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Despite the extensive literature probing individual motivations for committing political violence, little existing academic research directly examines the role of local governments in encouraging political violence. I use a federalism perspective to consider how subnational governments can decrease the perceived costs of high-risk political violence against the state. This paper introduces three novel datasets to substantiate my theories: political violence against Bureau of Land Management employees, land transfer legislation in state legislatures, and a roster of constitutionalist sheriffs. As emblems of the contentious relationship between rural land users and the federal government, employees of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) routinely deal with threats, harassment, and physical violence from civilians who are incensed by restrictions on the use of federal land. Counties with constitutionalist sheriffs are 50% more likely to have violence against BLM employees than other counties, even when controlling for other factors. Additionally, levels of political violence are higher in years following the passage of land transfer legislation in the state legislature. Elected officials' legislative activity, campaign promises, and law enforcement decisions all may promote political violence against federal employees. Incorporating federalism into the study of political violence uncovers how the actions of elected officials at the state and county levels can lower the perceived costs of violence against the national government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to traditional structures of state-centric bureaucratic administration, hybrid networks of state and non-state actors are believed to possess the advantages of greater adaptability in the face of environmental change as well as greater legitimacy in contested socio-political settings. Between 1998 and 2016, pine forests throughout the western United States experienced the largest and most destructive outbreak of the native mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) on record, with most of the affected forests located on lands owned and managed by the U.S. government as national forests. Socio-political responses to this event in many geographies included the emergence of local to regional hybrid networks that provided direction and resources for responding to the disturbance event. In this study, we analyze the ability of governance networks to adapt in the face of the insect outbreak across four regional geographies: The Black Hills region of South Dakota and Wyoming; northern Colorado; northeastern Washington; and southwestern Montana. Specifically, we ask what factors accounted for divergent governance responses in the four cases and to what extent the emergent governance dynamics in each case facilitated lasting, long-term adaptation. Our results highlight governance trajectories as products of their respective histories and of feedback cycles among socio-political, institutional, and technological variables. By analyzing the origin, characteristics, and persistence of institutional change, this research contributes a comparative perspective on the adaptive potential of networks as functions of influences from multiple spatial and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Resource users with different interests frequent public lands, resulting in opportunity for conflict. We examined the issue of interactions among wildlife trappers and dog owners by examining stakeholders’ socio‐demographics, land usage, concerns, attitudes, and satisfaction with multiuse public land management for recreation with dogs and furbearer trapping. We sent mail‐back questionnaires to licensed dog owners (n = 1,000; hereafter, dog owners) and licensed wildlife trappers (n = 1,000; hereafter, wildlife trappers) in a 10‐county area of New York, USA, during 2009. After weighting data, results revealed dog owners and wildlife trappers had differences in land usage patterns for all land types. Dog owners and wildlife trappers, regardless of whether they owned a dog, differed in all items except that they had similar levels of satisfaction for management of public lands in their region for both recreation with dogs and wildlife trapping. Seeing dogs under voice and sight command of their owner or trainer was positively related to satisfaction with management of public lands for wildlife trappers and agreement that dog owners have few places to take their dogs and allow them to run off‐leash. Concern about dogs getting caught in wildlife traps was negatively related to satisfaction with public lands management for wildlife trappers. For dog owners, agreement that trappers should be allowed to trap on public lands was positively related to satisfaction. Our results suggest that state wildlife agencies seeking to improve stakeholder interactions and satisfaction with public land management for both wildlife trapping and recreation with dogs should promote the importance of dogs being under control through voice or sight command or directly on a leash, and should consider creating spaces for dogs to run off leash. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.

