522 results on '"Psychophysiologie"'
Search Results
52. Can we escape epiphenomenalism ? : an immersion in British psychophysiology : 1850-1900
- Author
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Villaine, Hortense de, Institut de Recherches Philosophiques (IRePh), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Université de Nanterre - Paris X, and Denis Forest
- Subjects
Brain sciences ,Philosophie de l'esprit ,Sciences du cerveau ,Huxley ,Psychophysiologie ,Épiphénoménisme ,Victorian era ,[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy ,Époque victorienne ,Mind-Body problem ,Epiphenomenalism ,Psychophysiology - Abstract
During the second half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain, a substantial number of articles, conferences and books were dedicated to the mind-body problem. This period was indeed marked by the Darwinian theory, the development of brain sciences, together with the fight for intellectual leadership between some scientists and traditional authorities. A certain number of scientists rejected the theological tutelage of science as well as the metaphysical studies of the mind. They defended an experimental approach to the mind-body problem. Therefore, they started developing their own philosophy of mind. The most controversial thesis debated in this overall context was the thesis of epiphenomenalism formulated by Thomas Huxley in 1874. He argued that mind was causally inefficient, thus saying that the conscious will was an illusion. The defence of this astonishing position is related to two other main ideas: metaphysical agnosticism and the mechanical conception of the world. Even though it was widely accepted among Huxley’s close colleagues, this thesis was criticised by some people who also defended a scientific study of the mind. The mind-body problem thus appeared to us as a new way to enter the controversies of this time. Its study enabled us to identify a philosophical movement, which we labelled “Victorian psycho-physiological philosophy” and which this work aims at providing a global and systematic exploration of. The main authors of this study are the following: Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes and George Romanes.; Dans la seconde moitié du XIXᵉ siècle britannique, le nombre d’ouvrages, d’articles ou de conférences se rapportant au problème des rapports entre l’esprit et le corps est particulièrement conséquent. En effet, cette époque est caractérisée par la formulation de la théorie de l’évolution de Darwin, par l’émergence des sciences du cerveau, et par une lutte pour l’autorité intellectuelle entre les élites traditionnelles et certains scientifiques fraîchement arrivés sur la scène culturelle. Dans ce cadre, des scientifiques, rejetant la tutelle métaphysique ou théologique de la science, souhaitent aussi arracher la question de l'esprit des mains des métaphysiciens et théologiens, pour proposer une étude expérimentale des liens entre phénomènes physiques et phénomènes mentaux. Ils s'aventurent alors sur le terrain de la philosophie de l'esprit, proposant leurs propres théories concernant les relations de l'esprit et du corps. La thèse centrale et très discutée est celle de l’épiphénoménisme, telle qu’elle a été présentée par Thomas Henry Huxley en 1874. Elle stipule l'inefficacité causale des états mentaux sur le corps, animal ou humain, et fait de la volonté une illusion de la conscience. La formulation originaire de l'épiphénoménisme est par ailleurs solidaire de deux autres thèses centrales : l'agnosticisme métaphysique et la conception mécaniste du monde. Toutefois, certains scientifiques ou philosophes qui militent en faveur d’une prise en compte de la physiologie dans l’étude de l’esprit ne souscrivent pas à l’épiphénoménisme. Les critiques formulées à l’encontre de l’automatisme de Huxley ne proviennent donc pas uniquement des défenseurs de la liberté métaphysique et de la responsabilité humaine. Par ailleurs, il est possible de relever des nuances voire des désaccords théoriques chez les divers adhérents à l’automatisme. Le problème des rapports de l’esprit et du corps constitue à nos yeux une nouvelle porte d’entrée dans les débats de cette époque. Il nous a permis d’identifier un mouvement philosophique que nous avons qualifié de « philosophie psychophysiologique victorienne » et dont cette thèse a pour ambition d'être la première exploration globale et systématique. Les principaux auteurs étudiés sont les suivant : Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes et George Romanes.
- Published
- 2020
53. Peut-on échapper à l'épiphénoménisme ? : une immersion dans la psychophysiologie britannique de la seconde moitié du XIX° siècle
- Author
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Villaine, Hortense de, Institut de Recherches Philosophiques (IRePh), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Université de Nanterre - Paris X, and Denis Forest
- Subjects
Brain sciences ,Philosophie de l'esprit ,Sciences du cerveau ,Huxley ,Psychophysiologie ,Épiphénoménisme ,Victorian era ,[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy ,Époque victorienne ,Mind-Body problem ,Epiphenomenalism ,Psychophysiology - Abstract
During the second half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain, a substantial number of articles, conferences and books were dedicated to the mind-body problem. This period was indeed marked by the Darwinian theory, the development of brain sciences, together with the fight for intellectual leadership between some scientists and traditional authorities. A certain number of scientists rejected the theological tutelage of science as well as the metaphysical studies of the mind. They defended an experimental approach to the mind-body problem. Therefore, they started developing their own philosophy of mind. The most controversial thesis debated in this overall context was the thesis of epiphenomenalism formulated by Thomas Huxley in 1874. He argued that mind was causally inefficient, thus saying that the conscious will was an illusion. The defence of this astonishing position is related to two other main ideas: metaphysical agnosticism and the mechanical conception of the world. Even though it was widely accepted among Huxley’s close colleagues, this thesis was criticised by some people who also defended a scientific study of the mind. The mind-body problem thus appeared to us as a new way to enter the controversies of this time. Its study enabled us to identify a philosophical movement, which we labelled “Victorian psycho-physiological philosophy” and which this work aims at providing a global and systematic exploration of. The main authors of this study are the following: Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes and George Romanes.; Dans la seconde moitié du XIXᵉ siècle britannique, le nombre d’ouvrages, d’articles ou de conférences se rapportant au problème des rapports entre l’esprit et le corps est particulièrement conséquent. En effet, cette époque est caractérisée par la formulation de la théorie de l’évolution de Darwin, par l’émergence des sciences du cerveau, et par une lutte pour l’autorité intellectuelle entre les élites traditionnelles et certains scientifiques fraîchement arrivés sur la scène culturelle. Dans ce cadre, des scientifiques, rejetant la tutelle métaphysique ou théologique de la science, souhaitent aussi arracher la question de l'esprit des mains des métaphysiciens et théologiens, pour proposer une étude expérimentale des liens entre phénomènes physiques et phénomènes mentaux. Ils s'aventurent alors sur le terrain de la philosophie de l'esprit, proposant leurs propres théories concernant les relations de l'esprit et du corps. La thèse centrale et très discutée est celle de l’épiphénoménisme, telle qu’elle a été présentée par Thomas Henry Huxley en 1874. Elle stipule l'inefficacité causale des états mentaux sur le corps, animal ou humain, et fait de la volonté une illusion de la conscience. La formulation originaire de l'épiphénoménisme est par ailleurs solidaire de deux autres thèses centrales : l'agnosticisme métaphysique et la conception mécaniste du monde. Toutefois, certains scientifiques ou philosophes qui militent en faveur d’une prise en compte de la physiologie dans l’étude de l’esprit ne souscrivent pas à l’épiphénoménisme. Les critiques formulées à l’encontre de l’automatisme de Huxley ne proviennent donc pas uniquement des défenseurs de la liberté métaphysique et de la responsabilité humaine. Par ailleurs, il est possible de relever des nuances voire des désaccords théoriques chez les divers adhérents à l’automatisme. Le problème des rapports de l’esprit et du corps constitue à nos yeux une nouvelle porte d’entrée dans les débats de cette époque. Il nous a permis d’identifier un mouvement philosophique que nous avons qualifié de « philosophie psychophysiologique victorienne » et dont cette thèse a pour ambition d'être la première exploration globale et systématique. Les principaux auteurs étudiés sont les suivant : Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes et George Romanes.
- Published
- 2020
54. Project DyAdd: Non-linguistic Theories of Dyslexia Predict Intelligence
- Author
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Marja Laasonen, Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila, Sami Leppämäki, Pekka Tani, Jan Wikgren, Hanna Harno, Henna Oksanen-Hennah, Emmanuel Pothos, Axel Cleeremans, Matthew W. G. Dye, Denis Cousineau, Laura Hokkanen, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Behavioural Sciences, Korva-, nenä- ja kurkkutautien klinikka, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Neurosciences, Lastenneurologian yksikkö, Children's Hospital, and Lastenpsykiatria
- Subjects
VISUAL-ATTENTION ,LANGUAGE ,Biological theories of dyslexia ,Procedural memory ,3124 Neurology and psychiatry ,Visual processing ,procedural learning ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiopsychologie et psychologie biologique [psychiatrie] ,DEFICITS ,Neuropsychologie ,Original Research ,05 social sciences ,Information processing ,Neuropsychology ,16. Peace & justice ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,comorbidity ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Eyeblink conditioning ,Neurology ,TEMPORAL-ORDER ,FATTY-ACIDS ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,515 Psychology ,BF ,eyeblink conditioning ,ADULT DYSLEXIA ,050105 experimental psychology ,CLASSIFICATION ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,WORKING-MEMORY ,Biopsychologie et psychopathologie ,Neurologie ,dyslexia ,mental disorders ,medicine ,ADHD ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Biological Psychiatry ,visual processing ,Psychophysiologie ,Working memory ,Dyslexia ,3112 Neurosciences ,Neurosciences cognitives ,PROCESSING ACUITY ,medicine.disease ,temporal processing ,visual attention ,13. Climate action ,RC0321 ,DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience ,Psychiatrie - Abstract
Two themes have puzzled the research on developmental and learning disorders for decades. First, some of the risk and protective factors behind developmental challenges are suggested to be shared and some are suggested to be specific for a given condition. Second, language-based learning difficulties like dyslexia are suggested to result from or correlate with non-linguistic aspects of information processing as well. In the current study, we investigated how adults with developmental dyslexia or ADHD as well as healthy controls cluster across various dimensions designed to tap the prominent non-linguistic theories of dyslexia. Participants were 18–55-year-old adults with dyslexia (n = 36), ADHD (n = 22), and controls (n = 35). Non-linguistic theories investigated with experimental designs included temporal processing impairment, abnormal cerebellar functioning, procedural learning difficulties, as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to investigate the emerging groups and patterns of results across these experimental designs. LPA suggested three groups: (1) a large group with average performance in the experimental designs, (2) participants predominantly from the clinical groups but with enhanced conditioning learning, and (3) participants predominantly from the dyslexia group with temporal processing as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Despite the presence of these distinct patterns, participants did not cluster very well based on their original status, nor did the LPA groups differ in their dyslexia or ADHD-related neuropsychological profiles. Remarkably, the LPA groups did differ in their intelligence. These results highlight the continuous and overlapping nature of the observed difficulties and support the multiple deficit model of developmental disorders, which suggests shared risk factors for developmental challenges. It also appears that some of the risk factors suggested by the prominent non-linguistic theories of dyslexia relate to the general level of functioning in tests of intelligence., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
55. Whole-body exercise tolerance and muscle fatigability in chronic respiratory disorders: assessment methods and underlying neuromuscular mechanisms
- Author
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Gruet, Mathieu, Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Université de Toulon, and Pascale Duché
- Subjects
exercise testing ,quadriceps ,SAOS ,tests d’efforts ,interactions cognitivo-motrices ,neuromuscular complexity ,psychophysiologie ,cystic fibrosis ,OSA ,cortex moteur ,BPCO ,motor cortex ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,COPD ,fatigue ,psychophysiology ,cognitive-motor interactions ,mucoviscidose ,complexité neuromusculaire - Abstract
