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The aim of geospatial web services is to enable users to share and process geospatial data on the Web, no matter what platform or protocol is used. In this paper, we investigate what the design decisions needed to implement web services for big Earth observation (EO) data are. The focus of the work is discussing what is unique about big EO data and why current standards are unsuitable for big EO data analytics. Instead, simpler APIs can be more eff ective for accessing big EO data than generic services such as WMS and WCS, especially for data analytics. We support this viewpoint by describing the WTSS - Web Time Series Service - that off ers time series of remote sensing data using a simple API and is suited for big data analytics.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os índices de infestação pelo ácaro Varroa. destructor em colônias de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera) de apiários dos municípios de Encanto e de Marcelino Vieira, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A pesquisa foi conduzida no período de setembro a dezembro de 2014, sendo coletadas em média de 100 a 200 abelhas adultas (nutrizes) retiradas dos quadros centrais do ninho com crias de cada colmeia, aprisionadas em recipientes contendo 100 mL de álcool a 70% e encaminhadas para laboratório do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), para a contagem das abelhas e dos ácaros. Os resultados apresentaram ocorrência do ácaro V. destructor em todos apiários e em todas colmeias analisados, obtendo uma infestação média de 7,24% em Encanto e de 5,25% em Marcelino Vieira, níveis de infestação baixos (

Australonura neotropica sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2; Tables 1, 2) Type material Holotype: male (#1992 CM / MNRJ), 15 March 2011, Queiroz G.C. leg. Deposited at MNRJ in Brazil. Paratype: 1 male (same data as holotype) slide MNHN-EA011507 deposited at MNHN in Paris, France. Type locality Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (ICMBio), Itatiaia municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. 2400 m asl Coordinates: 22°22 ʹ 58.26 ʺ S, 44°40 ʹ 0.49 ʺ W. Leaf litter and soil of 'campos de altitude'. Description. Length 0.9–1.0 mm. Colour white in ethanol. Anterior eyes 1 + 1, their diameter 1.7–1.8 times the length of Ocm socket diameter; posterior eyes not clearly seen. Habitus typical of the genus (Figure 1). Weak cryptopygy. Head and tergite tubercles well developed, with tertiary granulation differentiated in bosses rising from the integument. Dorso-internal tubercles of Th. I to Abd. IV with 3–4 elementary tubercles. No reticulations. No plurichaetosis. No buttonhole structures on tergites. Dorsal chaetotaxy constituted of ordinary chaetae and S-chaetae. Ordinary chaetae differentiated in macrochaetae of similar length and morphology, rather long, with strong serrations covering more than two-thirds of its length (from the base and almost till the apex), distally sheathed, rounded apically, mesochaetae similar in shape, but smaller than macrochaetae (details of Figure 1); one mesochaeta of CL, four mesochaetae of L + So, one mesochaeta of each lateral tubercle from Abd. I to III, several on tubercle L of Abd. IV and all three of Abd. V smooth and acuminate; microchaetae, thinner, shorter, bent, acuminate, smooth. S-chaetae thinner, half the length of closest macrochaetae. Antennae shorter than head, less than two times as long as basis length. Ant. I with seven chaetae, Ant. II with 11 chaetae; dorsally the chaetae are serrated and some tertiary granulation can be seen on Ant. I and II (Figure 1). Ant. III with 18 ordinary chaetae and the five S-chaetae of Ant. III organ, whose guard chaetae Sgd and Sgv are slightly longer and slender than S-chaetae of Ant. IV. Ant. IV organite as a very small rod, almost entirely buried in the integument; apical bulb slightly trilobed, fused to Ant. IV tip (Figure 2A, B). Eight subequal S-chaetae (S1–S8) on Ant. IV (Figure 2A). Ventral chaetotaxy of Ant. IV without one miA of cp group of chaetae (Figure 2B). Buccal cone moderately elongated. Maxilla styliform, mandible thin and probably tridentate. Labrum rounded apically, elongate, labral formula?/?2,4. Labium with four basal, three distal and three lateral chaetae; two x-papillae visible (Figure 2C). Head chaetotaxy as in Table 1, with nine chaetal groups: CL, Af + 2Oc, (Di + Di), 2 (De), 2 DL, 2 (L + So). Tubercles well developed, Af fused to Oc, forming a central tubercle separated from CL. Central area with A, B, D, G, H, Ocm and Ocp (Oca, C, E, F and O absent; D free). Tubercles Di fused, constituted of six elementary tubercles (four anterior and two posterior), with 1 + 1 chaetae Di1. Tergite chaetotaxy illustrated on Figure 1. Tubercles well developed, especially laterally from head to Abd. VI. Chaeta Di present on Th. I as a me. Tubercles Di very close from Th. II to Abd. IV. Tubercle Di of Th. II–III with two chaetae (Di3 absent). Tubercle De of Th. II–III with two chaetae (De1 M and De2 me) and one Schaeta. Tubercles De and DL separate on Abd. IV. Abd. V with tubercles Di fused or at least adjacent