auto‐component small and medium enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThe study used published literature and field survey for investigating policies designed and implemented by the SMEs in Pune. Survey was planned for statistical homogeneity on the basis of geography, class of ownership and the period of enquiry. Triangulation between methods, respondents, records and documents, was used to increase accuracy between sources. Structured questionnaire response has been analyzed by logical and statistical techniques to arrive at conclusions. One‐way analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis to corroborate the findings.FindingsPune SMEs have revealed the tri‐lateral instrument consisting of conceptualisation, formulation and outcome analysis as a basis for designing policies for business and further exposed bi‐lateral instrument, which uses grouping of core and complimentary approaches for effectively addressing the challenges in business, which extends to their accomplishment of continued existence and development.Originality/valueThis paper will add value to the knowledge base of entrepreneurship and SMEs especially in auto‐components sector. Apart from this it will aid industrialists, entrepreneurs, consultants, and managers in managing SMEs, making better and informed decisions regarding the adoption of a tri‐lateral approach.

Background: Workplace based assessments (WBAs) have been part of UK training for the last 3 years. Carrying out procedures efficiently and safely is of paramount importance in anaesthesia. Aims: To explore opinions and experiences of Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) assessments in a regional anaesthetic training programme. Methods: 19 and 20-item questionnaires were distributed to trainees and consultants respectively. Results: Questionnaire response rate was 76% (90/119) for trainees and 65% (129/199) for consultants. 43% of consultants and 33% of trainees were not trained in DOPS use. Assessments were usually not planned. 50% were ad hoc and the remainder mainly retrospective. Time spent on assessment was short with DOPS and feedback achieved in � 15 minutes in the majority of cases with lack of suggestions for further improvement. Both trainees and consultants felt that DOPS was not a helpful learning tool ( p ¼ 0.001) or a reflection of trainee competency. Conclusions: DOPS assessments are currently not valued as an educational tool. Training is essential in use of this WBA tool which needs to be planned and sufficient time allocated so as to address current negative attitudes.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine different aspects of information seeking behaviour, and specifically the information seeking behaviour and information needs of Indian astronomy/astrophysics academics, including the relationship between various variables such as academic, rank‐wise statuses, age‐wise of characteristics, and methods for keeping their knowledge up‐to‐date.Design/methodology/approachA stratified random sample survey was used for gathering data. However, to support and authenticate the data quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. The questionnaire was mailed and was also available online. Some 400 academics from 12 astronomy and astrophysics information centres and libraries were surveyed using the questionnaire and were interviewed. The questionnaire response rate was 72 percent (288/400).FindingsThe study findings show: differences in information seeking behaviour and needs for various academic is sub‐fields of Indian astronomy/astrophysics, and highlights the value of information seeking behaviour to scientists working in astronomy/astrophysics. The study concludes that astronomy/astrophysics academics were making use of Astrophysics Data System followed by their use of e‐archives for education and research. Astronomy/astrophysics academics work in a unique setting with specialized needs. The study findings underscored the need to continue accessing specialized needs to find innovative solutions. There are challenges and opportunities for exciting new initiatives.Originality/valueThis is the first in‐depth study in India exploring the information seeking behaviour and information needs of astronomy/astrophysics academics. It also gives the latest account of information seeking behaviour of information users in astronomy/astrophysics discipline. The study is also expected to guide other information service organisations to cope with their users' needs, by adopting survey methods, tools, protocols used in this study.

The problem of incomplete questionnaire response is a vexing one to researchers who rely on data collected by mail surveys. Using a sample of 23,350 potential respondents, a mail survey experiment was performed to test two survey-concurrent means for decreasing item omission. Combinations of survey sponsorship and anonymity assurance were found that significantly improved questionnaire completion in demographic groups that have been previously identified as most prone to item non-response. An analysis of trade-offs between response rates and item completion was performed and recommendations for survey sponsorship and anonymity conditions are developed.