This post-doctoral dissertation (habilitation) aims to provide a detailed synthesis of my research activities performed after my PhD, across the 2011-2019 period. I have gathered and presented some works with the intention to better describe and understand the limitations to physical exercise in chronic respiratory disorders (CRD). My approach suggests a complementary between whole-body exercise tests and isolated muscle assessments. The usefulness of these tests is exemplified through the presentation of several studies conducted in people with cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea.Collectively, some of our results suggest that each maximal and submaximal whole-body exercise test has its own interests and limitations. These tests should be viewed as complementary rather than interchangeable. The choice and frequency for the use of these tests should be considered with an individualized approach, taking into consideration the nature of the disease, its severity, some events modulating disease progression and hospital resources. Whole-body exercise tests, albeit useful to det ct and quantify exercise intolerance, are often less adapted to identify some of the underlying physiological mechanisms. In particular, the various neuromuscular abnormalities observed in people with CRD legitimize the evaluation of physical abilities using tests that isolate peripheral muscle function.Despite arguments supporting peripheral muscle abnormalities in cystic fibrosis, our studies suggest a preserved muscle metabolic function and contractility during local fatiguing exercises in individuals with mild to moderate lung disease. Some of our recent works now investigate the potential influence of CFTR genotype severity on peripheral muscle function in people with cystic fibrosis. Beyond peripheral factors, there are strong evidences supporting corticospinal abnormalities in CRD, especially in severe phenotypes, possibly linked with peripheral muscle dysfunction in these individuals. We found that cerebrovascular and corticospinal abnormalities observed at rest in people with severe obstructive sleep apnea persisted during physical exercise, with a potential contribution to reduced muscle strength, increased muscle fatigability or reduced maximal aerobic capacities.The last part of this dissertation is dedicated to the presentation of future research perspectives. I propose a rationale that legitimate the examination of limitations to physical exercise in aging individuals with CRD in demanding cognitive-motor contexts. We are currently investigating the hypothesis of a particular increase in muscle fatigability in people with COPD during cognitive-motor dual-tasks, related with abnormalities in central command. The traditional neuromuscular indicators are, however, somewhat limited for the understanding of such a complex phenomenon, which is influenced by several interconnected components (i.e. cortical, spinal, muscular). We are currently developing a methodology for facilitating the use of various indicators of neuromuscular complexity derived from nonlinear dynamics, in the specific context of muscle fatigability. The use of such indicators adapted to the study of the complexity of the neuromuscular system will allow shedding light on the psychophysiological limitations experienced by the individuals with CRD in demanding cognitive-motor contexts. Such investigations will favor the development of new treatment modalities in these specific populations; Ce mémoire d’habilitation à diriger des recherches a pour objectif de présenter une synthèse détaillée de mes activités de recherche post-thèse, sur la période 2011-2019. Ces travaux ont été regroupés et présentés dans l’objectif général d’une meilleure caractérisation et compréhension des limitations à l’effort dans les maladies respiratoires chroniques (MRC). L’approche que je développe ici suggère une complémentarité des évaluations de la tolérance à l’effort global d’une part, et de la fonction musculaire périphérique d’autre part. L’intérêt de ces tests est illustré ici au travers de plusieurs études conduites chez des personnes atteintes de mucoviscidose, de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et du syndrome d'apnée obstructive du sommeil. Collectivement, certains de nos résultats suggèrent que les tests d’effort globaux, qu’ils soient maximaux ou sous-maximaux, présentent tous leur propres limites et intérêts. Ces tests ne sont pas interchangeables mais plutôt complémentaires. Le choix et la fréquence d’utilisation de ces tests doivent se faire selon une approche individualisée, en fonction de la pathologieconsidérée, de sa sévérité, de certains évènements conditionnant l’évolution de la maladie, et des ressources du centre hospitalier. Ces tests globaux, utiles pour détecter une intolérance à l’effort, restent peu adaptés pour identifier certains mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents.En particulier, les différentes anomalies neuromusculaires retrouvées dans les MRC justifient une évaluation des aptitudes physiques sur des efforts isolant la fonction neuromusculaire. Malgré la présence d’un rationnel élevé en faveur d’anomalies périphériques dans la mucoviscidose, nos travaux suggèrent une fonction contractile et métabolique normale au cours d’efforts fatigants localisés chez des personnes avec atteinte légère à modérée. Certains de nos travaux actuels visent maintenant à déterminer si la sévérité de la mutation CFTR pourrait jouer un rôle sur la présence d’anomalies musculaires dans cette maladie. Au-delà d’arguments périphériques, il existe un rationnel élevé en faveur d’anomalies corticospinales en lien avec la dysfonction musculaire dans les phénotypes les plus sévères de certaines MRC. Certains de nos travaux ont notamment montré que les anomalies corticospinales et cérébrovasculaires présentes au repos chez des individus apnéiques sévères persistaient au cours de l’exercice, pouvant contribuer à la réduction de force musculaire, à l’augmentation de la fatigabilité musculaire ou encore à une réduction des capacités maximales aérobies.La dernière partie de ce mémoire est dédiée à la présentation de différentes perspectives de recherche. Je propose un rationnel justifiant de s’intéresser aux limitations à l’effort des individus MRC âgés dans des contextes cognitivo-moteur exigeants. Nous testons actuellement l’hypothèse d’une fatigabilité musculaire particulièrement accrue chez des personnes BPCO en condition de double tâche cognitivo-motrice, en lien notamment avec des anomalies de la commande centrale. Les indicateurs neuromusculaires classiques sont cependant limités pour la compréhension d’un phénomène aussi complexe, sous l’influence de différentes interactions corticales, spinales et musculaires. Ainsi, nous développons actuellement une méthodologie afin de faciliter l’utilisation de différents indicateurs de complexité neuromusculaire, issus de la dynamique non-linéaire, en condition de fatigabilité musculaire. L’utilisation d’indicateurs adaptés à l’étude de la complexité du système neuromusculaire permettra une meilleure compréhension des limitations psychophysiologiques éprouvées par les individus MRC dans des contextes cognitivo-moteurs exigeants, pouvant favoriser à terme le développement de nouvelles modalités de prise en charge pour ces populations spécifiques.
- Published
- 2020
56. Tolérance à l’effort global et fatigabilité musculaire dans les maladies respiratoires chroniques : Méthodes d’évaluation et identification des mécanismes neuromusculaires sous-jacents
- Author
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Gruet, Mathieu, Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Université de Toulon, and Pascale Duché
- Subjects
exercise testing ,quadriceps ,SAOS ,tests d’efforts ,interactions cognitivo-motrices ,neuromuscular complexity ,psychophysiologie ,cystic fibrosis ,OSA ,cortex moteur ,BPCO ,motor cortex ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,COPD ,fatigue ,psychophysiology ,cognitive-motor interactions ,mucoviscidose ,complexité neuromusculaire - Abstract
This post-doctoral dissertation (habilitation) aims to provide a detailed synthesis of my research activities performed after my PhD, across the 2011-2019 period. I have gathered and presented some works with the intention to better describe and understand the limitations to physical exercise in chronic respiratory disorders (CRD). My approach suggests a complementary between whole-body exercise tests and isolated muscle assessments. The usefulness of these tests is exemplified through the presentation of several studies conducted in people with cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea.Collectively, some of our results suggest that each maximal and submaximal whole-body exercise test has its own interests and limitations. These tests should be viewed as complementary rather than interchangeable. The choice and frequency for the use of these tests should be considered with an individualized approach, taking into consideration the nature of the disease, its severity, some events modulating disease progression and hospital resources. Whole-body exercise tests, albeit useful to det ct and quantify exercise intolerance, are often less adapted to identify some of the underlying physiological mechanisms. In particular, the various neuromuscular abnormalities observed in people with CRD legitimize the evaluation of physical abilities using tests that isolate peripheral muscle function.Despite arguments supporting peripheral muscle abnormalities in cystic fibrosis, our studies suggest a preserved muscle metabolic function and contractility during local fatiguing exercises in individuals with mild to moderate lung disease. Some of our recent works now investigate the potential influence of CFTR genotype severity on peripheral muscle function in people with cystic fibrosis. Beyond peripheral factors, there are strong evidences supporting corticospinal abnormalities in CRD, especially in severe phenotypes, possibly linked with peripheral muscle dysfunction in these individuals. We found that cerebrovascular and corticospinal abnormalities observed at rest in people with severe obstructive sleep apnea persisted during physical exercise, with a potential contribution to reduced muscle strength, increased muscle fatigability or reduced maximal aerobic capacities.The last part of this dissertation is dedicated to the presentation of future research perspectives. I propose a rationale that legitimate the examination of limitations to physical exercise in aging individuals with CRD in demanding cognitive-motor contexts. We are currently investigating the hypothesis of a particular increase in muscle fatigability in people with COPD during cognitive-motor dual-tasks, related with abnormalities in central command. The traditional neuromuscular indicators are, however, somewhat limited for the understanding of such a complex phenomenon, which is influenced by several interconnected components (i.e. cortical, spinal, muscular). We are currently developing a methodology for facilitating the use of various indicators of neuromuscular complexity derived from nonlinear dynamics, in the specific context of muscle fatigability. The use of such indicators adapted to the study of the complexity of the neuromuscular system will allow shedding light on the psychophysiological limitations experienced by the individuals with CRD in demanding cognitive-motor contexts. Such investigations will favor the development of new treatment modalities in these specific populations; Ce mémoire d’habilitation à diriger des recherches a pour objectif de présenter une synthèse détaillée de mes activités de recherche post-thèse, sur la période 2011-2019. Ces travaux ont été regroupés et présentés dans l’objectif général d’une meilleure caractérisation et compréhension des limitations à l’effort dans les maladies respiratoires chroniques (MRC). L’approche que je développe ici suggère une complémentarité des évaluations de la tolérance à l’effort global d’une part, et de la fonction musculaire périphérique d’autre part. L’intérêt de ces tests est illustré ici au travers de plusieurs études conduites chez des personnes atteintes de mucoviscidose, de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et du syndrome d'apnée obstructive du sommeil. Collectivement, certains de nos résultats suggèrent que les tests d’effort globaux, qu’ils soient maximaux ou sous-maximaux, présentent tous leur propres limites et intérêts. Ces tests ne sont pas interchangeables mais plutôt complémentaires. Le choix et la fréquence d’utilisation de ces tests doivent se faire selon une approche individualisée, en fonction de la pathologieconsidérée, de sa sévérité, de certains évènements conditionnant l’évolution de la maladie, et des ressources du centre hospitalier. Ces tests globaux, utiles pour détecter une intolérance à l’effort, restent peu adaptés pour identifier certains mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents.En particulier, les différentes anomalies neuromusculaires retrouvées dans les MRC justifient une évaluation des aptitudes physiques sur des efforts isolant la fonction neuromusculaire. Malgré la présence d’un rationnel élevé en faveur d’anomalies périphériques dans la mucoviscidose, nos travaux suggèrent une fonction contractile et métabolique normale au cours d’efforts fatigants localisés chez des personnes avec atteinte légère à modérée. Certains de nos travaux actuels visent maintenant à déterminer si la sévérité de la mutation CFTR pourrait jouer un rôle sur la présence d’anomalies musculaires dans cette maladie. Au-delà d’arguments périphériques, il existe un rationnel élevé en faveur d’anomalies corticospinales en lien avec la dysfonction musculaire dans les phénotypes les plus sévères de certaines MRC. Certains de nos travaux ont notamment montré que les anomalies corticospinales et cérébrovasculaires présentes au repos chez des individus apnéiques sévères persistaient au cours de l’exercice, pouvant contribuer à la réduction de force musculaire, à l’augmentation de la fatigabilité musculaire ou encore à une réduction des capacités maximales aérobies.La dernière partie de ce mémoire est dédiée à la présentation de différentes perspectives de recherche. Je propose un rationnel justifiant de s’intéresser aux limitations à l’effort des individus MRC âgés dans des contextes cognitivo-moteur exigeants. Nous testons actuellement l’hypothèse d’une fatigabilité musculaire particulièrement accrue chez des personnes BPCO en condition de double tâche cognitivo-motrice, en lien notamment avec des anomalies de la commande centrale. Les indicateurs neuromusculaires classiques sont cependant limités pour la compréhension d’un phénomène aussi complexe, sous l’influence de différentes interactions corticales, spinales et musculaires. Ainsi, nous développons actuellement une méthodologie afin de faciliter l’utilisation de différents indicateurs de complexité neuromusculaire, issus de la dynamique non-linéaire, en condition de fatigabilité musculaire. L’utilisation d’indicateurs adaptés à l’étude de la complexité du système neuromusculaire permettra une meilleure compréhension des limitations psychophysiologiques éprouvées par les individus MRC dans des contextes cognitivo-moteurs exigeants, pouvant favoriser à terme le développement de nouvelles modalités de prise en charge pour ces populations spécifiques.