on the axis, separated from De. Three chaetae DL and L located ventrally, without tubercle. Tubercle Di of Abd. V with Di1 M, Di 2 mi and Di3 absent. Abd. VI bilobed. S-chaetotaxic formula: 2 + ms, 2/11111. Tita without chaeta M and with B4–B5 not longer than other chaetae of the Tita (Figure 2D). Claw untoothed, not striated in its basal part, and devoid of secondary granulation. Ventral chaetotaxy of Abd. II– VI and VT as in Figure 2E. Furcal rest with three or four chaetae, devoid of mi. Male genital plate as in Figure 2F. Postcephalic chaetotaxy summarised in Table 2. Derivatio nominis. In a reference to the biogeographic region where the species was found. Discussion. As for the tubercle arrangement on the head, the new species is more similar to A. quarta Greenslade and Deharveng 1990 and A. sanguisugarum Greenslade and Deharveng 1990, as they all present a fusion of the Af and the two Oc tubercles, forming a single central tubercle separated from CL. Differential characters between the three species are summarised in Table 5. In addition, A. neotropica sp. nov. has its three chaetae Di on Th. II and III arranged like in A. grossi (Yosii, 1966), while the other two have only two chaetae, in an arrangement of the sanguisugarum type sensu Greenslade and Deharveng (1990)., Published as part of Queiroz, G. C. & Deharveng, L., 2014, New Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Neanuridae: Neanurinae) from Brazil, pp. 2293-2305 in Journal of Natural History 48 (37 - 38) on pages 2294-2298, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.908972, http://zenodo.org/record/4607661, {"references":["Yosii, R. 1966. Neanuridae Collembola of Australia preserved in the South Australian Museum. Records of the South Australian Museum 15 (2): 261 - 274."]}

Contraction and insulin increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. While the insulin pathway, better characterized, requires activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and atypical protein kinase (aPKC), muscle contraction seems to share insulin-activated components to increase glucose uptake. This study aimed to investigate the interrelation between the pathway involved in glucose uptake evoked by insulin and muscle contraction. Isolated muscle of rats was treated with solvent (control), insulin, wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) and the combination of insulin plus wortmannin. After treatment, muscles were electrically stimulated (contracted) or remained at rest. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) localization, glucose uptake and phospho-aPKC (aPKC activated form) were assessed. Muscle contraction and insulin increased glucose uptake in all conditions when compared with controls not stimulating an effect that was accompanied by an increase in GLUT4 and of phospho-aPKC at the muscle membrane. Contracted muscles treated with insulin did not show additive effects on glucose uptake or aPKC activity compared with the response when these stimuli were applied alone. Inhibition of PI3K blocked insulin effect on glucose uptake and aPKC but not in the contractile response. Thus, muscle contraction seems to stimulate aPKC and glucose uptake independently of PI3K. Therefore, aPKC may be a convergence point and a rate limit step in the pathway by which, insulin and contraction, increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Introduction: The identification of stages of dietary change and the factors affecting food choices can direct more effective nutritional intervention against coronary heart disease progression. Objective: Identify the stages of change of eating behavior and its relation with nutritional status, food consumption and previous cardiovascular events in patients who underwent coronary angioplasty. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 200 hospitalized patients from a specialized cardiology hospital, after elective coronary angioplasty. They were applied an algorithm that identifies the provision of change of eating habits for a healthier pattern. Variables measured were stages of change of eating behavior, nutritional status, food consumption and cardiovascular events (previous myocardial infarction or angioplasty). It was realized comparison of averages by analysis of variance or Student´s test and Chi-square test for qualitative variables. Value of significance was taken at 5%. Results: The patients were classified in the following stages: 36% maintenance, 26% preparation, 17% precontemplation, 12% action and 9% contemplation. It was observed higher cardiovascular events in maintenance/action group (p = 0.04), higher consumption of calories (p = 0.04), meat/eggs (p = 0.01) and sweets (p = 0.03) in preparation stage, comparing to maintenance group, and no association between nutritional status and stages of change (p = 0.13), although 62% of the individuals in maintenance stage were overweight. Conclusions: This work contributed to identifying the stages of change and conditions that favor changes in eating pattern. Even patients that classified themselves into the maintenance stage need to adjust their eating habits in order to reach a healthy weight.

