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The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is an intervention that targets common mechanisms that maintain symptoms across multiple disorders. The UP has been shown to be effective across many disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive episode (MDE), and panic disorder, that commonly codevelop following trauma exposure. The present study represented the first randomized controlled trial of the UP in the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms. Adults (N = 43) who developed posttraumatic psychopathology that included PTSD, MDE, or an anxiety disorder after sustaining a severe injury were randomly assigned to receive 10-14 weekly, 60-min sessions of UP (n = 22) or usual care (n = 21). The primary treatment outcome was PTSD symptom severity, with secondary outcomes of depression and anxiety symptom severity and loss of diagnosis for any trauma-related psychiatric disorder. Assessments were conducted at intake, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Posttreatment, participants who received the UP showed significantly larger reductions in PTSD, Hedges' g = 1.27; anxiety, Hedges' g = 1.20; and depression symptom severity, Hedges' g = 1.40, compared to those receiving usual care. These treatment effects were maintained at 6-month follow-up for PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptom severity. Statistically significant posttreatment loss of PTSD, MDE, and agoraphobia diagnoses was observed for participants who received the UP but not usual care. This study provides preliminary evidence that the UP may be an effective non-trauma-focused treatment for PTSD and other trauma-related psychopathology.

Hiperbarična terapija kisikom (engl. hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)) je tretman koji uključuje udisanje 100% kisika u okruženju pod pritiskom. Kad se pacijentu daje 100% kisika pod povećanim pritiskom, hemoglobin na sebe veže maksimalnu količinu kisika, a krv se dodatno hiperoksigenira otapanjem kisika u plazmi. Razlikujemo jednomjesne i višemjesne komore. Dok se u jednomjesnoj komori u određenom razdoblju HBOT-om liječi samo jedan pacijent, u višemjesnim komorama odjednom se može liječiti više pacijenata. HBOT povećava oksigenaciju na staničnoj razini, pospješuje stanični oporavak, povećava broj matičnih stanica, pojačava neovaskularizaciju, poboljšava protok krvi, ubija bakterije, čime doprinosi liječenju infekcije u kostima i mekim tkivima te ubrzava cijeljenje mekotkivnih ozljeda i rana. Zbog svojih ljekovitih i baktericidnih učinaka HBOT se koristi kao adjuvantna terapija u nekoliko ortopedskih stanja kao što su primjerice: prolazna osteoporoza kuka, avaskularna nekroza glave femura, refraktorni osteomijelitis, crush ozljeda, kompartment sindrom i poremećeno koštano cijeljenje. Cilj ovog rada je pregled trenutne literature o tim stanjima te prikaz potencijalnih budućih indikacija za HBOT u ortopediji kao što su oštećenja zglobne hrskavice te sportske i mekotkivne ozljede., Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a treatment that involves breathing 100% oxygen in a pressurized environment. When a patient is given 100% oxygen, haemoglobin is saturated and the blood is hyperoxygenated by dissolving oxygen within the plasma. Patients can be treated in multiplace or monoplace chambers. Multiplace chambers treat multiple patients at the same time with an inside attendant that supervises patients. Monoplace chambers compress one patient at a time. HBOT increases oxygenation at cellular level, increases cellular recovery, increases stem cell count, enhances neovascularization, improves blood flow, kills bacteria and thus infections in bones and soft tissues, accelerates healing of soft tissue injuries and also wounds. In orthopaedics, HBOT is used as an adjuvant therapy because of its healing and bactericidal effects. HBOT has been shown to be useful in several orthopaedic conditions such as: transient osteoporosis of the hip, femoral head necrosis, refractory osteomyelitis, crush injury, compartment syndrome and impaired bone healing. The goal of this paper is to review the current literature on these conditions and presentation of potential future indications for HBOT in orthopaedics such as osteochondral defects and soft-tissue and sports injuries.

This study analyses the use of digital banking channels in the European Union and Serbia and the effect of their use on the number of branches. The aim of the study is to identify the banking channels, which explain the differences between these countries and to examine the existence of digital channels effect on the variation in the number of branches. The paper applied several statistical methods of multivariate analysis. Using factor analysis, the main factors were identified in the light of clarifying differences between countries, and the multiple linear regression method examined the influence of two independent variables-digital channels, representative for identified factors, on the dependent variable-number of branches. The research results show that there are significant differences between the examined countries in terms of credit card and direct debit services use. Variable that has a significant effect on reducing the number of branches is direct debit services usage.

The subject of this research is the local community’s views on the intangible cultural heritage with an emphasis on the ganga, whi- ch could be a significant tourist potential of the rural area of the county. By entering the preliminary list of the intangible cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ganga becomes a recogni- zable part, but also an important factor in preserving the tradition of the people and the area in which it originated and in which it still lives. The analysis is based on data collected through empirical research from May to July 2021. The results of the research showed the dissatisfaction of the local community with the current evalu- ation of intangible cultural heritage, and it is considered necessary to integrate the ganga into the touristic offer of Herzegovina., Predmet su ovoga istraživanja stavovi lokalne zajednice o nematerijalnoj kulturnoj baštini gangi kao važnome turističkom potencijalu ruralnoga prostora Županije Zapadnoherecgovačke. Ulaskom na Preliminarnu listu nematerijalne kulturne baštine Bosne i Hercegovine ganga postaje prepoznatljiv i važan čimbenik očuvanja tradicije naroda i kraja u kojemu je nastala i u kojemu još uvijek živi. Analiza se temelji na podatcima prikupljenim empirijskim istraživanjem od svibnja do srpnja 2021. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su nezadovoljstvo lokalne zajednice dosadašnjim vrednovanjem nematerijalne kulturne baštine, te predlažu nužno integriranje gange u turističku ponudu Hercegovine.