- Published
- 2020
57. Train Your Brain? Can We Really Selectively Train Specific EEG Frequencies With Neurofeedback Training
- Author
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Emilie Dessy, Olivier Mairesse, Martine van Puyvelde, Aisha Cortoos, Xavier Neyt, Nathalie Pattyn, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology, Brain, Body and Cognition, Experimental and Applied Psychology, Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, and Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,education ,neurofeedback training ,Electroencephalography ,Audiology ,Biofeedback ,050105 experimental psychology ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiopsychologie et psychologie biologique [psychiatrie] ,Biopsychologie et psychopathologie ,Neurologie ,medicine ,Heart rate variability ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Neuropsychologie ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Biological Psychiatry ,Original Research ,Psychophysiologie ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,05 social sciences ,Neurosciences cognitives ,Cognition ,Training effect ,EEG changes ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,training specificity ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Neurology ,Sensorimotor rhythm ,EEG frequencies ,Neurofeedback ,cognitive enhancement ,Psychology ,performance ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychiatrie ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning procedure whereby an individual learns to self-regulate the electrical activity of his/her brain. Initially developed as a treatment intervention for pathologies with underlying EEG dysfunctions, NFB is also used as a training tool to enhance specific cognitive states required in high-performance situations. The original idea behind the NFB training effect is that the changes should only be circumscribed to the trained EEG frequencies. The EEG frequencies which are not used as feedback frequencies should be independent and not affected by the neurofeedback training. Despite the success of sensorimotor rhythm NFB training in cognitive performance enhancement, it remains unclear whether all participants can intentionally modify the power densities of specifically selected electroencephalographic (EEG) frequencies. In the present study, participants were randomly assigned to either a control heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback (HRV) training group or a combination of HRV biofeedback and neurofeedback (HRV/NFB) training group. This randomized mixed design experiment consisted of two introductory theoretical lessons and a training period of 6 weeks. We investigated the evolution of the different EEG frequency bands of our two experimental groups across and within session. All the participants exhibited EEG changes across and within session. However, within the HRV/NFB training group, untrained EEG frequencies have been significantly modified, unlike some of the trained frequencies. Moreover, EEG activity was modified in both the HRV group and the HRV/NFB groups. Hence, the EEG changes were not only circumscribed to the trained frequency bands or to the training modality., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
58. Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?
- Author
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Hendrik Drachsler, Paul A. Kirschner, Héctor J. Pijeira-Díaz, Sanna Järvelä, Distinguished University Professors, RS-Research Line Fostering Effective, Efficient and Enjoyable Learning (FEEEL) (part of WO program), RS-Research Line Technology Enhanced Learning Innovations for teaching and learning (TELI) (part of WO program), and Department TELI
- Subjects
Active learning ,INFORMATION ,Physikunterricht ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Emotions ,Secondary education upper level ,Lower secondary ,Einflussfaktor ,Learning achievement ,Teaching of physics ,Wirkung ,Developmental psychology ,Secondary education lower level ,0302 clinical medicine ,ddc:150 ,Sekundarstufe II ,Schulnoten ,Learning process ,Upper secondary education ,Measurement procedure ,Psychology ,Profiling (information science) ,Attention ,Finland ,education.field_of_study ,Prüfung ,4. Education ,05 social sciences ,Upper secondary ,050301 education ,multimodal learning analytics ,Aktives Lernen ,SELF ,Pupils ,Examination ,Computer Science Applications ,Physics Education ,Lower level secondary education ,Schüler ,Lernmotivation ,medicine.symptom ,Lernprozess ,Lower secondary education ,Lernerfolg ,Kognitive Prozesse ,Population ,classroom ,Interesse ,Aufmerksamkeit ,Biofeedback ,Learning motivation ,Education ,Arousal ,03 medical and health sciences ,Low arousal theory ,Langeweile ,medicine ,EMOTION ,education ,Computerunterstütztes Verfahren ,Test anxiety ,Emotion ,Psychophysiologie ,Motivation for studies ,Instructional design ,Messverfahren ,Pupil ,Physics lessons ,Boredom ,Analyse ,medicine.disease ,biosensors ,electrodermal activity ,Finnland ,Psychologie ,learning activations ,sympathetic arousal ,0503 education ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychophysiology ,RESPONSES - Abstract
Low arousal states (especially boredom) have been shown to be more deleterious to learning than high arousal states, though the latter have received much more attention (e.g., test anxiety, confusion, and frustration). Aiming at profiling arousal in the classroom (how active students are) and examining how activation levels relate to achievement, we studied sympathetic arousal during two runs of an elective advanced physics course in a real classroom setting, including the course exam. Participants were high school students (N = 24) who were randomly selected from the course population. Arousal was indexed from electrodermal activity, measured unobtrusively via the Empatica E4 wristband. Low arousal was the level with the highest incidence (60% of the lesson on average) and longest persistence, lasting on average three times longer than medium arousal and two times longer than high arousal level occurrences. During the course exam, arousal was positively and highly correlated (r = .66) with achievement as measured by the students' grades. Implications for a need to focus more on addressing low arousal states in learning are discussed, together with potential applications for biofeedback, teacher intervention, and instructional design. (DIPF/Orig.)
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- 2018
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59. Praktische Übungen zur Psychophysiologie im Kurs Medizinische Psychologie [A psychophysiology practical as part of the medical psychology course]
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Kaiser, Jochen, Altmann, Christian F., Bledowski, Christoph, and Naumer, Marcus J.
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Medical psychologoy ,psychophysiology ,practical exercises ,evaluation ,Medizinische Psychologie ,Psychophysiologie ,Praktikum ,Evaluation ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
[english] Teaching in medical psychology aims at establishing an understanding of the relationships between psychological functions and bodily reactions and of the relevance of these interactions for the development and maintenance of diseases. To illustrate these relationships, a psychophysiology practical was introduced in the first semester. Students performed practical 30-minute exercises in groups of four on the basis of comprehensive written instructions. The following topics were covered: (1) stress (dependent variable: heart rate), (2) "lie detection" (dependent variable: skin conductance response), (3) biofeedback (dependent variable: skin temperature), and (4) electroencephalogram (dependent variable: amplitude in the four classical frequency bands). The practical exercises were complemented by theoretical group work and a summary of the results of the exercises. Students evaluated the practical positively. It was considered a benefit to the course, and the self-rated knowledge in the area of psychophysiology increased significantly. These results, as well as our experiences during the practical, have reinforced our decision to establish a psychophysiology practical as part of the medical psychology/medical sociology course.[german] Die Vermittlung der Zusammenhänge zwischen psychologischen Funktionen und körperlichen Veränderungen sowie deren Relevanz für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Krankheiten stellt ein zentrales Ziel der Ausbildung in Medizinischer Psychologie dar. Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Zusammenhänge führten wir ein Psychophysiologie-Praktikum im ersten vorklinischen Semester ein. Die Studierenden führten in Vierergruppen mit Hilfe ausführlicher schriftlicher Instruktionen jeweils ca. 30 Minuten andauernde praktische Übungen durch, die die folgenden Themen behandelten: (1) Stress (abhängige Variable: Herzrate), (2) "Lügendetektor" (abhängige Variable: Hautleitwertsreaktionen), (3) Biofeedback (abhängige Variable: Hauttemperatur) und (4) Elektroenzephalogramm (abhängige Variable: Amplituden der vier klassischen Frequenzbänder). Die praktischen Übungen wurden durch theoretische Gruppenarbeiten und einen Termin zur Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Übungen ergänzt. Die studentische Evaluation des Praktikums war durchweg positiv. So wurde das Praktikum als Bereicherung des Kurses angesehen, und der selbstbeurteilte Kenntnisstand auf dem Gebiet der Psychophysiologie zeigte eine signifikante Verbesserung. Diese Ergebnisse sowie unsere Eindrücke während des Praktikums bekräftigten unseren Entschluss, ein Psychophysiologie-Praktikum als Teil des Kurses der Medizinischen Psychologie und Medizinischen Soziologie fest zu etablieren.