Objective Older adults with knee pain report low levels of exercise and physical activity. One explanation for this might be that they believe exercise is unhelpful or even harmful for knee pain. We therefore explored the attitudes and beliefs of older adults in the community about the role of exercise for knee pain using mixed methods. Methods A survey was mailed to 2,234 older adults registered with 1 general practice within the UK. The survey included 23 attitude statements derived from published exercise recommendations. Semistructured interviews were completed in a purposeful sample of questionnaire responders (n = 22) and were recorded and analyzed thematically. Results The questionnaire response rate was 59% (n = 1,276), and 611 respondents reported knee pain in the past 12 months. There was considerable uncertainty about the benefits of exercise

Hypoglycaemia is a feared complication of insulin-treated diabetes. Treatment recommendations vary worldwide and their implementation is poorly documented. The primary study objective was to assess adherence to broad guidelines of hypoglycaemic treatment; initially with quick-acting carbohydrate and follow up with long-acting carbohydrate. The secondary objective was to assess if initial treating carbohydrate quantity complied with current worldwide recommendations. Assessment was by questionnaire, which was validated, piloted and administered to all insulin-treated individuals attending routine outpatient diabetes clinic appointments over four weeks. The questionnaire response rate, readability and validity were acceptable at 74%, grade 6 level and 0.61 (Cohen's kappa), respectively. Assessment of broad guidelines for treatment of hypoglycaemia showed 78% of responders reported initial treatment with recommended foods, but only 40.8% of these were quick-acting carbohydrate. Only 55.8% reported ingesting follow-up food. Assessment of initial treating carbohydrate quantity showed 20.6% of responders used quantities exceeding all guidelines. Of the remaining, 46.4% used quantities consistent with the most liberal recommendations (European Association for the Study of Diabetes). Most study participants reported treating with recommended foods in quantities exceeding minimum recommendations, possibly attempting to resolve unpleasant symptoms of hypoglycaemia quickly. Failure of many to ingest follow-up food is concerning and warrants investigation. Increased patient education and standardisation of guidelines for treatment of hypoglycaemia are indicated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.

Background: Parents have to decide about organ donation after the death of their child. Although most parents probably would like to respect their child's intentions, parents often are not aware of their child's wishes. This requires insight into children's opinions about donation. Methods: An internet survey that investigated whether Dutch children in the age range of 12 through 15 years had heard about organ donation, what their opinions were on donation and whether the topic had been discussed at home. Questionnaire response rate 38%. Results: Around 99% of 2016 responders had heard about organ donation and about the possibility of becoming a donor, 75% preferred to decide for themselves about donation, 43% had discussed organ donation more than once at home, 66% were willing to donate. The willingness to donate was positively associated with age and socio-economic status. Conclusion: This survey indicates that these children at 12 through 15 years of age are capable and willing to think about organ donation. Thought should be given about how to raise awareness and how to enable parents and children to develop some sort of health literacy concerning the concept of organ donation. Children and their parents should be given adequate opportunities to receive appropriate information, suited to their psychological and moral developmental status.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that general practitioners (GPs) find fitness for work certification and work- related consultations challenging. The Royal College of General Practitioners was commissioned in 2009 to develop and roll out a National Education Programme (NEP) funded by the Department for Work and Pensions for a period of 2 years. AIMS: To develop and evaluate a face-to-face educational programme that shifts GPs' attitudes to the management of the consultation about work and health. METHODS: A 3 hour interactive programme that addressed both knowledge and skills for the management of the health and work consultation using behaviour-change principles was developed. Evaluation focused on delegates' confidence in managing the work and health consultation and the importance (priority) they gave to the subject. Questionnaires at three time points were constructed: pre, immediately post and 3 months post training. RESULTS: A total of 152 workshops were evaluated across the UK between July 2009 and March 2011. A total of 2865 GPs attended the workshops. Questionnaire response rates were 78% pre workshop, 80% post workshop and 14% 3 months post workshop. Evaluation showed a significant increase in GPs' confidence in managing the consultation regarding work and health, and GPs gave higher priority to these types of consultations after the training. CONCLUSIONS: The NEP has brought the training about health and work to prominence in general practice, and has also influenced policy and practice in other medical specialties.

Purpose: Gonad shielding is an important way to address the 'as low as reasonably achievable' (ALARA) requirement in radiography. However, its use relies on the attitudes of medical imaging technologists (MITs) to consistently adhere to professional conduct requirements relating to the application of gonad shielding. Th e purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Western Australian (WA) MITs to the use of gonad shielding in general radiography and also to explore the variables infl uencing these attitudes. Methods: A questionnaire regarding MITs' attitudes towards gonad shielding was developed based on relevant literature and distributed to MITs working in general radiography employed by public and private clinical centres in WA metropolitan and rural regions. Descriptive (percentage of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi- square, t-test and analysis of variance) were used to analyse the responses of the multiple choice (MC) and 5-point scale questions from the returned questionnaires. Results: Th e questionnaire response rate was 44.6% (127/285). It was found that WA MITs perceived gonad shielding as important (mean: 3.8) and that adequate education had been provided (mean: 3.1). However, statistically signifi cant attitude variations existed among MITs from diff erent employment sectors (P < 0.01), equipment awareness (P < 0.05), genders (P < 0.005) and educational qualifi cations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, WA MITs have positive and appropriate attitudes to the use of gonad shielding in general radiography. However, statistically signifi cant attitude variations existed among MITs. Possible directions for improvement include the provision of gonad shielding protocol in each x-ray room in clinical departments and the enhancement of education and training of shielding application. Th is potentially will lead to improved consistency in the appropriate application of gonad protective shielding.