The COVID-19 crisis had a huge impact on education and became the subject of many scientific studies. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the opinions of professors and students on the quality of teaching and satisfaction with e-learning during the COVID-19 crisis. The aim of the research is to answer the question to what extent professors and students are satisfied with the quality of e-learning in higher education institutions, as well as their expectations in the future. The research was created on the research platform 1KA and conducted in the period from November 12, 2021 to February 12, 2022 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A survey questionnaire was used as a research instrument, which was sent to 192 addresses, 101 publics and 91 private faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and included 132 professors and 202 students. The results of the research showed that the quality of teaching is positively influenced by the satisfaction and level of usefulness of the tools used among professors, but also among students. The results also confirmed that more work experience leads to lower e-learning expectations in the future. The paper presents empirical research that was conducted on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina about the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of e-learning. The scientific contribution of the paper is reflected in the fact that it can be used in research related to the impact of crises on teaching in higher education institutions, as well as potential future emergency situations of crisis and uncertainty that result in new models of teaching that combine classroom and e-teaching., Kriza COVID-19 imala je ogroman utjecaj na obrazovanje i postala je predmetom mnogih znanstvenih istraživanja. Svrha je rada istražiti stavove profesora i studenata o kvaliteti izvođenja nastave i zadovoljstva e-učenjem tijekom krize COVID-19. Ciljevi su istraživanja odgovoriti na pitanje u kojoj su mjeri profesori i studenti zadovoljni kvalitetom izvođenja e-učenja u visokoškolskim institucijama te koja su njihova očekivanja u budućnosti. Istraživanje je kreirano na platformi za istraživanje 1KA i provedeno je od 12. studenog 2021. do 12. veljače 2022. godine u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kao instrument istraživanja korišten je anketni upitnik koji je poslan na 192 adrese, 101 javni i 91 privatni fakultet u Bosni i Hercegovini, a obuhvatio je 132 profesora i 202 studenta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da na kvalitetu izvođenja nastave pozitivno utječu zadovoljstvo i razina korisnosti uporabljenih alata među profesorima, ali i među studentima. Rezultati su također potvrdili da više radnoga iskustva dovodi do nižih očekivanja od e-učenja u budućnosti. Rad predstavlja empirijsko istraživanje koje je provedeno na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine o utjecaju pandemije COVID-19 na kvalitetu izvođenja e-učenja. Znanstveni je doprinos rada u tome što se on može koristiti u istraživanjima vezanima za utjecaj kriza na izvođenje nastave u visokoškolskim institucijama te potencijalnim budućim hitnim situacijama kriza i neizvjesnosti koje rezultiraju novim modelima izvođenja nastave koji kombiniraju učionicu i e-nastavu.

BACKGROUND: This cross‑sectional study aimed to evaluate attitudes and knowledge regarding oral health and infant oral health among pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 325 pregnant women in the Republic of Croatia who completed an anonymous online questionnaire (Google forms) from January to June 2019. The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part contained questions about the demographic data experience about oral health in pregnancy. The second part was related to the knowledge of the relationship between oral health and pregnancy. The third section consisted of questions related to knowledge about the oral health of children at the earliest age. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, and Chi‑square test. RESULTS: The women are mostly informed about oral health in pregnancy from their dentists (53.54%) and least from their general doctors (4%). In pregnancy, gingival bleeding was observed by 52.31% of respondents and tooth mobility by 12.31%. The Chi‑square test found that there was a difference in attitude regarding the age at which they should stop breastfeeding between respondents who had their first pregnancy and those who already had children. Only 9.23% of respondents are aware that breastfeeding can cause tooth decay. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women in the Republic of Croatia do not have sufficient knowledge, and they are neither aware of the importance of oral health during pregnancy nor infant oral health.

Једна од честих дилема наставника хемије односи се на одабир најефикаснијег начина за проверу ученичког концептуалног разумевања обрађеног градива и детекцију мисконцепција, као озбиљних препрека за даље учење. Циљ овог истраживања био је да се провери могућност детекције мисконцепција о протеинима код ученика осмог разреда основне школе, помоћу четворослојног теста. Четворослојни тестови представљају најсавременије дијагностичке тестове, развијене са циљем да превазиђу ограничења свих претходно коришћених инструмената за проверу концептуалног разумевања. Први слој задатака у овим тестовима представља концептуално питање вишеструког избора, а други још једно питање овог типа, у коме се образлаже одабир одговора на питање из првог слоја. За оба питања ученици на шестостепеној Ликертовој скали исказују колико су сигурни у тачност својих одговора, што чини трећи и четврти слој теста. Тест је развијен у три фазе, а његову финалну верзију решавало je 142 ученика поменутог узраста. Установљено је да сва четири слоја теста имају високу поузданост и моћ дискриминације. На питања из прва два слоја тачно је одговорило 38% ученика, просечна сигурност у тачност датих одговора била је 60,2%, а укупно је детектовано 12 мисконцепција. На овај начин, тест пружа могућност наставницима да стекну детаљан увид у концептуално разумевање градива о протеинима, код ученика осмог разреда основне школе A frequent dilemma of chemistry teachers refers to the selection of the most efficient way to assess students’ conceptual understanding of the elaborated content and detect misconceptions, as serious obstacles to further learning. The aim of this study was to asess the ability of a four-tier test to detect misconceptions about proteins, among eight-grade elementary school pupils. Four-tier tests are the most modern diagnostic tests, developed to overcome the limitations of all prior instruments for the assessment of conceptual understanding. First tier of items in these tests is a multiple-choice conceptual question, while the second tier is another question of this type, that provides a reason for the choice of answer to the first tier. For both tiers the pupils express the certainty in the correctness of their answers on a six-point Likert scale, forming the third and fourth tier of the test. The test was developed in three phases, and its final version was solved by 142 pupils. It was found that all four tiers have high reliability and discrimination power. First two tiers were correctly answered by 38% of pupils, average certainty in the correctness of the given responses was 60.2% and a total of 12 misconceptions were detected. Thus, the test provides the teachers with a detailed insight into eight-grade elementary school pupils’ conceptual understanding of proteins.