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- 2007
60. Delineating implicit and explicit processes in neurofeedback learning
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Muñoz-Moldes, Santiago, Cleeremans, Axel, Muñoz-Moldes, Santiago, and Cleeremans, Axel
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Neurofeedback allows humans to self-regulate neural activity in specific brain regions and is considered a promising tool for psychiatric interventions. Recently, methods have been developed to use neurofeedback implicitly, prompting a theoretical debate on the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning. We offer a critical review of the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning, with a special focus on recently developed neurofeedback paradigms. We detail differences in instructions and propose a fine-grained categorization of tasks based on the degree of involvement of explicit and implicit processes. Finally, we review the methods used to measure awareness in neurofeedback and propose new candidate measures. We conclude that explicit processes cannot be eschewed in most current implicit tasks that have explicit goals, and suggest ways in which awareness could be better measured in the future. Investigating awareness during learning will help understand the learning mechanisms underlying neurofeedback learning and will help shape future tasks., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
61. Project DyAdd: Non-linguistic Theories of Dyslexia Predict Intelligence
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Laasonen, Marja, Lahti-Nuuttila, Pekka, Leppämäki, Sami, Tani, Pekka, Wikgren, Jan, Harno, Hanna, Oksanen-Hennah, Henna, Pothos, Emmanuel, Cleeremans, Axel, Dye, Matthew M.W.G., Cousineau, Denis, Hokkanen, Laura, Laasonen, Marja, Lahti-Nuuttila, Pekka, Leppämäki, Sami, Tani, Pekka, Wikgren, Jan, Harno, Hanna, Oksanen-Hennah, Henna, Pothos, Emmanuel, Cleeremans, Axel, Dye, Matthew M.W.G., Cousineau, Denis, and Hokkanen, Laura
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Two themes have puzzled the research on developmental and learning disorders for decades. First, some of the risk and protective factors behind developmental challenges are suggested to be shared and some are suggested to be specific for a given condition. Second, language-based learning difficulties like dyslexia are suggested to result from or correlate with non-linguistic aspects of information processing as well. In the current study, we investigated how adults with developmental dyslexia or ADHD as well as healthy controls cluster across various dimensions designed to tap the prominent non-linguistic theories of dyslexia. Participants were 18–55-year-old adults with dyslexia (n = 36), ADHD (n = 22), and controls (n = 35). Non-linguistic theories investigated with experimental designs included temporal processing impairment, abnormal cerebellar functioning, procedural learning difficulties, as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to investigate the emerging groups and patterns of results across these experimental designs. LPA suggested three groups: (1) a large group with average performance in the experimental designs, (2) participants predominantly from the clinical groups but with enhanced conditioning learning, and (3) participants predominantly from the dyslexia group with temporal processing as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Despite the presence of these distinct patterns, participants did not cluster very well based on their original status, nor did the LPA groups differ in their dyslexia or ADHD-related neuropsychological profiles. Remarkably, the LPA groups did differ in their intelligence. These results highlight the continuous and overlapping nature of the observed difficulties and support the multiple deficit model of developmental disorders, which suggests shared risk factors for developmental challenges. It also appears that some of the risk factors suggested by the prominent no, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
62. Are graphemic effects real in skilled visual word recognition?
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Chetail, Fabienne and Chetail, Fabienne
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In the last decades, repeated evidence for graphemic effects has been reported in skilled readers. For example, a letter is more easily detected in a word when it corresponds to a simple grapheme (e.g. A in PLACE) than when it is embedded in a complex one (e.g. A in BEACH). Such effects have been taken as a demonstration that graphemes are processed as perceptual units by the reading system. However, this conclusion has been recently challenged by studies using different experimental designs. In the present study, we used four experimental situations to get a clearer picture of the reliability of graphemic effects. We used four types of tasks: letter detection (Experiment 1), length estimation (Experiment 2), mixing case lexical decision (Experiment 3), and primed lexical decision (Experiments 4 and 5). In each task, the processing of words with complex graphemes (e.g. BEACH) was compared to the processing of words with simple graphemes (e.g. PLACE). Overall, we found no reliable grapheme effect, supporting the claim that graphemes are not perceptual units in skilled visual word recognition. An alternative interpretation of ‘grapheme effects’ previously reported with the letter detection task is discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
63. Detection of regularities in a random environment
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Rey, Arnaud, Bogaerts, Louisa, Tosatto, Laure, Bonafos, Guillem, Franco, Ana, Favre, Benoit, Rey, Arnaud, Bogaerts, Louisa, Tosatto, Laure, Bonafos, Guillem, Franco, Ana, and Favre, Benoit
- Abstract
Regularity detection, or statistical learning, is regarded as a fundamental component of our cognitive system. To test the ability of human participants to detect regularity in a more ecological situation (i.e. mixed with random information), we used a simple letter-naming paradigm in which participants were instructed to name single letters presented one at a time on a computer screen. The regularity consisted of a triplet of letters that were systematically presented in that order. Participants were not told about the presence of this regularity. A variable number of random letters were presented between two repetitions of the regular triplet, making this paradigm similar to a Hebb repetition task. Hence, in this Hebb-naming task, we predicted that if any learning of the triplet occurred, naming times for the predictable letters in the triplet would decrease as the number of triplet repetitions increased. Surprisingly, across four experiments, detection of the regularity only occurred under very specific experimental conditions and was far from a trivial task. Our study provides new evidence regarding the limits of statistical learning and the critical role of contextual information in the detection (or not) of repeated patterns., SCOPUS: ar.j, DecretOANoAutActif, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
64. Excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents: Current treatment strategies
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Hein, Matthieu, Mungo, Anais, Hubain, Philippe, Loas, Gwenolé, Hein, Matthieu, Mungo, Anais, Hubain, Philippe, and Loas, Gwenolé
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The complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness are very common among adolescents. In addition, in this particular subpopulation, the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with negative impact on school performances, interpersonal difficulties (school friends or family), extracurricular activities, health and driving. In adolescents with complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness, it is important to perform a complete clinical assessment including systematic clinical interview, physical examination, sleep diaries, use of specific questionnaires and possible confirmatory tests. In adolescents, the main causes of excessive daytime sleepiness are sleep deprivation, inadequate sleep hygiene, insomnia disorders, circadian rhythm disorders, chronic somatic pathologies, psychiatric disorders, movement disorders related to sleep, respiratory disorders related to sleep, parasomnias, hypersomnia disorders and use of drugs or medications. Given the multiple aetiologies of excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents, the implementation of targeted therapeutic strategies is essential in order to allow optimal management of this symptom and better prevention of its negative consequences. The aim of this review is therefore to provide health care professionals caring for adolescents with excessive daytime sleepiness complaints the currently recommended therapeutic strategies for the main aetiologies of excessive daytime sleepiness in this particular subpopulation., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
65. Train Your Brain? Can We Really Selectively Train Specific EEG Frequencies With Neurofeedback Training
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Dessy, Emilie, Mairesse, Olivier, Van Puyvelde, Martine, Cortoos, Aisha, Neyt, Xavier, Pattyn, Nathalie, Dessy, Emilie, Mairesse, Olivier, Van Puyvelde, Martine, Cortoos, Aisha, Neyt, Xavier, and Pattyn, Nathalie
- Abstract
Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning procedure whereby an individual learns to self-regulate the electrical activity of his/her brain. Initially developed as a treatment intervention for pathologies with underlying EEG dysfunctions, NFB is also used as a training tool to enhance specific cognitive states required in high-performance situations. The original idea behind the NFB training effect is that the changes should only be circumscribed to the trained EEG frequencies. The EEG frequencies which are not used as feedback frequencies should be independent and not affected by the neurofeedback training. Despite the success of sensorimotor rhythm NFB training in cognitive performance enhancement, it remains unclear whether all participants can intentionally modify the power densities of specifically selected electroencephalographic (EEG) frequencies. In the present study, participants were randomly assigned to either a control heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback (HRV) training group or a combination of HRV biofeedback and neurofeedback (HRV/NFB) training group. This randomized mixed design experiment consisted of two introductory theoretical lessons and a training period of 6 weeks. We investigated the evolution of the different EEG frequency bands of our two experimental groups across and within session. All the participants exhibited EEG changes across and within session. However, within the HRV/NFB training group, untrained EEG frequencies have been significantly modified, unlike some of the trained frequencies. Moreover, EEG activity was modified in both the HRV group and the HRV/NFB groups. Hence, the EEG changes were not only circumscribed to the trained frequency bands or to the training modality., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2020
66. Use of psychophysiological measurements in communication research: teachings from two studies of corporate reputation.
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LAAKSONEN, Salla-Maaria, SALMINEN, Mikko, FALCO, Alessio, AULA, Pekka, and RAVAJA, Niklas
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY ,REACTION time ,EMOTIONS ,ORGANIZATIONAL commitment ,REPUTATION - Abstract
Copyright of ESSACHESS is the property of ESSACHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2013
67. Psychosomatik der Herzinsuffizienz.
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Herrmann-Lingen, C.
- Abstract
Copyright of Herz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2011
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68. Wheelchair propulsion: effects of experience and push strategy on efficiency and perceived exertion.
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Lenton, John P., Fowler, Neil E., Van der Woude, Lucas, and Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria L.
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WHEELCHAIR sports , *PEOPLE with paraplegia , *ARM exercises , *OXYGEN consumption , *EXERCISE physiology , *WHEELCHAIR workouts , *PSYCHOPHYSICS - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of wheeling experience on efficiency, metabolic cost, and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) during synchronous and asynchronous hand-rim propulsion with varying arm frequencies. Fourteen able-bodied (AB) male participants and 8 male wheelchair sportsmen (WS) performed tests of peak oxygen consumption for both propulsion modes. Subsequently, 2 series of five 4-min sub-maximal exercise bouts were completed at an individualized velocity (60% of peak oxygen consumption). Arm frequencies consisted of the freely chosen frequency (FCF), followed by 4 counter-balanced paced trials pushing at 60%, 80%, 120%, and 140% of the FCF. Efficiency indices (gross, GE; work, WE) were determined and peripheral (RPE-P), central (RPE-C), and overall (RPE-O) RPEs were recorded. The GE (6.4% vs. 8.4%) and WE (11.3% vs. 15.1%) were significantly higher in WS than in AB (p = 0.001). Trends in the oxygen consumption, GE, and WE data were similar in both groups, propulsion mode, and arm frequency. Data suggest that 80% FCF resulted in improved efficiency for both propulsion mode and group, although the differences between those arm frequencies immediately above and below were non-significant. Lower RPE scores corresponded with higher efficiency values. Regardless of group there were significant differences (p = 0.001) between the differentiated RPE measures, whereby RPE-P was on average always the highest score (13.1) and RPE-C the lowest (11.1; RPE-O was 12.2). In conclusion, despite the anticipated differences in efficiency between the WS and AB participants, this study confirmed that psycho-physiological measures produce similar trends to physiological measures with manipulations of both arm frequency and propulsion mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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69. Abstracts.
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SLEEP apnea syndromes , *SLEEP disorders in children , *DISEASE risk factors , *CHILDHOOD obesity - Abstract
The section presents abstracts on medical topics which include the societal burden of untreated sleep apnea, polysomnographic patterns related to the main risk factors of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and the epidemic of obesity in children.
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- 2008
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70. Aspects psychologiques de l’éjaculation prématurée.
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Porto, R.
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PREMATURE ejaculation ,TREATMENT of sexual dysfunction ,PSYCHOANALYSIS ,EJACULATION ,PATIENTS ,SEX therapy ,COGNITIVE therapy ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Copyright of Sexologies is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2008
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71. Psychophysiologische Untersuchungen bei forensisch relevanten Störungen am Beispiel der Psychopathie.