Objective Achieving high survey participation rates among physicians is challenging. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of response-aiding strategies in a postal survey of 1,000 randomly selected Australian family physicians (FPs). Study Design and Setting A two × two randomized controlled trial was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a mailed vs. faxed prenotification letter and a mailed questionnaire sealed with a label marked attention to doctor vs. a control label. At the time of our final reminder, we randomized remaining nonresponders to receive a more or less personalized mail-out. Results Response did not significantly differ among eligible FPs receiving a prenotification letter via mail or fax. However, 25.6% of eligible FPs whose questionnaires were sealed with a label marked attention to the doctor responded before reminders were administered and compared with 18.6% of FPs whose questionnaires were sealed with a control label (P = 0.008). Differences were not statistically significant thereafter. There was no significant difference in response between FPs who received a more vs. less personalized approach at the time of the final reminder (P = 0.16). Conclusion Mail marked attention to doctor may usefully increase early response. Prenotification letters delivered via fax are equally effective to those administered by mail and may be cheaper.

Background A study was completed to assess the academic and state-level professional optometry leadership views regarding optometry professionals as surge responders in the event of a catastrophic event. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 21-question, self-administered, structured questionnaire. All U.S. optometry school deans and state optometric association presidents were mailed a questionnaire and instructions to return it by mail on completion; 2 repeated mailings were made. Descriptive statistics were produced and differences between deans and association presidents were tested by Fisher exact test. Results The questionnaire response rate was 50% (25 returned/50 sent) for the state association presidents and 65% (11/17) for the deans. There were no statistically significant differences between the leadership groups for any survey questions. All agreed that optometrists have the skills, are ethically obligated to help, and that optometrists should receive additional training for participation in disaster response. There was general agreement that optometrists should provide first-aid, obtain medical histories, triage, maintain infection control, manage a point of distribution, prescribe medications, and counsel the “worried well.” Starting intravenous lines, interpreting radiographs, and suturing were less favorably supported. There was some response variability between the 2 leadership groups regarding potential sources for training. Conclusions The overall opinion of optometry professional leadership is that with additional training, optometrists can and should provide an important reserve pool of catastrophic event responders.

Background Student-led teaching has long been regarded as a useful ancillary educational method. It is also a valuable tool in the development of aspects of professionalism in student tutors and contributes to a sense of community within the student body. In 2014, a peer-assisted learning (PAL) program, organised by students at Sydney Medical School (Central), explored students’ experience of tutoring their junior peers. Methods Year 3 and 4 students within Central Clinical School (CCS) were invited to be tutors for Year 1 and 2 students respectively. Tutorials centered on the application of clinical skills. All tutors were asked to complete an end of year questionnaire. Results A total of 40 % of senior students participated as tutors and 65 % of junior students as tutees. The end of year questionnaire response rate was 48 % (20/42). Most tutors (19/20, 95 %) felt confident to teach tutorials although one-third (6/20, 30 %) would have preferred more training in teaching. Tutors felt that the program better prepared them for their exams. Almost all tutors (19/20, 95 %) enjoyed teaching and felt it fostered a sense of community at CCS (17/20, 85 %). Tutors stated they were likely to be involved in teaching in the future (17/20, 85 %). Conclusion This student initiated PAL program provided tutors with the opportunity for content and clinical skills revision and assisted in the development of professional competencies required on entering the medical workforce. The resultant sense of community at CCS will aid the expansion of the program in 2015 with an aim to review quality assurance measures.