While there are a number of recommended first-line interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), treatment efficacy has been less than ideal. Generally, PTSD treatment models explain symptom manifestation via associative learning, treating the individual as a passive organism - acted upon - rather than self as agent. At their core, predictive coding (PC) models introduce the fundamental role of self-conceptualisation and hierarchical processing of one's sensory context in safety learning. This theoretical article outlines how predictive coding models of emotion offer a parsimonious framework to explain PTSD treatment response within a value-based decision-making framework. Our model integrates the predictive coding elements of the perceived: self, world and self-in the world and how they impact upon one or more discrete stages of value-based decision-making: (1) mental representation; (2) emotional valuation; (3) action selection and (4) outcome valuation. We discuss treatment and research implications stemming from our hypotheses.

Objective: Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is an evidence-based psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet uptake amongst practitioners is less than desirable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a PE training workshop plus intensive consultation programme to improve practitioners’ self-efficacy and outcome expectations as well as uptake of PE for emergency service patients with PTSD. Method: Forty-five psychologists attended a PE training workshop in Sydney. Participants completed questionnaires at pre- and post-workshop and six-month follow-up. Results: The findings suggest that participation in the programme was associated with improvements in practitioners’ beliefs in their ability to deliver PE to patients, an increase in their use of a range of PE components and an increase in their use of in vivo exposure with a greater proportion of patients. Conclusion: Effective training approaches for evidence-based treatments of PTSD should incorporate intensive consultation following training. Future studies should consider additional strategies to encourage practitioners to deliver PE to more patients with PTSD.

Briga o ljudskome tijelu odavno uključuje tehnologiju te bionička tehnologija danas sustiže mogućnosti ljudskoga tijela. Neuronske proteze – bionici uobičajeni su, a u novije vrijeme repliciraju se ljudski organi što omogućava stvaranje djelomično ili potpuno umjetnih ljudi. U radu su predstavljene tehnike kojima se pomoću računala stvara/simulira živi organizam. U stvaranje bioloških fenomena pomoću računala, s početne razvojne faze umjetnoga života, uključeno je i simuliranje ponašajnih procesa nastalih kao rezultat svijesti i emocija. Poboljšanje mentalnih i fizičkih ljudskih sposobnosti dovodi do bojazni od gubitka ljudskoga i žrtve znanstveno-tehničkoga napretka. Ispreplitanje umjetnoga i ljudskog briše granice između ljudi i kiborga te je nužno uspostaviti kiborgoetiku koja će jasno odrediti granicu implementacije umjetnoga u ljudsko, kao i donijeti zakone koji će štititi umjetno stvorena bića.

This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate attitudes and knowledge regarding oral health and infant oral health among pregnant women.The study involved 325 pregnant women in the Republic of Croatia who completed an anonymous online questionnaire (Google forms) from January to June 2019. The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part contained questions about the demographic data experience about oral health in pregnancy. The second part was related to the knowledge of the relationship between oral health and pregnancy. The third section consisted of questions related to knowledge about the oral health of children at the earliest age. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, and Chi-square test.The women are mostly informed about oral health in pregnancy from their dentists (53.54%) and least from their general doctors (4%). In pregnancy, gingival bleeding was observed by 52.31% of respondents and tooth mobility by 12.31%. The Chi-square test found that there was a difference in attitude regarding the age at which they should stop breastfeeding between respondents who had their first pregnancy and those who already had children. Only 9.23% of respondents are aware that breastfeeding can cause tooth decay.Pregnant women in the Republic of Croatia do not have sufficient knowledge, and they are neither aware of the importance of oral health during pregnancy nor infant oral health.