- Author
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Krippl, Martin, Fromberger, Peter, Stolpmann, Georg, Karim, Ahmed, and Müller, Jürgen
- Abstract
Copyright of Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
72. Du réflexe à l’inconscient.
- Author
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Gauchet, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of PSN is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2007
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- View/download PDF
73. L’humanité tragique de Philippe Melanchthon, au croisement des différentes disciplines cultivées par cet humaniste réformateur
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Millet, Olivier
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Furor ,Tragédie ,Psychophysiologie ,Liberté ,Spectacle ,Réforme ,Célébration ,Passions ,Anthropologie - Abstract
L’humaniste et réformateur protestant Melanchthon fonde sa conception d’un spectacle édifiant de la condition humaine sur la tragédie antique autant que sur la Bible et sur l’histoire universelle. La tragédie est le lieu où se pensent la liberté humaine et son aliénation : elle montre comment la psychophysiologie, qui fonde la condition humaine, est orientée vers le péché, car les personnages tragiques illustrent la menace du furor qui pèse toujours sur l’équilibre de la raison et de la volonté.
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- 2020
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74. Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience : EXC 307 : Excellence Initiative - Exzellenzinitiative : final report : funding periods: 2007-2012, 2012-2017/19 : DFG Project Number: 49762668
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Bewusstsein ,Gefühl ,Psychophysiologie ,Kognitionswissenschaft ,Neuroprothese ,Kommunikation ,Educational Science ,Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle ,Hirnfunktion ,Künstliche Intelligenz ,Neurologie ,Nervennetz ,Hirnkrankheit ,Medicine ,Neuropsychologie ,Physiologie ,Behaviorismus - Abstract
Diagramme
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- 2020
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75. Berlin School of Mind and Brain : Graduate School : GSC 86 : Excellence Initiative - Exzellenzinitiative : final report for Graduate School : funding periods: 2006-2012, 2012-2019 : DFG Project Number: 24184485
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Pauen, Michael and Winkelmann, Annette
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Bewusstsein ,Gefühl ,Sprache ,Psychophysiologie ,Kognitionswissenschaft ,Kommunikation ,Educational Science ,Aufmerksamkeit ,Verhalten ,Hirnfunktion ,Psychiatrie, Psychopathologie ,Hirnkrankheit ,Medicine ,Verhaltensstörung ,Neuropsychologie ,Wahrnehmung ,Physiologie - Abstract
Diagramme
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- 2020
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76. Analysis of machine learning algorithms for the recognition of basic emotions : data mining of psychophysiological sensor information
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Zhang, Lin, Traue, Harald C., and Schwenker, Friedhelm
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Gefühl ,DDC 150 / Psychology ,Psychophysiologie ,Emotions ,Klassifikation ,Algorithmus ,ddc:150 ,Machine learning ,Data Mining ,DDC 004 / Data processing & computer science ,ddc:004 ,Pattern perception ,Support-Vektor-Maschine ,Grundgefühl ,Algorithms ,Maschinelles Lernen - Abstract
The objective of the present dissertation is to investigate a long-lasting question of whether there is psychophysiological response patterns specificity to basic emotions, with innovative data analysis method. For the purpose of eliciting the five basic emotions (amusement, sadness, anger, fear and disgust), 15 standardized film clips in German were carefully selected. Moreover, three psychophysiological signals, trapezius Electromyography (tEMG), Electrodermal activity (EDA) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded during the period of emotion elicitation. The Support Vector Machines (SVMs) were utilized as the classification algorithm and Sequential Forward Selection was used as the feature selection method. Two kinds of validation method, 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-subject-out cross-validation were utilized for obtaining the subject-dependent and the subject-independent models, respectively. The subject-independent models perform better than the subject-dependent models on totally unseen participants, which indicates individual responses patterns. The averages of classification rates of both models are above the chance level, which indicates psychophysiological response patterns specificity to basic emotions. SVM is an efficient classifier for the psychophysiological-based film induced emotion classification. 16 features are essential to the present question and tEMG contributes a lot among them.
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- 2019
77. La variabilité cardiaque et les compétences émotionnelles: deux marqueurs de santé mentale et somatique?
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Batsele, Elise, Fantini-Hauwel, Carole, Merckaert, Isabelle, Luminet, Olivier, Mikolajczak, Moïra, and Nandrino, Jean-Louis
- Subjects
Psychologie clinique ,Psychophysiologie ,variabilité cardiaque ,Psychologie de la santé ,compétences émotionnelles - Abstract
Aujourd’hui, il est bien établi que la variabilité cardiaque est un facteur de pronostic important dans les pathologies coronariennes mais le constat n’est pas toujours aussi clair concernant sa relation avec la santé mentale. Les compétences émotionnelles quant à elles sont considérées comme une ressource pour les individus car la recherche montre des associations claires entre celles-ci et la santé mentale, somatique et psychosomatique. Cependant, les processus physiologiques sous-jacents à ces associations sont très peu investigués à l’heure actuelle. La variabilité cardiaque pourrait être l’un de ces mécanismes. Cette thèse a dès lors pour objectif principal d’étudier la variabilité cardiaque, les compétences émotionnelles, les interactions entre ces deux facteurs et leurs liens avec la santé. Les résultats principaux montrent une relation entre les compétences émotionnelles et les symptômes dépressifs ainsi qu’anxieux tant chez des sujets « tout-venant » que chez des patients présentant une pathologie coronarienne. Néanmoins, un effet tampon de la variabilité cardiaque sur la relation entre les compétences émotionnelles et les symptômes dépressifs est observé chez les sujets « tout-venant ». Cet effet n’est pas retrouvé chez les patients coronariens. De plus, la variabilité cardiaque et les compétences émotionnelles ne semblent pas prédire le pronostic de ces patients. Finalement, les résultats sont débattus en retenant l’idée principale que la variabilité cardiaque reflète le fonctionnement du système nerveux parasympathique qui permet à l’individu d’économiser et récupérer des ressources après un stress. Cette théorie expliquerait l’effet protecteur de la variabilité cardiaque sur la relation entre un déficit au niveau des processus émotionnels et la santé mentale. Cependant, les zones d’ombres et le peu d’études permettant de comparer ces résultats sont également mis en avant., Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
- Published
- 2019
78. La variabilité cardiaque et les compétences émotionnelles: deux marqueurs de santé mentale et somatique?
- Author
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Fantini-Hauwel, Carole, Merckaert, Isabelle, Luminet, Olivier, Mikolajczak, Moïra, Nandrino, Jean-Louis, Batsele, Elise, Fantini-Hauwel, Carole, Merckaert, Isabelle, Luminet, Olivier, Mikolajczak, Moïra, Nandrino, Jean-Louis, and Batsele, Elise
- Abstract
Aujourd’hui, il est bien établi que la variabilité cardiaque est un facteur de pronostic important dans les pathologies coronariennes mais le constat n’est pas toujours aussi clair concernant sa relation avec la santé mentale. Les compétences émotionnelles quant à elles sont considérées comme une ressource pour les individus car la recherche montre des associations claires entre celles-ci et la santé mentale, somatique et psychosomatique. Cependant, les processus physiologiques sous-jacents à ces associations sont très peu investigués à l’heure actuelle. La variabilité cardiaque pourrait être l’un de ces mécanismes. Cette thèse a dès lors pour objectif principal d’étudier la variabilité cardiaque, les compétences émotionnelles, les interactions entre ces deux facteurs et leurs liens avec la santé. Les résultats principaux montrent une relation entre les compétences émotionnelles et les symptômes dépressifs ainsi qu’anxieux tant chez des sujets « tout-venant » que chez des patients présentant une pathologie coronarienne. Néanmoins, un effet tampon de la variabilité cardiaque sur la relation entre les compétences émotionnelles et les symptômes dépressifs est observé chez les sujets « tout-venant ». Cet effet n’est pas retrouvé chez les patients coronariens. De plus, la variabilité cardiaque et les compétences émotionnelles ne semblent pas prédire le pronostic de ces patients. Finalement, les résultats sont débattus en retenant l’idée principale que la variabilité cardiaque reflète le fonctionnement du système nerveux parasympathique qui permet à l’individu d’économiser et récupérer des ressources après un stress. Cette théorie expliquerait l’effet protecteur de la variabilité cardiaque sur la relation entre un déficit au niveau des processus émotionnels et la santé mentale. Cependant, les zones d’ombres et le peu d’études permettant de comparer ces résultats sont également mis en avant., Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
- Published
- 2019
79. Mechanisms of spike timing-dependent LTP in CA1 region of the hippocampus induced with low repeat of coincident pre- and postsynaptic spiking
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Cepeda-Prado, Efrain Augusto
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nervous system ,Psychophysiologie ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology - Abstract
In the hippocampus, the consolidation of long-term associative memories occurs rapidly and requires few or even only one-trial presentation of a learning task, suggesting that the encoding of memories occurs very fast at the cellular level. Spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is considered one of the most suitable models to investigate learning and memory processes in the brain at the cellular level. It consists of the repetitive temporal correlation between one excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and either a single or a burst of postsynaptic action potentials (AP or spikes). In this dissertation the actions of endogenous dopamine and BDNF/TrkB signaling in t-LTP at hippocampal Schaffer collateral (Sc)-CA1 synapses, using two novel different STDP paradigms that consist of only six repeats (6x) of either 1EPSP/1AP or 1EPSP/4AP were investigated. Overall, 6x 1:1 t-LTP is likely to have a presynaptic locus of expression and requires the activation of NMDA receptors (R) and L-type Ca2+ channels. This type of plasticity was antagonizing by the combination of both D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptor blockers. TrkB receptor seems to be also involved but not the BDNF release. In contrast, 6x 1:4 t-LTP has a postsynaptic expression locus triggering the trafficking of GluA2-lacking AMPARs into the membrane. However, it was unaffected by the presence of selective blockers for NMDAR, L-type Ca2+ channels, mGluR1 or mGluR5, but requires postsynaptic Ca2+ elevation. Activation of D2-like receptors showed to be critical for the induction of 6x 1:4 t-LTP but not BDNF/TrkB receptor signaling. Interestingly, STDP experiments using the same spike pattern but with a higher number of repeats (70x 1:1 and 35x 1:4) revealed a different outcome. T-LTP induced with 70x 1:1 relies on presynaptic mechanisms and requires only D1-like dopamine receptor but not TrkB receptor activation. However, 35x 1:4 t-LTP has postsynaptic locus expression and depends on BDNF/TrkB signaling. These two types of plasticity can be induced in the same cell, indicating that a single CA1 pyramidal neuron hosts multiple types of plasticity that can be triggered by the variation in the patterns and number of pre- and postsynaptic activation. These findings provide new insights into the processing properties and information storage at the single-cell level., Im Hippocampus erfolgt die Konsolidierung von langanhaltenden assoziativen Gedächtnis schnell und bedarf nur wenigen oder nur einer einzigen Präsentation des Lernreizes. Folglich muss auch die Einspeicherung des Gedächtnisinhaltes auf zellulärer Ebene sehr schnell erfolgen. Die Spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) wird dabei als eines der besonders geeigneten Modelle zur Untersuchung zellulärer Grundlagen von Lern- und Gedächtnisvorgängen im Gehirn angesehen. STDP wird durch eine wiederholte, fast zeitgleiche Auslösung von einem erregenden postsynaptischen Potential (EPSP) und entweder, einem einzelnen bzw. multiplen postsynaptischen Aktionspotentialen (APs oder Spikes) induziert. Hier wird der Einfluss von endogenem Dopamin und BDNF/TrkB-Signalwegen auf die t-LTP an Schaffer Kollateral-CA1 Synapsen des Hippocampus untersucht. Dabei werden 2 verschiedene STDP Paradigmen mit jeweils 6 Wiederholungen von 1EPSP/1AP oder 1EPSP/4AP verwendet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das 6x 1:1 t-LTP höchstwahrscheinlich präsynaptisch exprimiert wird und dass dabei sowohl NMDA Rezeptoren als auch L-Typ Ca2+ Kanäle beteiligt sind. Diese Plastizitätsform kann durch eine Kombination von D1- und D2-ähnlichen Dopaminrezeptor-Antagonisten blockiert werden. Weiterhin wurde eine TrkB-Rezeptorbeteiligung in Abwesenheit von BDNF festgestellt. Im Gegensatz dazu hat das 6x 1:4 t-LTP einen postsynaptischen Expressionsort, der durch Einbau von GluA2-freien AMPA Rezeptoren in die Membran ausgelöst wird. Diese LTP ist unabhängig von NMDAR, L-Typ Ca2+ Kanäle, mGluR1 oder mGluR5, bedarf aber dennoch einer postsynaptischen Erhöhung des Ca2+ Levels. Die Aktivierung von D2-ähnlichen Rezeptoren ist für die Expression des 6x 1:4 t-LTP wichtig, während der BDNF/TrkB-Signalweg nicht aktiviert wird. Interessanterweise, wiesen STDP Experimente mit demselben Paarungsmuster aber höherer Anzahl von Wiederholungen (70x 1:1 und 35x 1:4) einen anderen molekularen Mechanismus auf. Die 70x 1:1 t-LTP hat zwar einen präsynaptischen Expressionsort, wird allerdings alleinig von D1-ähnlichen Rezeptoren ohne eine zusätzliche Beteiligung von BDNF oder TrkB Rezeptoren gesteuert. Die 35x 1:4 t-LTP hat einen postsynaptischen Expressionsort und ist abhängig vom BDNF/TrkB-Signalweg. Diese zwei Typen von Plastizität können in einer Zelle nacheinander ausgelöst werden, d.h. eine CA1-Pyramidenzelle kann verschiedene Plastizitätsformen ausprägen, die durch unterschiedliche Variationen von Stimulationsmustern und –wiederholungen von prä- und postsynaptischer Aktivierung ausgelöst werden. Diese Befunde lassen Rückschlüsse auf die Verarbeitung und Prozessierung von Gedächtnisinhalten auf dem Level einer Einzelzelle zu.