The present paper aimed to examine questionnaire response patterns and objective task-based test behavioral patterns in order to analyze the differences people show in consistency. It is hypothesized that people tend to be more consistent when talking about themselves (when describing themselves through verbal statements) that when they solve a task (when behaving). Consistency is computed using the π* statistic (Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta, & Santacreu, 2006). According to this procedure, consistency is defined as the value and the dimensionality of the latent trait of an individual (θ) remaining invariant through out the test of. Participants who are consistent must show a constant θ and follow a given response pattern during the entire course of the test. A sample of 3,972 participants was used. Results reveal that 68% of participants showed a consistent response pattern when completing the questionnaire. When tackling the task-based test, the percentage was 66%. 45% of individuals showed a consistent pattern in both tests. Implications for personality and individual differences assessment are discussed.

Objective To assess the effect of electronic reminders (ERs) on response rate and time to response for the return of postal questionnaires. Study Design and Setting This open randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at the University of York. Participants who were taking part in an established RCT and who provided an electronic mail address and/or mobile telephone number were eligible to take part in the study. The intervention group received ERs on the day they were expected to receive postal questionnaires. Results One hundred forty-eight participants (19 male and 129 female) aged 47 ± 11 (range, 19–65) years were studied. About 89.2% of participants returned postal questionnaires. There was no difference in questionnaire response rates in control (64 of 74 [86.5%]) vs. intervention (68 of 74 [91.9%]), groups (relative risk = 1.063, 95% confidence interval: 0.949–1.189). Median questionnaire time to response was 4 days less in the intervention group (10.0 ± 0.2; range, 10–14 days) compared with the control group (14.0 ± 1.4; range, 10–23 days) (χ21df = 5.27, P = 0.022). Conclusion ERs are useful tools for reducing participant time to response for postal questionnaires. We found little evidence for an effect of ERs on response rate for postal questionnaires.

Rationale Attrition is a threat to the validity of randomized trials. Few randomized studies have been conducted within randomized trials to test methods of reducing attrition. Aim To test whether using yellow post-it notes on follow-up questionnaires in the ATLAS treatment trial for neck pain reduces attrition. Method Nested trial within a trial. ATLAS participants were randomized to have their 6-month follow-up questionnaire have a 3′ yellow post-it note with a handwritten message encouraging return of questionnaire. Results 499 participants were independently randomized using simple allocation to receive the post-it notes or not. Two hundred fifteen of the 256 (84.0%) participants in the intervention group returned their questionnaire compared with 205 of the 243 (84.4%) in the control group. There was no difference in time to response. Conclusion Yellow post-it notes do not enhance questionnaire return rates for participants in a randomized trial of neck pain.

This research development aimed to develop as a learning media of Module to students of Compter Science, to determine the feasibility of Module which is developed as a learning media using the assessment from the experts, and to determine the students’ response to media esp Module in improving Vocabulary Mastery. Research and Development (R&D) used in this study was conducted using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The results obtained from 5 phases include Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Assessing the feasibility of Module showed the following: 1) The material experts and the lecturer of Computer Science gave percentage of 69,63% in the range 66.67%

Summary Horse health is best served when farriers and veterinarians collaborate in the care of their patients. Veterinary Teaching Hospitals (VTHs) provide an environment that can nurture that collaboration. While VTH veterinary services are well known, VTH farrier activities are undocumented. To characterise farrier services at VTHs in the USA, 27 VTH Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and/or VTH farriers completed a multiple choice questionnaire characterising VTH farrier details, training, certification, remuneration method, and clinical, teaching and research responsibilities; and farrier service prevalence, facilities and financial viability. Questionnaire response rate was 81%. Eighteen of 22 (82%) responding VTHs had in-house farrier services. Twenty-one of 22 (95%) VTH farriers were male. Farriers' ages ranged from 50 years (n = 7, 32%). At 11 (61%) VTHs the farriers were paid by the client and at 7 (39%) by the VTH. Five farriers (23%) received a VTH salary. Eighteen of 22 (82%) farriers had a professional certification. At 5 (28%) VTHs the farrier service made a profit and operational costs were met at 13 (72%). Fifteen (83%) farrier services provided professional education in clinical settings and 13 (72%) in lecture settings. Nine (41%) VTH farriers participated in research activities. In the USA, VTH farrier services vary considerably in both nature and extent. The farriers' potential contributions to VTH operations are often recognised but not consistently exploited. VTH farriers are a valuable resource who can contribute effectively toward VTH patient care, veterinary education and research.