Organic chemistry represents an essential part of everyday life, but previous research indicates that traditional organic chemistry teaching, which focuses on the transmission of academic content, insufficiently promotes the development of pupils’ chemistry literacy in this field. Since context-based teaching approach has the potential to improve scientific literacy, in order to compare the effectiveness of the aforementioned teaching approaches in terms of developing elementary school pupils’ chemistry literacy in the field of organic chemistry, a pedagogical experiment with parallel groups was conducted. The experiment was organized within the elaboration of the teaching unit Alkanes and it encompassed 148 eighth-grade elementary school pupils (76 pupils in the experimental and 72 pupils in the control group). Since this is the first teaching unit within the organic chemistry curriculum, neither group had a previous chance to acquire any knowledge from this field of chemistry. However, after the elaboration of the teaching unit Alkanes, the experimental group achieved a significantly higher overall percentage of correct answers on the test that checked pupils’ chemical literacy related to this class of organic compounds, which implies that context-based teaching approach could significantly enhance the elementary school pupils’ literacy in the field of organic chemistry Органска хемија представља есенцијални део свакодневног живота, али претходна истраживања указују да традиционална настава органске хемије, фокусирана на трансмисију академских знања, недовољно подстиче развој ученичке хемијске писмености у овој области. Будући да контекстуални приступ настави поседује потенцијал да унапреди научну писменост, ради поређења ефективности поменутих наставних приступа у погледу развоја хемијске писмености ученика основних школа у области органске хемије, спроведен је педагошки експеримент са паралелним групама. Експеримент је организован у оквиру обраде наставне јединице Алкани и у њему је учествовало 148 ученика осмог разреда основне школе (76 ученика у експерименталној и 72 ученика у контролној групи). Пошто је реч о првој наставној јединици у оквиру обраде градива органске хемије, ниједна од група претходно није била у прилици да стекне било каква предзнања из ове области хемије. Међутим, након обраде наставне јединице Алкани, експериментална група је остварила статистички значајно већи укупан проценат тачних одговора на тесту којим је проверена ученичка хемијска писменост везана за ову класу органских једињења, што указује да би контекстуални приступ настави могао значајно да унапреди хемијску писменост ученика основних школа у области органске хемије. Related to poster presentation: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4903]

With the exception of the well known Mesolithic sites in the Danube Gorges (or the Iron Gates), the wider areas of the Central Balkans and southern fringes of the Great Pannonian Plain still represent a terra incognita when it comes to the presence of Mesolithic communities. The absence of Mesolithic sites in the region was associated with environmental changes in the Early Holocene, presumed low human population densities, limited possibilities of detection, or the lack of adequate research. However, valuable insights into the obscure regional Mesolithic can be gained not only by new archaeological excavations, but also by revisiting and reanalysing of existing archaeological collections. Particularly informative in this respect are the Early Neolithic sites, indicative of the extensive spread of farming communities from c. 6200 cal BC. Within the ERC Project BIRTH, a large sample of human and animal remains from these sites was dated, falling in the (expected) range between c. 6200‒5300 cal BC. However, one human and several animal bone samples from the sites of Magareći mlin, Gospođinci-Nove zemlje and Grabovac-Đurića vinogradi were dated to the 8th millennium cal BC, providing the first radiocarbon evidence of Early Holocene sequences in the territory of Serbia other than the Danube Gorges. In this paper, we present the new radiocarbon dates, discuss the contextual provenance of dated bones, and explore the implications of these results for a better understanding of the problem of the “missing” and “invisible” Mesolithic in the region.

Geografski informacioni sistemi (GIS) u ViK, sa prikazom softverskih paketa i primerima korišćenja GIS sistema u ViK: JKP Vodovod i kanalizacija, Beograd, JKP Vodovod i kanalizacija, Novi Sad, JKP Vodovod i Kanalizacija, Užice i u ostalim vodovodima u Srbiji Konfrencija Jahorina virtual 2021. Link na stranu organizatora sa svim prezentacijama: https://utvsi.com/jahorina-virtual-2021/