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80. Differenzierbarkeit diskreter Emotionen innerhalb eines Pattern Classification Ansatzes: Analyse der Kontextspezifität peripherphysiologischer und zentralnervöser Reaktionsmuster
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Fritsch, Nathalie and Zimmermann, Peter
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Pattern Classification ,Psychophysiologie ,100 Philosophie und Psychologie » 150 Psychologie ,Basismotionen ,Fakultät für Human- und Sozialwissenschaften » Psychologie » Dissertationen ,ddc:1:15 - Abstract
Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit war die bis heute offen gebliebene und kontrovers diskutierte Frage nach der physiologischen Spezifität von Emotionen und damit der eindeutigen und objektiven Differenzierung von Emotionen. Dass Emotionen mit einer relativ eindeutigen und differenzierbaren Erlebniskomponente einhergehen, ist subjektiv und bezogen auf den allgemeinen Menschenverstand unbestritten. Umstritten ist jedoch was diese eindeutige, auf Alltagswissen, beruhende Differenzierbarkeit von Emotionen bewirkt. Bezogen auf die eine Emotion begleitende physiologische Erregung, bedeutet dies die Frage: wird jede Emotion durch ein je spezifisches Muster an physiologischen (autonomen, kortikalen, muskulären) Reaktionen definiert, unabhängig davon unter welchen Bedingungen eine Emotion entsteht, oder zeigen physiologische Reaktionen nur die spezifischen Anforderungen an, die mit einer Emotion einhergehen und weniger die Emotion selber. Beginnend mit den Arbeiten von Charles Darwin und William James, die eine evolutionäre bzw. physiologische Grundlage für die Entstehung und Differenzierung unterschiedlicher emotionaler Qualitäten nahelegten, haben sich zahlreiche Forscher und Forschungsgruppen mit der Frage beschäftigt ob psychophysiologische Muster existieren, die konsistent bestimmte emotionale Phänomene begleiten. Obwohl zahlreiche empirische Befunde, eine Differenzierung von Emotionen durch psychophysiologische Muster nahelegen (z.B. Bradley & Lang, 2000; Cacioppo et al., 2000; Stephens, et al., 2010 Christie & Friedman, 2004), besteht immer noch kein Konsens bezüglich deren Konkordanz (z.B. Mauss & Robinson 2009; Kreibig, 2010). Übersichtsarbeiten und Metaanalysen kommen entsprechend häufig zu dem Schluß, dass keine emotionsspezifischen physiologische Reaktionsmuster existieren, oder dass emotionsspezifische physiologische Reaktionen zwar existieren, aber mittels der Methoden der Psychophysiologie nicht differenziert erfasst werden können. Diese zweite Bewertung der empirischen Befundlage lässt sich insofern erweitern, dass die bisherigen Ansätze der psychophysiologischen Emotionsforschung methodische Schwächen und theoretische Rahmenbedingungen aufwiesen, die die Suche nach differenzierbaren, physiologischen Mustern erschwert haben. In jüngerer Zeit wurden einige Studien veröffentlicht die einen Pattern Classification Ansatz verwendeten um Emotionen zu differenzieren und physiologische Emotionsspezifität nachzuweisen (z.B. Friedman et al, 2014; Kragel & LaBar, 2013). Trotz beträchtlicher methodischer Heterogenität zwischen diesen Studien, bezüglich der verwendeten Analyseverfahren, Induktionsmethoden und induzierten Emotionen, lässt sich ein substantielles Maß an Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen diskreten Emotionen feststellen. Jedoch schmälert die Tatsache einer unterschiedlichen Anzahl an a priori festgelegten Emotionskategorien und die unzureichend verwendete Kreuzvalidierung anhand einer externen Stichprobe, die Bedeutung der bisher erzielten Ergebnisse innerhalb dieses Forschungsansatzes. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung der Differenzierbarkeit von diskreten Emotionen durch physiologische Reaktionsparameter auf unterschiedlichen Reaktionsebenen und in unterschiedlichen Induktionskontexten findet in der Regel nicht statt. Im Unterschied zu vorherigen Emotionsklassifizierungsstudien wird eine größere Stichprobe an Emotionskategorien und physiologischen Reaktionsparametern analysiert, wobei neben der autonomen und behavioralen Reaktionsebene auch die kortikale Aktivität in die Vorhersage der Emotionskategorie einbezogen wird. Bisherige Versuche Emotionen anhand physiologischer Reaktionsmuster in einem multivariaten Ansatz zu diskriminieren, verwendeten zumeist ein reduziertes Set an Reaktionsparametern die in der Regel auf einer oder zwei Reaktionsebenen anzusiedeln sind. In zwei Experimenten wurden insgesamt 10 diskret definierte Emotionen (Angst, Ärger, Trauer, Ekel, Freude, Humor und Erotik und zusätzlich drei Kontrollkategorien: Neutral, Positiv und Aktion) mittels Bildern bzw. Filmausschnitten induziert und die physiologische Reaktion anhand 33 physiologischer Reaktionsparameter operationalisiert. Subjektive Angaben dienten einem Manipulationscheck und der Analyse der kognitiven Repräsentation diskreter Emotionen. Im Rahmen einer gestuften Parameterauswahl und anschließenden Klassifizierungsanalyse (Pattern Classification Ansatz), wird die Diskriminierung zwischen den unterschiedlichen Emotionskategorien anhand der Klassifizierungswahrscheinlichkeiten geprüft. In einem dritten Experiment wurden die subjektiven, physiologischen und klassifikatorischen Ergebnisse in Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Induktionsmethode innerhalb einer Stichprobe verglichen. In beiden Induktionskontexten zeigte sich eine vergleichbar hohe und signifikante Trefferquote. Gleichzeitig zeigen sich jeweils deutliche Unterschiede in den Trefferquoten einzelner Emotionskategorien in Abhängigkeit vom Induktionskontext. Dies bestätigt die empirische Befundlage bezüglich des Einflusses des Induktionskontextes auf die Effektivität der Emotionsinduktion und zeigt darin die differentielle Wechselwirkung der Induktionsmethode und der durch sie induzierten Emotion. Beide Induktionsmethoden sind global betrachtet ähnlich effektiv; beide Induktionsmethoden unterscheiden sich jedoch in ihrer Effektivität zur Induktion bestimmter diskreter Emotionen. Eine objektive, vom Individuum unabhängige Oberationalisierung von Emotionen ist möglich. Es existieren distinkte physiologische Reaktionsmuster für Basisemotionen. Allerdings variieren diese Reaktionsmuster stimulusspezifisch und damit ist die Diskriminierbarkeit von Emotionen kontextspezifisch.
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81. The neuropsychology of transcutaneous vagus nerve simulation
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Keute, Marius
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Psychophysiologie - Abstract
In dieser Dissertation werden neuropsychologische Effekte der transkutanen Vagusnervstimulation sowie ihr therapeutisches Potential im klinischneuropsychologischen Bereich untersucht. Die ersten beiden Studien zielen auf GABAerge Neuromodulation durch tVNS ab. Diese wird als einer der neuronalen Wirkmechanismen der tVNS diskutiert, doch die Evidenzlage ist noch ungenügend. Es wird eine Modulation der automatischen Motorinhibition durch tVNS gezeigt, welche eng mit der GABA-Konzentration im motorischen Kortex assoziiert ist. Andererseits findet sich kein Effekt von tVNS auf visuelle bistabile Perzeption, die eng mit der GABA-Konzentration im visuellen Kortex assoziiert ist. Da die Ergebnisse der beiden Studien kein konsistentes Bild ergeben, ist in dieser Arbeit ein zusätzlicher Studienentwurf enthalten, in dem per MEG gemessene Hirnoszillationen als Indikator für GABAerge Neuromodulation durch tVNS genutzt werden sollen. In der dritten Studie kommt eine Aufgabe zum Einsatz, in der Antwortkonflikte erzeugt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass tVNS die globale und konfliktspezifische Performanz verbessern sowie frontomediale Theta-Aktivität, einen elektrophysiologischen Index für Konfliktkontrolle, verstärken kann, was das klinisch-neuropsychologische Potenzial der tVNS verdeutlicht. In der vierten Studie werden tonische Pupillengröße und ereigniskorrelierte Pupillenantworten als Indikator für noradrenerge Neuromodulation durch tVNS und als potentieller Biomarker für tVNSResponsivität untersucht. Es zeigt sich kein systematischer Einfluss der tVNS auf die Pupillenmaße. In einem zusätzlichen Bericht wird exploriert, ob Vagussensorisch evozierte Potenziale (VSEP) helfen können, Responder und Nichtresponder zu identifizieren. Im Gesamtfazit hat diese Arbeit das klinische Potenzial der tVNS bestätigt. Die Wirkmechanismen und Determinanten für erfolgreiche Anwendung der tVNS sind jedoch noch ungenügend verstanden., This thesis focuses on neuropsychological effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) and its potential as a prospective treatment for neuropsychological deficits. The first two studies target behavioral and electrophysiological indices that might support a GABAergic neuromodulation by tVNS. GABAergic neuromodulation is one of the assumed mechanisms of action of tVNS, but the evidence in its favor is sparse. It is shown that tVNS modulates automatic motor inhibition, a process associated to GABA in the motor cortex, but not visual bistable perception, which is associated to GABA in the visual cortex. Moreover, the former effect is restricted to the contralateral brain hemisphere relative to the stimulation, suggesting a possible lateralization of the effect. Since these findings are not fully consistent with respect to GABAergic neuromodulation, a study proposal is enclosed in which GABAergic neuromodulation will be further scrutinized using MEG. The third study investigates effects of tVNS on executive control of action. It is shown that tVNS enhances global and conflict-specific behavioral performance in a cued go-nogochange task as well as conflict-related electrophysiological frontal midline theta responses, rendering it a promising candidate treatment for executive control deficits. The fourth study probes the potential of pupillometry as a non-invasive marker for tVNS responsiveness. No systematic modulation of pupil size readouts by tVNS is found. In an additional short report, it is explored whether vagussensory evoked potentials (VSEP) can help to separate responder and nonresponder groups of individuals. It is concluded that tVNS is a promising clinical method, and its further investigation for neuropsychological applications is promising. On the other hand, its mechanisms of action are still poorly understood and warrant further investigation.