Weeds and pest animals can be found in all terrestrial and aquatic habitats in Victoria, and have a signifi- cant impact on the environment, economy and the community. The Victorian Government operates within a framework guiding the management of weeds and pest animals to reduce their impact on values of importance to all Victorians, both in its role as the land manager of Victoria's state forest and protected areas (public land) and as a conservator of the state's biodiversity--a responsibility shared by all land managers. The framework is designed to be flexible to deliver cost-effective actions to counter existing and potential pest species. This paper focuses on the current (2020) framework for the Victorian Government's management of weeds and pest animals on public land, for the protection of the state's biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latinx population is the largest growing minority population in the United States and is estimated to comprise 28% of the U.S. population by 2050. This continued growth is no longer due to foreign-born immigration, which accounted for 34% of all Latinx people in 2015, but rather to those born in the U.S., who comprised 66% of all Latinxs that year. Therefore, the current and future Latinx population consists of second-, third-, and fourth-generation Americans who report being fluent in English and Spanish, have higher levels of education, and earn higher incomes. As the Latinx population becomes larger and more complex, their outdoor recreation preferences and perceptions are also changing. Our survey findings reveal three significant ways that this is happening. First, Latinxs are expanding their recreation activities beyond day-use activities to engage in overnight backpacking and camping--activities that enable participants to explore a broader array of forests and natural resources. Second, despite earlier research that found significant gaps in environmental awareness among "Hispanics," recent polling data and this study show that today's Latinxs overwhelmingly support protecting public lands. Third, while prior research identified overt racial discrimination as a significant barrier to public land use, our findings show that the Latinx population feels welcome on federal and state public lands. Staff and other visitors are generally perceived to be friendly, which suggests a shift in a Latinx sense of belonging when visiting national forests and parks. Nonetheless, there continue to be institutional barriers and low visitation rates to public lands amongst racial andethnic minorities. Future research on Latinx outdoor recreation on public lands could examine how new generations draw meaning from their outdoor experiences and how they are combining traditional cultural traits with more diverse and active outdoor recreation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I argue that neoliberalism should be thought of ecologically. Working from the ecological turn in rhetorical studies, I hold that ecology is often used as a framework to describe how rhetorics interact, transform, and alter one another. Understood in terms of interaction, transformation, and alteration, neoliberalism fundamentally transforms (and is transformed by) the rhetorics and discourses with which it comes into contact. I demonstrate this process of transformation through the case of Bears Ears National Monument's shrinking boundaries as they came into contact with the different neoliberal commitments of two presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Following the presidents' different neoliberalisms, I show that both neoliberalism and the boundaries changed through interactions with factors in the monument's dynamic ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public land plays a central role in contemporary urban planning struggles. Using a comparative case study approach focused on the north-eastern US cities of Newark and New York City, we uncover patterns of land acquisition and dispossession that fit five broad and often overlapping periods in planning history: City Beautiful, metropolitan reorganization, deindustrialization, and devaluation, followed by hyper-commodification in New York City and redevelopment amidst disinvestment in Newark. Through this periodization, we find that accumulation and alienation of urban public land has largely taken place through two modes of municipalization (targeted and reactive) and two modes of privatization (community-led and capital-led). Uncovering these complex and contradictory processes strengthens the case for a more intentional approach to public land than either city's leadership is currently pursuing, but which social movements have persistently demanded – one which prioritizes democratic decision-making in long-term land management, as well as public access, use and purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uneven and unequal distribution of public land has been one of the consequences of libertine urban growth in the recent decades that has led to an unbalance in the distribution of urban public lands. This has had enormous implications, one of them being the lack of equal access to municipal services for citizens. Due to political and political developments in Ardabil during the recent decades this city achieved a massive physical growth so that this libertine physical growth has led to an unbalanced distribution of public land and caused forming a bipolar wealthy and deprived city. Accordingly this study aims at investigating and analyzing the public land distribution manner to evaluate the distribution of public utility and to grade and determine wealthy and deprived urban regions. This study employs descriptive-analytical method and essentially could have applied nature. To collect data the library method was used. To achieve study objectives two hypotheses were designed, in order to test the first one spatial autocorrelation analysis tools and the nearest neighbor index and to test the second one Kernel density function were used.