Na preobrazbu ruralnih područja najveći su utjecaj imali prirodno-geografski i socioekonomski čimbenici. Do sredine 20. stoljeća Županija Zapadnohercegovačka bila je izrazito poljoprivredna, usmjerena na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i stočarstvo. Pojava industrije i urbanizacije u potpunosti je izmijenila strukturu ruralnih područja županije, koju je danas nemoguće jednoznačno definirati. S obzirom na korištenje različitih parametara definiranja ruralnih prostora, posebna pozornost u radu posvećena je pregledu pojedinih pristupa i modela na svjetskoj i europskoj razini. Za potrebe istraživanja korištena je domaća i inozemna znanstvena literatura te brojni izvori koji su analizirani i obrađeni matematičko-statističkim metodama te grafički prikazani u programima Microsoft Excel i Quantum GIS. Terenskim istraživanjem upotpunjena je realna slika istraživanog prostora te je napravljena potrebna fotodokumentacija, kao i razgovor s lokalnim stanovništvom. Preobrazba ruralnih područja županije posljedica je razvoja industrije i urbanizacije te izražene polarizacije s četiri pola razvoja (Grude, Ljubuški, Posušje i Široki Brijeg). Dok s jedne strane imamo demografski rast i gospodarski razvoj, osobito zabilježen u gradskim/općinskim sjedištima, ruralna se područja suočavaju s brojnim negativnim socio-ekonomskim procesima kao što su depopulacija, deagrarizacija i deruralizacija. Negativni socio-ekonomski procesi također su se negativno odrazili i na ruralni krajolik, a to pokazuje i analiza korištenja zemljišta u katastarskoj općini Humac od 1974. do 2019. godine. U analiziranom razdoblju na području k.o. Humac najočitije je povećanje površina u kategoriji ostalo za 4 %, što je rezultat pretvaranja obradivih površina, njiva i vinograda, u gospodarska zemljišta. Poredbom katastarskih podataka iz 1974. i 2019. godine nisu uočene značajnije promjene, međutim terenskim istraživanjem i fotodokumentiranjem prostora uočena je sve veća pojava socijalnoga ugara uslijed procesa prestrukturiranja stanovništva. U doktorskoj disertaciji poseban je naglasak stavljen na izradu tipologije ruralnih naselja Županije Zapadnohercegovačke. Prilikom izrade tipologije analizirane su statistički i kartografski obrađene odabrane varijable (broj i gustoća stanovnika, udaljenost od centralnih naselja, nadmorska visina i socioekonomska struktura naselja). Definiranjem šest tipova i podtipova ruralnih naselja (izolirana naselja, prijelazna naselja, ekonomski diverzificirana ruralna naselja (nizinskog, brežuljkastog i planinskog tipa), ruralna naselja s izraženim dnevnim cirkulacijama (nizinskog, brežuljkastog i planinskog tipa), ruralna naselja intenzivne poljoprivrede i stočarska ruralna naselja) potvrđena je strukturna raznolikost naselja unutar županije. Tipologija je pokazatelj trenutačne situacije u pojedinim naseljima, no postavlja se pitanje u kojem smjeru će ići razvoj, odnosno stagnacija pojedinih ruralnih naselja. Zbog problema s kojima se suočavaju ruralna područja Županije Zapadnohercegovačke, provedena je i Delfi metoda, odnosno istraživanje od lipnja do listopada 2019. godine. Tim stručnjaka koji je sudjelovao u istraživanju definirao je smjernice razvoja ruralnoga prostora županije. Zaključeno je da prostor Županije Zapadnohercegovačke ima brojne prirodne i društvene potencijale za razvoj ruralnoga turizma, a kao potencijalne nositelje razvoja turizma stručnjaci ističu gastro i vinski turizam, ekoturizam i sportsko-rekreacijski turizam. Također, osim turizma u ruralnim područjima nužno je intenziviranje poljoprivredne proizvodnje, uvođenje inovativnih industrija i niz drugih vrijednosti za koje se očekuje da će u budućnosti biti prepoznati i valorizirani. Natural geographical and socioeconomic factors have had the greatest impact on transformation of rural areas. Until the mid-20th century, West Herzegovina Canton was markedly agricultural area, focused on agricultural production and livestock. The emergence of industry and urbanisation has changed the structure of Canton’s rural areas, which is impossible to be precisely defined nowadays. Considering the use of different parameteres for defining rural ares, special attention is given to reviewing individual approaches and models at the world and European level. Domestic and foreign scientific literature as well as numerous sources have been used for the needs of this research. The sources have been analysed and processed by mathematical and statistical methods and represented graphically in Microsoft Excel and Quantum Gis. The real picture of researched area has been completed by field research and special photo documentation, which was made as well as the interviews conducted with the local population. Transformation of Canton’s rural areas is the result of industry and urbanisation development and expressed polarisation with 4 poles of development (Grude, Ljubuški, Posušje and Široki Brijeg). On the one hand there is demographic growth and economic development primarily noted in central settlements, while the rural areas are faced with numerous negative socioeconomic processes such as depopulation, deagrarisation and deruralisation. Negative socioeconomic processes also had a negative impact on the rural landscape, as show by the analysis of land use in the cadastral municipality of Humac 1974 to 2019. In the analyzed period in the area of Humac most obviously increased the area in the category by (4%) as result of the conversion of arable land (arable land, vineyeards) fo farmland. Comparing the cadastral dana from 1974 and 2019. no significant changes were observed, however, throught field research and photo- documenting of the area, there was an increasing occurrence of social blockage due to the process of population restructuring. Special emphasis in this doctoral thesis has been placed on the make of rural settlements’ typology of West Herzegovina Canton. When developing typology selected variables (number and density of citizens, distance from central settlements, altitude and socioeconomic structure of settlements) were analysed and statistically and cartographically processed. Structural diversity of settlements within the Canton have been confirmed by defining of 6 types and subtypes of rural settlements (isolated settlements, transitional settlements, economic diversified rural settlements (lowland, hilly and mountain type), rural settlement of intensive agriculture and livestock rural settlements). Typology is an indicator of present situation in certain settlements, but the question: Which direction will development i.e. stagnation of certain rural settlement take? Due to the problems facing the rural areas of the County of West Herzegovina, the Delphi method was also carries out, in the survey from June to October 2019. The team of experts involved in the researsh defined the guidelines for the development of the rural space of the county. It was concluded that the area of West Herzegovina County has numerous natural and social potentials for the development of rural tourism, and experts highlight gastronomy, wine, eco tourism and sports and recreational tourism as potentials carriers of tourism developoment. In addition to tourism in rural areas, it is necessary to intensify agricultural production, introduce innovative industries and number of other values that are expected to be recognized valude in the future.

International audience; he application of biomolecular techniques to archaeological materials from the Balkans is providing valuable new information on the prehistory of the region. This is especially relevant for the study of the neolithisation process in SE Europe, which gradually affected the rest of the continent. Here, to answer questions regarding diet and subsistence practices in early farming societies in the central Balkans, we combine organic residue analyses of archaeological pottery, taxonomic and isotopic study of domestic animal remains and biomolecular analyses of human dental calculus. The results from the analyses of the lipid residues from pottery suggest that milk was processed in ceramic vessels. Dairy products were shown to be part of the subsistence strategies of the earliest Neolithic communities in the region but were of varying importance in different areas of the Balkan. Conversely, milk proteins were not detected within the dental calculus. The molecular and isotopic identification of meat, dairy, plants and beeswax in the pottery lipids also provided insights into the diversity of diet in these early Neolithic communities, mainly based on terrestrial resources. We also present the first compound-specific radiocarbon dates for the region, obtained directly from absorbed organic residues extracted from pottery, identified as dairy lipids.