Objective Within the UK, differences exist between physical therapists' use of exercise for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and recent exercise recommendations. This may be explained by their underlying attitudes and beliefs. We aimed to describe UK physical therapists' attitudes and beliefs regarding exercise and knee OA, and understand and explain them. Methods A survey was mailed to 2,000 UK-based chartered physical therapists that included 23 attitude statements derived from recently published recommendations. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of questionnaire respondents (n = 24), and were recorded and analyzed thematically. Results The questionnaire response rate was 58% (n = 1,152); 538 respondents reported treating a patient with knee OA in the last 6 months. The survey highlighted uncertainty about potential benefits of exercise for knee OA: only 56% largely/totally agreed that knee problems are improved by local exercise. Although exercise adherence was deemed important, it was seen as the patient's, not the therapist's, responsibility. Interviews revealed an underlying biomedical model of care of knee pain, with knee OA viewed as a progressive degenerative condition. A paternalistic treatment approach was evident. Health care systems presented a number of barriers to best practice, including limited opportunity to provide followup. Conclusion Although the attitudes and beliefs of physical therapists may help to explain differences between current practice and recent exercise recommendations, the wider health care system also plays a part. Further research is needed to support meaningful shifts in physical therapy care in line with the best practice recommendations.

Nosocomial infections result in severe health and financial difficulties for patients and healthcare facilities. The objective of the study was to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus on computer mice and keyboards in the intensive care units (ICUs) of Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, and ICU staff's knowledge regarding cleaning of computer mice and keyboards and their potential hazard as reservoirs for pathogens. Swab specimens from computer mice and keyboards (14 each) were investigated for S. aureus. Swabbing was repeated six months later. Standard microbiology laboratory methods were used to culture and identify organisms. An anonymous questionnaire completed by the ICU staff determined their awareness of computer mice and keyboards as potential sources of nosocomial infections. In addition to various environmental microorganisms and normal human flora, S. aureus was initially isolated from one computer mouse, and from two keyboards and five mice six months later. The questionnaire response rate was 85.6%. Seventy-one percent of respondents stated that they regarded keyboards and mice as an important source of nosocomial infections. Nevertheless, 62% of doctors and 40.3% of nurses indicated that they never washed their hands before or after using the computer. Ninety-seven percent of respondents were not aware of an official cleaning policy for computer equipment. In order to prevent nosocomial infections resulting from microbial transmission between equipment, staff and patients, proper cleaning policies should be implemented.

This paper reports the results of research examining the issue of non-response bias to mailed surveys. The hypothesis for this experitnent was that lower response rates of black citizens to mail questionnaires could be overcome, in part, by using black sponsoring institutions. A city was selected which contained both a traditionally black and a traditionally white state supported university. Two samples of randomly chosen registered voters from selected precincts received the same mailed survey. The samples consisted of equal numbers of black and white registered voters. Some precincts were racially segregated (all black or all white) and others integrated and were from middle and working class neighborhoods. If a total design method is used (in contrast to a single shot survey design) institutional afiliation does not affect response rates of black or white citizens. The research helps to elucidate empirically the complexity of the response rate hypothesis as it applies to race.

Background.Several medical devices used during hemodynamic procedures, particularly angiographic diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheters, are manufactured for single use only. However, reprocessing and reuse of these devices has been reported, to determine the frequency of reuse and reprocessing of single-use medical devices used during hemodynamic procedures in Brazil and to evaluate how reprocessing is performed.Design.National survey, conducted from December 1999 to July 2001.Methods.Most of the institutions affiliated with the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamic and Interventional Cardiology were surveyed by use of a questionnaire sent in the mail.Results.The questionnaire response rate was 50% (119 of 240 institutions). Of the 119 institutions that responded, 116 (97%) reported reuse of single-use devices used during hemodynamic procedures, and only 26 (22%) reported use of a standardized reprocessing protocol. Cleaning, flushing, rinsing, drying, sterilizing and packaging methods varied greatly and were mostly inadequate. Criteria for discarding reused devices varied widely. Of the 119 institutions that responded, 80 (67%) reported having a surveillance system for adverse events associated with the reuse of medical devices, although most of these institutions did not routinely review the data, and only 38 (32%) described a training program for the personnel who reprocessed single-use devices.Conclusions.The reuse of single-use devices used during hemodynamic procedures was very frequent in hospitals in Brazil. Basic guidance on how to reuse and reprocess single-use medical devices is urgently needed, because, despite the lack of studies to support reusing and reprocessing single-use medical devices, such devices are necessary in limited-resource areas in which these practices are current.