During the life span, phenotypic and structural modifications on skeletal muscle contribute to a reduction on glucose uptake either in basal state or triggered by insulin, but the underlying mechanisms for this decline are not entirely identified. A reduction in the expression of skeletal muscle glucose transporters (GLUTs), glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), has been associated to such phenomena, but unlike the case of insulin, only few studies have addressed the effect of age on muscle-contraction-induced glucose uptake. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of age on GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle and its relation to the glucose uptake induced by muscle contraction. For this purpose, soleus muscle from Wistar rats aged 4, 10, 22 and 42?weeks were isolated and electrically stimulated (30?min, 10?Hz, 20?V, 0.2?ms). After stimulation, glucose uptake and GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression and localisation were evaluated. Muscle contraction caused an increase in glucose uptake in all studied groups. In addition, the absolute rates of glucose uptake were negatively correlated with age. The expression of GLUT4 was lower in older animals, whereas no relation between age and GLUT1 expression was found. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the ontogenic effect on GLUT4 expression and suggested an age-related modification on GLUT1 distribution within the muscle fibres; for instance, this protein seems to be present mainly out of the sarcoplasm. The present findings demonstrate that the ability of muscle contraction to increase glucose uptake is not influenced by age, whereas glucose uptake under basal conditions decreases with age. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Amphetamines are indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs widely abused due to their physical and psychostimulating effects. However, the use of these drugs has been associated with numerous reports of hepatotoxicity. While glutathione depletion induced by amphetamines contributes to the exposure of hepatocytes to oxidative damage, other indirect effects attributed to amphetamines may have a role in cell injury. To examine this possibility, Wistar rats were used for plasma measurements of d-amphetamine and catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine) (15 min) after i.p. injection of d-amphetamine (5, 20 and 80 mg/kg). Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were put into contact for 2 h with concentrations of d-amphetamine and catecholamines similar to those found in vivo. Since hyperthermia is a common consequence of acute amphetamine intake, the study using isolated hepatocytes was conducted at 37 degrees C and also at 41 degrees C in order to simulate high temperature levels. We found that hyperthermia was an important cause of cell toxicity: in vitro, a rise in incubation temperature from 37 to 41 degrees C causes oxidative stress in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, as shown by a depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH; 23%), an increase of oxidized glutathione (GSSG; 157%), the induction of lipid peroxidation with 77% increase of thiobarbituric acid substances TBARS) and the consequent loss of cell viability (or = 44%). Single treatment of isolated hepatocytes with catecholamines at 37 degrees C induced lipid peroxidation (29% increase of TBARS) but had no effect on glutathione or cell viability. Conversely, a single treatment with d-amphetamine induced glutathione depletion (or = 24% depletion of GSH) with no effect on lipid peroxidation or cell viability. Also, d-amphetamine potentiated the induction by catecholamines of lipid peroxidation at 37 degrees C (or = 48% increase of TBARS), while concomitant treatment of d-amphetamine and catecholamines potentiated cell death at 41 degrees C (or = 56% of cell death) although no effect on viability was seen at 37 degrees C. It is concluded that the aforementioned modifications induced by d-amphetamine in vivo are cytotoxic to freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.