With the exception of well known Mesolithic sites in the Danube Gorges, which provide ample evidence of (more or less) continuous human occupation between 9500 and 5500 cal BC, the wider areas of the Central Balkans and southern fringes of the Great Pannonian Plain still represent a terra incognita when it comes to the presence and settlement patterns of Mesolithic communities. In the archaeological literature, the absence of Mesolithic sites in the region was associated with environmental changes in the Early Holocene, presumed low human population densities, the visibility and state of preservation of organic material (often the only indicator of human activity), or the lack of adequate research. However, valuable insights into the obscure regional Mesolithic can be gained not only by new archaeological excavations, but also by revisiting and reanalysis of existing archaeological collections. Particularly informative in this respect are the Early Neolithic sites, which are indicative of the extensive spread of farming communities starting from 6200 cal BC, and/or their greater visibility in the archaeological record. Within the ongoing ERC BIRTH project (Births, mothers and babies: prehistoric fertility in the Balkans between 10000 and 5000 cal BC), a large sample of human, animal and plant remains from these sites was AMS dated. Unsurprisingly, the majority of obtained dates corresponded to the expected (Early Neolithic) range between 6200-5500 cal BC. However, several animal bone samples and one human bone sample from the sites of Magareći mlin, Grabovac-Đurića vinogradi and Gospođinci-Nove zemlje produced Mesolithic dates, i.e. were dated to the 8th millennium cal BC. In this paper, we present new AMS radiocarbon dates, discuss the contextual provenance of dated bones, and explore the implications of these results for a better understanding of the problem of the “missing” and “invisible” Mesolithic in the Central Balkans and Southern Pannonia.

• PTSD with alexithymia and PTSD-related emotion numbing show unique neural profiles. • Alexithymia is linked to alterations in the default mode network. • Alexithymia is associated with emotional meta-cognition and attentional control. • PTSD-related emotion numbing is linked to alterations in the salience network. • Emotion numbing is linked to disorder-level negative affect. Alexithymia is very common among those with Post-traumatic stress disorder with estimates suggesting that as many as 42% of individuals with PTSD exhibit clinically-relevant alexithymia. One proposed explanation for this comorbidity is that alexithymia symptoms exhibit structural overlap with PTSD-related emotion numbing. Given the need to identify via objective measurement whether alexithymia and emotional numbing are overlapping or different experiences, a review of neural circuitry involved in these conditions is warranted. In this paper, we briefly discuss emotion processing in Alexithymia and PTSD, presenting a PRISMA systematic review of the relevant functional neuroimaging studies. Our results suggest that alexithymia is linked to alterations in the Default Mode Network (DMN) while PTSD-related emotion numbing appears to be primarily linked to alterations in the salience network. Our results suggest that emotion numbing may be linked to neural networks associated with disorder-level negative affect while alexithymia is linked to alterations in neural networks associated with emotional meta-cognition and attentional control, providing evidence that these constructs are at least partially distinct in the brain. This has important clinical implications and may inform the selection of appropriate treatments. The impact of the review may be limited due to cross-study variations in control groups, different trauma histories, individual differences and emotion processing paradigms utilised.

The application of biomolecular techniques to archaeological materials from the Balkans is providing valuable new information on the prehistory of the region. This is especially relevant for the study of the neolithisation process in SE Europe, which gradually affected the rest of the continent. Here, to answer questions regarding diet and subsistence practices in early farming societies, we combine organic residue analyses of archaeological pottery, taxonomic and isotopic study of domestic animal remains and biomolecular analyses of human dental calculus. The results from the analyses of the lipid residues from pottery suggest that milk was processed in ceramic vessels. Dairy products were shown to be part of the subsistence strategies of the earliest Neolithic communities in the region but were of varying importance in different areas of the Balkan. On the other hand, we did not confidently detect any milk proteins within the dental calculus. The molecular and isotopic identification of meat, dairy, plants and beeswax in the pottery lipids also provided insights into the diversity of diet in these early Neolithic communities. We also present the first compound-specific radiocarbon dates for the region, obtained directly on absorbed organic residues extracted from pottery, identified as dairy lipids.

The intrauterine device (IUD) is a common method of contraception among women. As one of complications of IUD, perforation occurs in approximately 1-2 in 1000 insertions. Although migration of IUD may pursue asymptomatic course, symptoms of migration to the urinary bladder can include lower urinary tract symptoms, stone formation around the IUD and uterovesical fistula. In this report, we present a case of an IUD migration into the urinary bladder of a 34-year-old woman at the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb.