The use of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been a powerful influence on doctor training but assessments do not always drive study behaviour in predictable ways.To investigate the impact an OSCE has on study behaviours by exploring how 5th year medical students identify what to learn for a summative OSCE and the role of the clinical environment in their preparation.A semi-structured questionnaire survey asked about strategies used by students to prepare for the OSCE. Focus group interviews explored successful methods of preparation for the OSCE. Themes were identified and classified.The questionnaire response rate was 84%. Topic identification was usually from the list of examinable problems, past OSCE papers and a booklet prepared by a previous student containing a series of OSCE checklists. The study behaviours of students preparing for the OSCE exam were predominantly to practise on each other, and to rehearse routines. Strategic and efficient study habits were favoured over conscious utilization of the clinical environment.The expectation that an OSCE drives learning into the clinical workplace was not supported by this study. This suggests the role of clinical experience in helping students prepare for the exam may be more subliminal, or that an OSCE is more as a test of psychomotor skills than a marker of clinical experience. An unexpected benefit may be to drive more collaborative learning.

Evaluation of interventions to enhance recruitment or reduce attrition within randomised controlled trials is uncommon. A number of initiatives have tried to increase this evidence base by encouraging the embedding of such trials within trials evaluating healthcare interventions. The NIHR-funded REFORM study recruited and followed up participants by mailing out invitation packs and questionnaires to participants. We undertook four embedded studies during the recruitment and follow-up phases: (1) Exploration of the feasibility and validity of the EQ5D-5L: 332 participants were sent a baseline questionnaire containing both the EQ5D-5L and the EQ5D-3L; (2) Two embedded trials evaluating i) the effectiveness of an enhanced patient information sheet (PIS) and ii) pre-notification with a study newsletter, to increase recruitment to the trial; and (3) An embedded factorial trial evaluating the effectiveness of a Post-it® note and/or newsletter to increase questionnaire response rates and minimise attrition to the trial. The EQ5D-5L and Post-It® note studies were easily incorporated using in-house funding. The PIS study required £6,500 funding from the MRC START team. Undertaking these studies did cause some delay to the main study, but not to the detriment of the study. To date, results for only the PIS and pre-notification studies are available, and no statistically significant differences have been observed. We have demonstrated that it can be relatively easy to embed several trials within a trial. Whilst funding in some cases may be an issue, can provide useful learning experiences for inexperienced researchers and inform future studies and they do produce academic publications.

This paper presents data that examines questionnaire response bias that may occur when initial screening questions allow respondents to infer the purpose of the study. Some respondents may intentionally lie to “qualify” or “not qualify” based on their interpretation of the screening question(s), thereby compromising validity.

The current study aims at investigating the relationship between selected marketing-mix variables (i.e., price, advertising, monetary promotion, distribution intensity) and corporate image, in the consumer markets, unlike research that concerned business market, or/and different group of marketing-mix variables, in terms of addressing their expected relationships with corporate image. The questionnaire response rate is approximately 83%. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the proposed relationships, and the model`s fit as well. Significance of all relationships were verified, and the proposed model fits the data. Implications, limitations, and further research are provided.

Background Nursing recruitment and turnover is a significant issue for the health care system, as high turnover rates can contribute significantly to negative outcomes in terms of cost and quality of care. Both critical care and regional nursing have been highlighted as areas of specific concern in the literature, but no published studies have focused on the retention of regional critical care nurses in Victoria. Aim This research was an exploratory study which investigated the outcomes of tertiary critical care nursing courses based in Victorian regional hospitals. The study focused on the subsequent employment and retention of course graduates and factors that influence this. Method The main component of this study consisted of a quantitative, postal questionnaire survey of 97 graduates of critical care nursing courses undertaken in eight regional Victorian hospitals between 1995 and 1997. Results The questionnaire response rate from this study was just over 80% with a relatively high proportion of males in the group. The most important factors identified in retention of the graduates in this sample were the nature of critical care work and personal factors. The results of this study also demonstrated good graduate retention rates when compared to published retention figures. The majority of the respondents were still working in regional critical care units at the time of the study, although a significant number only worked part-time.

Proxies, such as next of kin, often provide information to healthcare professionals about a cancer patient they know, particularly when this information is not available from the patient. Understanding the extent to which proxies offer reliable information about patients is important for improving the quality of patient care and also for assessing the quality of research, evaluation, and administrative data when proxy response is utilized. This study determined levels of agreement between information reported by colorectal cancer patients and by their proxies about complementary and alternative medicine obtained by questionnaire response. Patient-proxy agreement was also compared for conventional therapies, patient demographics, lifestyle, and symptoms.