Restoring male age structure in white‐tailed deer populations has become an important objective for many state agencies aimed at improving herd dynamics. Limiting mortality in the yearling (1–2 yr old) age class is a primary consideration, and regional differences in climate, habitat characteristics, hunting regulations, and hunter behavior complicate the understanding of how specific factors influence the risk of mortality. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to determine the effects of body size, mean distance to road, dispersal behaviors, use of forested land, and use of land open to public hunting on the risk of mortality for a population of radio‐collared, yearling males (n = 76) in Sussex County, Delaware, USA. Annual survival averaged 0.55 (95% CI = 0.45–0.68), with harvest accounting for 79% (26/33) of all mortalities. Measurements of body size (chest girth, shoulder height, and total length; cm) influenced dispersal probability but not dispersal distance. The best approximating model for mortality risk included a covariate for landownership, whereby mortality risk increased on public land. Among males who dispersed, longer‐distance dispersal was associated with reduced mortality, which contradicts previous research describing dispersal as a high‐risk behavior. The effect of landownership on mortality risk has not been previously identified, especially when regulations regarding harvest of yearling males are similar between landownership types. We observed annual survival rates of 0.69 (95% CI = 0.57–0.82) for deer apparently using private land exclusively during the hunting season, and 0.20 (95% CI = 0.11–0.48) for deer that used public land during the hunting season. Survival rates on private land were comparable to those of other regions actively managing male age structure. These results suggest survival of yearling males in the region is influenced by hunter harvest and the risks associated with dispersal may be minimal in areas where harvest pressure is low, although hunter harvest on public land may limit male age structure on a localized scale. © The Wildlife Society, 2019 We examined factors influencing risk of mortality for yearling male white‐tailed deer in Delaware. We found that when harvest criteria on public lands were not in excess of state regulations, deer that used public land experienced substantially increased rates of mortality. Additionally, we observed a negative relationship between dispersal distance and risk of mortality in deer that dispersed from their natal range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We studied California spotted owl demography in mixed-ownership landscapes. • Forest conditions and topography better-explained variation in data than ownership. • Occupancy and reproduction were higher in study areas with more private lands. • Differences between study areas due to elevation and young forest with hardwoods. • Including private lands in conservation research provides valuable insights. Abstract Biodiversity conservation in mixed-ownership landscapes often depends on contributions from privately-owned lands, where natural resource development can alter and produce novel habitat conditions for species of conservation concern. A lack of research on private lands stemming from access issues and concerns over regulatory outcomes, however, often limits evaluation of the impact of land management. The California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis), for example, often occurs in mixed-ownership landscapes but research on this species has occurred primarily on public lands. Therefore, we conducted the first large-scale private-public cooperative and comparative analyses of California spotted owls inhabiting mixed-ownership landscapes in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We surveyed 151 spotted owl sites from 2013 to 2017 within two study systems: one comprised primarily of public lands (national forests) where the owl population has declined over the last ∼20 years and a set of study areas comprised mostly of private lands on which relatively high estimates of site occupancy were recently reported. Multistate occupancy modeling indicated that the probability of occupancy and successful reproduction by owls depended on site status in the previous year, with both probabilities highest at sites where owls successfully reproduced in the previous year, intermediate at occupied sites where owls had not successfully reproduced, and lowest at previously unoccupied sites. Site occupancy probability was higher at low-elevation sites and lower at sites that contained more open area and younger forest. Successful reproduction by owls was also more likely at low-elevation sites and at sites with more north-facing slope and younger forest with high basal area of hardwoods. Study areas with more private lands tended to occur at lower elevations and have greater amounts of younger forest with high basal area of hardwoods, which may have contributed to higher occupancy and reproductive probabilities than the study area with more public land. Thus, differences in occupancy and reproductive probabilities between study areas appeared to be the result of differences in topographic and vegetation conditions that likely promote populations of key spotted owl prey species. Our results suggest that private lands in mixed-ownership landscapes may contribute to spotted owl conservation by conferring different benefits to owls than public lands and, more broadly, highlight the importance of including private lands in conservation research and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big-game hunting is a popular recreation activity on public and private land. No study in the forest economics literature has examined hunting demand by comparing price response and value across different land-ownership classes. By combining travel cost modeling with data collected from a mail survey of licensed big-game hunters, this study estimated and compared the economic value of hunting trips across land ownership types in Georgia, USA. Results indicated that hunting-trip demand was influenced by age, income, retirement status, experience, and the presence of