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82. Quantitative Verlaufsbeobachtung bei einem Fall von Encephalitis des temporalen Typs.
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Cramon, Detlev, Brinkmann, Rüdiger, and Schöny, Werner
- Abstract
Copyright of Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 1975
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83. Psychophysiologische und psychoneuroimmunologische Ergebnisse zur Neurodermitis Übersicht und kritische Bilanz.
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Buhk, Henry and Muthny, Fritz A.
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Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 1997
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84. A biological concept for diagnosis, treatment and therapy control of endogenous psychoses.
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Bergener, M. and Hesse, C.
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Copyright of Neurosurgical Review is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 1980
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85. Die psychophysiologischen Grundlagen des Wahrnehmens.
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Küppers, Egon
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Copyright of Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 1971
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86. A Review of Behavioural Gerontology and Dementia Related Interventions
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Megan Josling
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Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Gerontology literature ,Dementia ,Senile dementia ,Alzheimer’s disease ,Psychophysiology ,Operant behaviour ,Organizational behaviour ,Alzheimer's disease ,gerontology ,nursing care for the elderly ,Gerontologie, Alterssoziologie ,Psychological intervention ,Gerontologie ,elderly ,Quality of life (healthcare) ,Intervention (counseling) ,mental disorders ,lcsh:AZ20-999 ,medicine ,psychophysiology ,Psychiatry ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,Psychophysiologie ,Verhaltensänderung ,behavior modification ,lcsh:NX1-820 ,Extinction (psychology) ,lcsh:Arts in general ,medicine.disease ,Demenz ,lcsh:History of scholarship and learning. The humanities ,Altenpflege ,alter Mensch ,Mood ,ddc:300 ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,dementia - Abstract
Behavioural Gerontology is concerned with the interaction of the aging individual and their environment. One aspect of behavioural gerontology has focussed on the use of behaviourist methods to improve the functioning and quality of life of individuals with dementia. Positive reinforcement techniques have shown to have an effect on dementia related behavioural excesses (wandering, disruptive vocalisations), behavioural deficits (incontinence, self feeding) and mood changes (depression). One of the major concerns of using reinforcement techniques in the case of dementia is maintenance of the behavioural changes with the continual implementation of the intervention. Research has indicated that individuals with dementia meet behavioural extinction criteria at an advanced rate in comparison with individuals without dementia. Thus for a behavioural change to be successfully maintained it requires diligence on the part of the caregiver and/or nursing home staff. In the case of dementia care centres and nursing homes, when using behavioural interventions to modify the behavioural symptoms of dementia, there needs to be a considerable overlap between Behavioural Gerontology and Organisational Behavioural Management to ensure the successful maintenance of behavioural change.
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- 2015
87. Emotionale und kardiovaskuläre Reaktionen von Paaren während einer paartherapeutischen Intervention
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Schär Gmelch, Marcel, Ditzen, Beate, Heinrichs, Markus, Bodenmann, Guy, Schär Gmelch, Marcel, Ditzen, Beate, Heinrichs, Markus, and Bodenmann, Guy
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Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Wirksamkeit von Paartherapien und präventiven Interventionsprogrammen für Paare gilt als gut dokumentiert. Das Wissen wie diese Veränderungen zustande kommen ist jedoch defizitär. Aus diesem Grund wurde gefordert, neben dem Therapieoutcome auch die Wirkungsweise der Interventionen zu erforschen. Fragestellung: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es zu untersuchen, wie Paare auf eine bewältigungsorientierte paartherapeutische Intervention, die 3-Phasen-Methode von Bodenmann (2004), emotional und physiologisch reagieren. Methode: Während eines therapeutisch angeleiteten Gesprächs über ein paarexternes Stressereignis wurden bei den Paaren (N = 18) die Herzrate und das emotionale Befinden erfasst. Ergebnisse: Frauen wiesen gegenüber Männern stärkere emotionale und kardiovaskuläre Reaktionen auf und reagierten empathischer. Die Erfahrung von Unterstützung durch den Partner (dyadisches Coping) war mit einer emotionalen und physiologischen Entlastung assoziiert. Schlussfolgerung: Die Resultate unterstreichen unter anderem die Wichtigkeit des dyadischen Copings für emotionale und physiologische Prozesse während Paarinterventionen. Background: The efficacy of marital therapy and distress prevention training for couples is regarded as being well documented. However, only little is known about the mechanisms of change and how couples experience these interventions. Objective: We explored the emotional and physiological reactions of couples in the context of the 3-phases-method of Bodenmann (2004), which trains emotion-centered communication skills and exchange of dyadic coping in couples. Methods: During a conversation about a relationship external stressor, emotions and heart rate were measured. Results: Results reveal higher emotional and physiological reactions and more empathetic in reactions in women than in to men. Furthermore the results show that dyadic coping is associated with emotional and physiological discharge. Conclusions: The results
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- 2018
88. Sex-specific effects of intranasal oxytocin on autonomic nervous system and emotional responses to couple conflict
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Ditzen, Beate, Nater, Urs M., Schär Gmelch, Marcel, La Marca, Roberto, Bodenmann, Guy, Ehlert, Ulrike, Heinrichs, Markus, Ditzen, Beate, Nater, Urs M., Schär Gmelch, Marcel, La Marca, Roberto, Bodenmann, Guy, Ehlert, Ulrike, and Heinrichs, Markus
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Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch), Unhappy couple relationships are associated with impaired individual health, an effect thought to be mediated through ongoing couple conflicts. Little is known, however, about the underlying mechanisms regulating psychobiological stress, and particularly autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity, during negative couple interaction. In this study, we tested the effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin on ANS reactivity during couple conflict in a standardized laboratory paradigm. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 47 heterosexual couples (total n = 94) received oxytocin or placebo intranasally prior to instructed couple conflict. Participants’ behavior was videotaped and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a measure of sympathetic activity, and emotional arousal were repeatedly measured during the experiment. Oxytocin significantly reduced sAA during couple conflict in women, whereas men showed increases in sAA levels (sex × group interaction: B = −49.36, t = −2.68, P = 0.009). In men, these increases were related to augmented emotional arousal (r = 0.286, P = 0.028) and more positive behavior (r = 0.291, P = 0.026), whereas there was no such association in women. Our results imply sex-specific effects of oxytocin on sympathetic activity, to negative couple interaction, with the neuropeptide reducing sAA responses and emotional arousal in women while increasing them in men.
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- 2018
89. Mindfulness brain dynamics during an auditory oddball paradigm :a neurphenomenological approach.
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Zarka, David, Cevallos Barragan, Carlos, Cordier, Hugo, Petieau, Mathieu, Chéron, Guy, Zarka, David, Cevallos Barragan, Carlos, Cordier, Hugo, Petieau, Mathieu, and Chéron, Guy
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info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
90. Individual analysis of EEG alpha band brain dynamics produced by mindfulness-based stress reduction training program
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Anasi, Christian A. C., Zarka, David, Cevallos Barragan, Carlos, Vasquez, Fernando, Chéron, Guy, Alvarez, Robin, Anasi, Christian A. C., Zarka, David, Cevallos Barragan, Carlos, Vasquez, Fernando, Chéron, Guy, and Alvarez, Robin
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info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
91. A dual-process model of decision-making: The symmetric effect of intuitive and cognitive judgments on optimal budget allocation
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Stamos, Angelos, Bruyneel, Sabrina, De Rock, Bram, Cherchye, Laurens, Dewitte, Siegfried, Stamos, Angelos, Bruyneel, Sabrina, De Rock, Bram, Cherchye, Laurens, and Dewitte, Siegfried
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Understanding the influence of a dual-processing system on budget waste resulting from choice inconsistencies is critical in helping individuals maximize decision utility. In 2 studies, we rely on the generalized axiom of revealed preferences to explore the severity of choice inconsistencies resulting from intuitive and cognitive judgments separately, as well as overall severity across the 2 types of judgments. We focus on choice inconsistency that leads to the inefficient use of individuals' budget and not on the simple preference divergence that may result from the 2 types of judgments. We find that budget waste resulting from intuitive and cognitive judgments is comparable but that overall budget waste across the 2 types of judgments is significantly higher. These findings suggest that the inconsistency in choices resulting from intuitive versus cognitive judgments is responsible for significant loss of decision utility in individuals' economic decisions, rather than choice inconsistencies resulting from a specific type of evaluation in itself. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
92. INFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS ON STAIR ASCENT AND DESCENT IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS
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Gaillardin, Florence, Baudry, Stéphane, Gaillardin, Florence, and Baudry, Stéphane
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info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