Along with being an essential part of everyday life, organic chemistry has tremendous economic significance. Given that grammar school represents a stepping stone toward university education and professional carriers in this field, improving organic chemistry teaching at grammar school level is of great importance. Consequently, this research aimed to determine the way in which organic chemistry is typically taught in grammar school, grammar school students’ perceptions toward organic chemistry and their perceptions concerning the potential of context-based teaching approach to facilitate organic chemistry learning. Data were obtained by means of the two questionnaires, completed by 163 third year grammar school students. It was concluded that organic chemistry teaching in grammar school primarily consists of the teacher’s presentation of academic content, which is only occasionally linked to everyday life and previously acquired chemistry knowledge. At the same time, students perceive organic chemistry as abstract, difficult to understand and more difficult to learn than general and inorganic chemistry, while around 40% of students perceive the quality of their organic chemistry knowledge to be poor. Conversely, students perceive context-based organic chemistry lessons to be more interesting than their typical organic chemistry lessons and point out that such an approach to teaching could enhance their motivation to learn organic chemistry and their ability to apply organic chemistry knowledge in everyday life. Although they are not convinced that it could also improve their understanding of organic chemistry, nearly 60% of students recommend to their teachers more frequent application of context-based approach in organic chemistry teaching Поред тога што представља есенцијални део свакодневног живота, органска хемијa има и огроман екoномски значај. Будући да гимназијa представља основу за даље универзитетско образовање и професионални ангажман у овој области, унапређивање гимназијске наставе органске хемије је од великог значаја. Последично, циљеви овог истраживања су били утврђивање типичних карактеристика наставе органске хемије у гимназијама, као и утврђивање ставова гимназијалаца о органској хемији и потенцијалу контекстуалног приступа настави да олакша учење органске хемије. Истраживачки подаци су прикупљени посредством два упитника, којe је попунило 163 ученика трећег разреда гимназије. Закључено је да се настава органске хемије у гимназији првенствено своди на наставниково излагање академских знања, која се само у ретким приликама повезују са свакодневним животом и претходно стеченим знањима из хемије. Истовремено, ученици сматрају да је органска хемија апстрактна, тешка за разумевање и тежа за учење од опште и неорганске хемије, док око 40% ученика сматра да је њихово знање органске хемије слабог квалитета. С друге стране, ученици сматрају да је настава заснована на примени контекстуалног приступа занимљивија од њихове уобичајене наставе органске хемије и истичу да би овакав приступ настави могао да допринесе већој мотивацији за учење органске хемије и бољој оспoсобљености ученика за примену знања из органске хемије у свакодневном животу. Иако нису убеђени да би овај приступ могао да допринесе и бољем разумевању градива органске хемије, скоро 60% ученика препоручило је својим наставницима чешћу употребу контекстуалног приступа у настави органске хемије.

Modern society makes it a requirement of the educational systems to prepare pupils for successful adaptation to the changeable conditions of life and professional market, which also presupposes the preparedness to apply the knowledge of natural sciences, in order to overcome the numerous challenges caused by the fast scientific and technological development. Given that problem-based chemistry teaching can provide a significant contribution to this cause, five students of the study program Chemical Education at the Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade conducted a survey in which 93 pupils of the seventh grade and 74 pupils of the eight grade of elementary school took part, in order to learn about the pupils’ attitudes and experiences with this way of teaching. Students, also, comprised age appropriate tests, which checked the pupils’ preparedness to apply the knowledge of chemistry, in order to solve problems from everyday life. In this way, it was ascertained that the pupils from both grades had previous experiences with the problem-based chemistry teaching, and that they do not have negative attitude toward it. They find such a way of learning to be more difficult, but also more interesting, possible learning difficulties could be more easily overcome with more help form the teacher, or by learning within a group of pupils, and in order to prevent them, the teacher must check whether the pupils possess enough previously acquired knowledge in order to solve the given problems. The results of the tests show that the eighth grade pupils, having more experience with the problem-based teaching, as well as the wider span of the previously acquired knowledge, were significantly more successful, in comparison to the seventh grade pupils. In this way, pre-service chemistry teachers gained insight into the greatest challenges of the problem-based teaching and the ways in which they could be overcome, thus improving their competencies for the implementation of this way of teaching.

Adolescents are considered as a nutritionally vulnerable subgroup because of their alimentary behaviours. Considering that alimentary habits are strongly influenced by knowledge about digestion, an experiment was conducted with aim to determine whether conceptual understanding and functionalization of this knowledge can be improved by the interdisciplinary teaching approach. The experiment encompassed 258 students attending the fourth year of high school. No statistically significant difference in the level of the previously acquired chemistry, biology and physics knowledge concerning digestion between the two groups was determined on the pre-test. Conversely, the students in the experimental group significantly outperformed those in the control group on the post-test that required a deep understanding and the application of knowledge about digestion in solving real-life problems. Therefore, it was concluded that high- school teachers can be advised to apply the interdisciplinary teaching approach in order to improve their students' knowledge about this process. Key words: conceptual understanding, process of digestion, functionalization of acquired knowledge, interdisciplinary teaching approach.

Tax reforms concerning corporate profit are an inevitable phenomenon in the 21st century with the unfair tax competition among countries going rampant. Although not a member of the European Union, Switzerland is affected by these measures, since it is one of the leading economies in the world which profits the most from preferential tax regimes. For the purposes of this study we analyzed the current changes in the tax treatment of corporate profit at all three levels of government in Switzerland which occur due to the Corporate Tax Reform. The paper points to the basic features of the system of corporate taxation in Switzerland in order to understand the changes that followed and the reasons justifying the change in terms of the European Union and the OECD. Accordingly, we propose several key measures that could contribute to the implementation of reforms - for the cantons to accept the international rules or to lower the tax rates on corporate profit to the level of international competitiveness. Aligning the cantonal tax rates has been underway, and in the forthcoming period a referendum is expected to take place with a view to defining further steps in accepting the tax rules. In case that the tax reform III fails, new reforms will be inevitable.