food plots with price response differences across land access types. Hunters on public and nonleased private lands appeared more sensitive to price changes than hunters on leased and personally owned land. The net economic benefit of hunting access varied across access types, with hunting trips to leased and personally owned land yielding more than twice the benefit per trip as nonleased private land or public land. This difference generally increased as travel time costs were factored into the models. Findings will be useful in understanding the net economic benefit of big-game hunting, as well as preferences for and price response to access on hunting lands under different ownership regimes in the Southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional oil and gas production (i.e., horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing) has expanded rapidly in the US. One important region where this expansion has occurred is the Bakken/Three Forks Formation, a tight oil play that has made North Dakota a major U.S. oil producer. Using a spatial well database and satellite imagery, we directly measured land‐use changes caused by recent oil and gas activities in two important natural habitats in North Dakota. These two habitats were prairie potholes and public lands that include conservation of wildlife as part of their publicly stated mission. For public lands, we found that about 2,600 ha have been developed, edge habitat increased by almost 30 km (3.65% increase), and average fragment size decreased by 0.70%. Few prairie potholes were directly impacted by this activity, but distance to development decreased for almost one third (434/1,300) by an average of about 400 m. Although land cover changes have been measured in this region in previous publications, our results showing changes in fragmentation, edge habitat, and distance to development provide new metrics for how these habitats in North Dakota are being affected by fossil fuel activity. Observed land‐use changes, while modest, likely have negative impacts on wildlife, including increased mortality or habitat avoidance. Given the potential spread of unconventional oil and gas across the globe, understanding these patterns should help inform land and wildlife managers, as well as the oil and gas industry, about strategies to limit impacts of well and infrastructure placement on valuable wildlife habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations of grassland songbirds continue to decline, and grasslands devoted to conservation are rare across the Great Plains. To gain the most value from grasslands for grassland birds, we must understand what types of management benefit these species. We evaluated the relative abundance of grassland birds on ownership types and the association of different land use activities with their abundance. We surveyed a wide range of grasslands (e.g., from idle to heavily managed, from remnant prairie to reconstructed) across western Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, USA, in 2013 and 2014. Sites surveyed covered a gradient of landscape context, management history (fire, grazing, reconstruction), and public and private ownership. We evaluated the influence of ownership and management history on the abundance of 12 species of grassland birds by comparing Akaike's Information Criterion values of linear models that included the variables of interest to models that included only local and landscape habitat factors. Ownership explained additional variation in bird abundance beyond local and landscape variables for 7 of the 12 species, and 5 species were more common on private lands. Fire or grazing history explained variation in bird abundance for 11 species, and 7 species had greater abundance on remnant prairie than on reconstructed grassland. For all but 1 species, ownership and management factors significantly improved models above a base model of local and landscape variables typically used to predict abundance. Our results suggest remnant prairie plays an important role for grassland birds, and that grazing could be a tool to increase abundance of some grassland bird species in the region. Furthermore, tracking management history of public lands in a consistent and accessible way could help improve landscape‐based models for these species. © 2018 The Wildlife Society. Land ownership and management explained substantial variability in grassland bird abundance in western Minnesota and northwestern Iowa in 2013 and 2014. In particular, a number of species responded positively to grazing, and remnant native prairie supported greater abundance of many grassland bird species than reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activities related to parking of transport, today have become widespread. While parking taxes for vehicles are one of the most important sources of local budgets in countries with established traditions of local government. The tax for parking spaces for vehicles is a relatively new collection in the tax system of Ukraine, which is due to the recent reform in tax legislation. Therefore, the scientific coverage of this subject is currently insufficiently investigated. In the article typical permissive documents are considered when decorating parking lots, and dependence that contradicts the current land legislation affects local revenues to the budget is established. The discrepancy between the general approaches of payment for land is established. For comparison, the approach of parking taxation, for which there is no land management documentation, and the main reason is the permission from the public enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces is considered. The analysis of the current state of the transport scheme of the city shows that in conditions of growth of elaborate road schemes and with insufficient rates of increase in its capacity to contain traffic growth it is advisable to increase the carrying capacity of transport lines and the development of mass passenger transport in cities with a planned increase in average capacity of rolling stock. Also, using traffic management is necessary to ensure that special conditions for the passage of the public transport network.