93. Into the moment: Does mindfulness affect biological pathways in multiple sclerosis?
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Willekens, Barbara, Perrotta, Gaetano, Cras, Patrick, Cools, Nathalie, Willekens, Barbara, Perrotta, Gaetano, Cras, Patrick, and Cools, Nathalie
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Mindfulness was introduced in the Western world by Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1979. He defined it as “awareness that arises through paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgmentally.” Since then, research on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has increased exponentially both in health and disease, including in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Research on the effect of mindfulness and multiple sclerosis (MS) only recently gained interest. Several studies completed since 2010 provided evidence that mindfulness improves quality of life (QoL), depression and fatigue in MS patients. In addition to patient-reported outcome measures, potential effects on cognitive function have been investigated only to a very limited extent. However, research on laboratory biomarkers and neuroimaging, capable to deliver proof-of-concept of this behavioral treatment in MS, is mainly lacking. In this perspective, we illustrate possible neurobiological mechanisms, including the tripartite interaction between the brain, the immune system and neuroendocrine regulation, through which this treatment might affect multiple sclerosis symptoms. We propose to (1) include immunological and/or neuroimaging biomarkers as standard outcome measures in future research dedicated to mindfulness and MS to help explain the clinical improvements seen in fatigue and depression; (2) to investigate effects on enhancing cognitive reserve and cognitive function; and (3) to investigate the effects of mindfulness on the disease course in MS., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
94. Context, facial expression and prosody in irony processing
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Deliens, Gaétane, Kyriakos, Antoniou, Clin, Elise, Ostashchenko, Ekaterina, Kissine, Mikhail, Deliens, Gaétane, Kyriakos, Antoniou, Clin, Elise, Ostashchenko, Ekaterina, and Kissine, Mikhail
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While incongruence with the background context is a powerful cue for irony, in spoken conversation ironic utterances often bear non-contextual cues, such as marked tone of voice and/or facial expression. In Experiment 1, we show that ironic prosody and facial expression can be correctly discriminated as such in a categorization task, even though the boundaries between ironic and non-ironic cues are somewhat fuzzy. However, an act-out task (Experiments 2 & 3) reveals that prosody and facial expression are considerably less reliable cues for irony comprehension than contextual incongruence. Reaction time and eye-tracking data indicate that these non-contextual cues entail a trade-off between accuracy and processing speed. These results suggest that interpreters privilege frugal, albeit less reliable pragmatic heuristics over costlier, but more reliable, contextual processing., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2018
95. Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making
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Hu, Yi, Pan, Yafeng, Shi, Xinwei, Cai, Qing, Li, Xianchun, Cheng, Xiaojun, Hu, Yi, Pan, Yafeng, Shi, Xinwei, Cai, Qing, Li, Xianchun, and Cheng, Xiaojun
- Abstract
People engaged in interactive decision making rely on prior decision behaviors by other persons to make new choices and they exhibit inter-brain synchrony between each other. The functional meanings of such inter-brain synchrony, however, remains obscure. In the present study, dyads (15 pairs, all female) played the Prisoner's Dilemma game while their brain activities were recorded simultaneously by electroencephalography (EEG)-based hyperscanning technique. We manipulated the context of the game with higher versus lower cooperation index (HCI vs. LCI) and to each participant, we depicted the interaction as involving either another human partner or a machine (H-H vs. H-M). The results showed a higher cooperation rate and larger theta/alpha-band inter-brain synchrony in condition H-H than in H-M. In the condition H-H, there were larger centrofrontal theta-band and centroparietal alpha-band inter-brain synchrony in tasks set for high cooperation (HCI vs. LCI). Enhanced inter-brain synchrony covaried with increased cooperative choices observed between LCI and HCI. Furthermore, a subjective measure of perceived cooperativeness mediated the relationship between game context and inter-brain synchrony. These findings provide evidence for a role of cooperation on inter-brain synchrony during interactive decision making, and suggest distinct underlying neural processes recruited by cooperation contexts to enable high-level social cognitive processing in decision making., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2018
96. Into the moment : does mindfulness affect biological pathways in multiple sclerosis?
- Author
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Barbara Willekens, Gaetano Perrotta, Patrick Cras, and Nathalie Cools
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Mindfulness ,mindfulness ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Disease ,Affect (psychology) ,Stress ,multiple sclerosis ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Multiple sclerosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,stress ,0302 clinical medicine ,Biopsychologie et psychopathologie ,medicine ,Dementia ,Psychology ,Neuropsychologie ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Biology ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Fatigue ,cognitive function ,Cognitive reserve ,Psychophysiologie ,business.industry ,Depression ,Neurosciences cognitives ,Cognition ,medicine.disease ,immune system ,030104 developmental biology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Immune system ,Perspective ,depression ,fatigue ,Cognitive function ,Human medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology ,Neuroscience ,MRI - Abstract
Mindfulness was introduced in the Western world by Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1979. He defined it as “awareness that arises through paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgmentally.” Since then, research on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has increased exponentially both in health and disease, including in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Research on the effect of mindfulness and multiple sclerosis (MS) only recently gained interest. Several studies completed since 2010 provided evidence that mindfulness improves quality of life (QoL), depression and fatigue in MS patients. In addition to patient-reported outcome measures, potential effects on cognitive function have been investigated only to a very limited extent. However, research on laboratory biomarkers and neuroimaging, capable to deliver proof-of-concept of this behavioral treatment in MS, is mainly lacking. In this perspective, we illustrate possible neurobiological mechanisms, including the tripartite interaction between the brain, the immune system and neuroendocrine regulation, through which this treatment might affect multiple sclerosis symptoms. We propose to (1) include immunological and/or neuroimaging biomarkers as standard outcome measures in future research dedicated to mindfulness and MS to help explain the clinical improvements seen in fatigue and depression; (2) to investigate effects on enhancing cognitive reserve and cognitive function; and (3) to investigate the effects of mindfulness on the disease course in MS., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2018
97. Influence of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on dual-task performance in young and old adults
- Author
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Gaillardin, Florence and Baudry, Stéphane
- Subjects
Psychophysiologie - Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2017
98. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Rhythms and Entropy during Self-Paced Finger Movement using the Epoc Helmet
- Author
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Florian Bodranghien, Serge Clément, Mario Manto, and Margot Langlois Mahe
- Subjects
Cerebellum ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Entropy ,Electroencephalography ,sequential movements ,050105 experimental psychology ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Wearable EEG ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Rhythm ,Physiopsychologie et psychologie biologique [psychiatrie] ,Biopsychologie et psychopathologie ,Neurologie ,Direct current stimulation ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,direct current stimulation ,Neuropsychologie ,Neurostimulation ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Biological Psychiatry ,Original Research ,Sequential movements ,Spectral ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Transcranial direct-current stimulation ,Psychophysiologie ,wearable EEG ,05 social sciences ,Neurosciences cognitives ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Neurology ,Cerebral cortex ,Cerebellar cortex ,Laterality ,spectral ,Psychology ,entropy ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychiatrie - Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum is emerging as a novel non-invasive tool to modulate the activity of the cerebellar circuitry. In a single blinded study, we applied anodal tDCS (atDCS) of the cerebellum to assess its effects on brain entropy and brain rhythms during self-paced sequential finger movements in a group of healthy volunteers. Although wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) systems cannot compete with traditional clinical/laboratory set-ups in terms of accuracy and channel density, they have now reached a sufficient maturity to envision daily life applications. Therefore, the EEG was recorded with a comfortable and easy to wear 14 channels wireless helmet (Epoc headset; electrode location was based on the 10–20 system). Cerebellar neurostimulation modified brain rhythmicity with a decrease in the delta band (electrode F3 and T8, p < 0.05). By contrast, our study did not show any significant change in entropy ratios and laterality coefficients (LC) after atDCS of the cerebellum in the 14 channels. The cerebellum is heavily connected with the cerebral cortex including the frontal lobes and parietal lobes via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. We propose that the effects of anodal stimulation of the cerebellar cortex upon cerebral cortical rhythms are mediated by this key-pathway. Additional studies using high-density EEG recordings and behavioral correlates are now required to confirm our findings, especially given the limited coverage of Epoc headset., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Outside of the laboratory: Associations of working-memory performance with psychological and physiological arousal vary with age
- Author
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Viktor Müller, Gert G. Wagner, Michaela Riediger, Cornelia Wrzus, Florian Schmiedek, and Kathrin Klipker
- Subjects
Male ,Aging ,Emotions ,Rhythm ,Anxiety ,Einflussfaktor ,Developmental psychology ,Leistungstest ,ddc:150 ,Heart Rate ,Tagesablauf ,Psychology ,Young adult ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,Alltag ,Age Factors ,Age group ,Middle Aged ,Memory, Short-Term ,Feeling ,Female ,Rhythmus ,medicine.symptom ,Arousal ,Lebensalter ,Clinical psychology ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Kognitive Prozesse ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Everyday life ,Short-term memory ,Leistungsfähigkeit ,Young Adult ,Age ,Heart rate ,medicine ,Messung ,Humans ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Wakefulness ,Aged ,Altersgruppe ,Psychophysiologie ,Period of life ,Working memory ,Performance potential ,Psychologie ,Arbeitsgedächtnis ,Vergleich ,Self Report ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Psychophysiology - Abstract
We investigated age differences in associations among self-reported experiences of tense and energetic arousal, physiological activation indicated by heart rate, and working-memory performance in everyday life. The sample comprised 92 participants aged 14-83 years. Data were collected for 24 hr while participants pursued their normal daily routines. Participants wore an ambulatory biomonitoring system that recorded their cardiac and physical activity. Using mobile phones as assessment devices, they also provided an average of 7 assessments of their momentary experiences of tense arousal (feeling nervous) and energetic arousal (feeling wide-awake) and completed 2 trials of a well-practiced working-memory task. Experiences of higher energetic arousal were associated with higher heart rate in participants younger than 50 years of age but not in participants older than that, and energetic arousal was unrelated to within-person fluctuations in working-memory performance. Experiences of tense arousal were associated with higher heart rate independent of participants' age. Tense arousal and physiological activation were accompanied by momentary impairments in working-memory performance in middle-aged and older adults but not in younger individuals. Results suggest that psychological arousal experiences are associated with lower working-memory performance in middle-aged and older adults when they are accompanied by increased physiological activation and that the same is true for physiological activation deriving from other influences. Hence, age differences in cognitive performance may be exaggerated when the assessment situation itself elicits tense arousal or occurs in situations with higher physiological arousal arising from affective experiences, physical activity, or circadian rhythms.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
100. Measuring Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in humans with the startle eyeblink and postauricular reflexes
- Author
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Coraj, Seline, Sander, David, and Stussi, Yoann
- Subjects
ddc:128.37 ,Conditionnement ,Odeur ,ddc:150 ,Psychophysiologie ,Récompense ,ddc:616.8 ,Émotion - Abstract
Emotional learning is an essential adaptive function that mainly occurs through aversive and appetitive conditioning. Despite a comparable evolutionary and clinical significance, appetitive conditioning has rarely been studied in humans, in contrast to aversive conditioning. This divergence might be explained by the difficulty in finding effective appetitive stimuli that elicit strong physiological reactions, and/or by a potential lack of sensitivity of the psychophysiological measures typically used to detect appetitive conditioning. However, promising findings suggest that the postauricular reflex (PAR) and the startle eyeblink reflex may be sensitive to appetitive stimuli. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether these two reflexes represent suitable psychophysiological indicators of human appetitive conditioning. To this end, we adopted a differential appetitive conditioning procedure, in which one neutral figure (CS+) was contingently paired with a pleasant odor (US), whereas another neutral figure (CS-) was never paired with any odor. Taken together, our results revealed that the PAR was specifically potentiated in response to the CS+ only during acquisition, demonstrating its sensitivity to the appetitive contingencies. Likewise, CS-US contingency and CS liking ratings reflected successful appetitive conditioning. In contrast, we found no startle eyeblink reflex modulation in response to the CS+, and no effect of appetitive conditioning on SCR. Our findings hence indicate that the postauricular reflex is a sensitive measure of human appetitive conditioning, therefore representing a valuable tool for further investigating the basic mechanisms underlying emotional learning in humans, as well as their dysfunctions in related disorders.
- Published
- 2017
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