The use of third party services has become one of the main instruments for banks in achieving their strategic goals and business. The decision on externalization, ie outsourcing of business processes depends on many factors, and it is motivated primarily by retaining key processes in the organization, lower costs, aspirations towards highly skilled personnel and better efficiency of employees, as well as greater capital inflows, cooperation with world institutions and other benefits. On the other hand, outsourcing carries with it a number of risks that can endanger the business of the institution and which particularly come to terms with the expansion of the digitization process. As a result, this process is in banks under the strict control of the internal audit body and the risk management system. Implementation of the internal audit strategy over the outsourcing process implies its active participation in decision-making on the engagement of third parties, as well as the revision of already externalized processes. The latest regulatory changes in the area of internal control (new COSO framework) were made precisely in order to establish mechanisms for adequate risk management, with emphasis on the risk in dealing with third parties, thus enhancing the role of internal audit. The subject of the research is the critical points of outsourcing regarding their risk to the banks operations, as well as the activities and scope of work of the internal audit on this process, before and after introduction of the so-called „three lines of defense“. The aim of the research is to (1) point out practical problems in outsourcing processes in banks that lead to hidden costs of doing business; (2) clearly present the steps of internal audit in the process of identifying, preventing and removing these problems, but also its other activities in the critical segments of outsourcing, and (3) through practical techniques and methods, bring closer the new function of internal audit as a significant factor in supporting the management in achieving the strategic goals of the bank. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of internal audit in the risk management process of outsourcing, which aims to indicate the necessity of its activities at all stages of the process in order to minimize operational risk.

Briga o ljudskome tijelu odavno uključuje tehnologiju te bionička tehnologija danas sustiže mogućnosti ljudskoga tijela. Neuronske proteze – bionici uobičajeni su, a u novije vrijeme repliciraju se ljudski organi što omogućava stvaranje djelomično ili potpuno umjetnih ljudi. U radu su predstavljene tehnike kojima se pomoću računala stvara/simulira živi organizam. U stvaranje bioloških fenomena pomoću računala, s početne razvojne faze umjetnoga života, uključeno je i simuliranje ponašajnih procesa nastalih kao rezultat svijesti i emocija. Poboljšanje mentalnih i fizičkih ljudskih sposobnosti dovodi do bojazni od gubitka ljudskoga i žrtve znanstveno-tehničkoga napretka. Ispreplitanje umjetnoga i ljudskog briše granice između ljudi i kiborga te je nužno uspostaviti kiborgoetiku koja će jasno odrediti granicu implementacije umjetnoga u ljudsko, kao i donijeti zakone koji će štititi umjetno stvorena bića., Care of the human body has involved technology since long ago, and the technology of bionics today seeks out the capabilities of the human body. Neural prosthetic bionics are common, and more recently replicate human organs, which allows the creation of partially or completely artificial man. The paper presents the techniques used by the computer to create/simulate a living organism. In the creation of biological phenomena by computer, starting from the initial developmental phase of artificial life, the simulation of behavioural processes that arise as a result of consciousness and emotion is included. The improvement of mental and physical human capabilities leads to fears of losing the human and the sacrifice of scientific and technological progress. The paraphrasing of artificial and human wipes the boundaries between humans and cyborgs, and it is necessary to establish cyoroxetics that will clearly define the boundary of artificial human immolation as well as bring laws that will protect artificially created creatures.

Циљ овог рада био је да се упореди ефективност наставе засноване на примени методе учења путем решавања проблема и традиционалне рецептивне наставе у области природних наука. Имајући у виду најчешће проблеме са којима се ученици суочавају приликом учења природних наука, а за које је утврђено да су у великој мери последица традиционалне рецептивне наставе, постављене су четири истраживачке хипотезе: примена методе учења путем решавања проблема доводи до бољег разумевања градива природних наука (Х1), позитивнијег односа ученика према природним наукама (Х2), боље саморегулације процеса учења природних наука (Х3) и бољих академских постигнућа ученика у области природних наука (Х4) у односу на рецептивну наставу. Академска постигнућа ученика у области природних наука разматрана су искључиво као квантитативни аспект успешности ученика, због чега је разумевање, као један од нивоа квалитативног аспекта успешности, разматрано у посебној хипотези. Да би се проверила тачност постављених хипотеза, примењена је метаанализa, за чију израду су искоришћени резултати из двадесет три научна рада, на основу којих су, за сваку од хипотеза, израчунате одговарајуће средње вредности ES. На основу ових вредности потврђена је тачност све четири постављене хипотезе, а тиме и велики потенцијал методе учења путем решавања проблема да унапреди квалитет наставе у области природних наука. Related to an English-language version of the extended summary: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/5025]

The Balkan Peninsula played a crucial role for the introduction of metallurgy during the Copper Age and numerous archaeometallurgical examinations have delivered highly interesting insights on this topic. However, there is a lack of systematic analytical research on copper ore smelting and metal exchange for the later Bronze Age. In this paper we focus on the first archaeometallurgical results of slags from the sites Ružana, Trnjane and Coka Njica, Eastern Serbia, complimented by the discussion of XRF and lead isotope analyses carried out on 28 copper-based artefacts. Importantly, radiocarbon dating from these sites points to copper production already being undertaken at the end of the Early Bronze Age (19th–18th centuries BC), more than 500 years earlier than previously assumed. This enables us to investigate the flow of metal during the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC. The analyses of the metallurgical slags indicate a copper matte smelting process in small open pit furnaces and the use of local sulfidic copper ore sources. The fact that these intensive smelting activities in Eastern Serbia can be paralleled with the early production hotspots in central Europe e.g. on the Hochkonig (Mitterberg mining areas) sheds new light on the development of copper based metallurgy in Europe. At the same time, the evidence from Eastern Serbia shows that this area was a source of raw material for copper and bronze alloys providing a regional and supra-regional perspective. Furthermore, our analyses revealed the remarkable result, that by the start of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1700 BC) copper from the Northern Italian mining areas in the Trentino region also reached the western and central Balkans.