Search

In the present paper the Co1-δZnδFe2O4 (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1) ferrite nanopowders with a spinel type structure were synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation technique with constant flow rate VFR = 120 cm3/min at three different reaction temperatures i.e. Tτ = 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C. Magnetic and structural characteristics of the obtained materials were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction method, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. In the course of studies hysteresis loops M(μ0H) and the relations of magnetization M7T (determined at μ0H = 7T), squareness ratio S and the Néel temperature TN versus Zn content were determined and discussed in detail. It was shown that for δ < 0:6 the increase in reaction temperature Tτ results in a significant increase of the measured magnetic characteristics. In particular, in the case of Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 ferrite nanopowder magnetization M7T reaches maximal value of about 80 emu/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the magnetic and structural properties of RCo5 (R = Y, Gd, Sm) intermetallics fabricated by high energy ball - milling (HEBM). The investigated samples were first produced by arc-melting as bulk materials and then were milled for 1h in dimethylformamide with balls to powder ratio 10:1. The influence of the HEBM parameters on the microstructure was investigated by a variety of complementary measurement methods. The Rietveld refinement was performed to estimate the dependence of crystallite size and microstrain on type of sample. The hysteresis loops were recorded by SQUID magnetometer at 2 K and 300 K and at magnetic field up to μ0H = 7 T. The impact of short HEBM process is visible as the enhancement of coercivity and simultaneous reduction of the saturation magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of substitution of Co for Ni in Sm(Ni1-xCox)3, where x = 0:0, 0,1, 0.2, on the structural and magnetic properties has been investigated. Samples with x = 0:0 and 0.2 were subjected to grinding in a high energy ball mill. The presence of a PuNi3 type of crystal phase was evidenced for bulk crystalline and powders specimens. With an increase in the cobalt content, an increase at Tc was observed. From the magnetic isotherms, the magnetic entropy changes were determined both for solid and powdered samples. It has been shown that the value of the magnetic entropy change at Tc is doubled for the bulk sample with x = 0.2 but it has decreased significantly for all powdered samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose: determination of classification model of 7-9 years old boys' motor fitness. The methods of the research: we used the following methods of research: analysis of scientific literature data, pedagogic testing, methods of mathematical statistics. As method of simulation we used discriminant analysis. In our researches 7 boys of 7 yrs. age (n=22), 8 years. age (n=27), 9 yrs. age (n=29) participated. Results: we the calculated canonic coefficients of discriminant function (not standardized). They play role of multipliers of the set values of variables, which are components of discriminant function. On the base of them it is possible to classify pupils by level of motor fitness according to their age that is of practical importance. Analysis of discriminant functions' structural coefficients permitted to specify indicators, by which it is possible to classify boys of 7, 8 and 9 years old (function 1). Besides it permits to specify indicators, by which we could separate 8 years old boys from 9 years age (function 2). Discriminant analysis permitted to answer the question: how confidently one can divide one class from the other by the set of offered variables; which of these variables influence the most substantially on specifying of forms; to which form the object belongs on the base of discrminant variables. Conclusions: Statistically confident differences of mean group results of testing were observed in the following tests: walking of segments of hexagon (steps, p<0.033); 30 meters' run (s, p<0.001); long jump from the spot (cm, p<0.002); 300 meters' run (min, p<0.001); chin ups on rope in mixed hanging (quantity of times, p<0.038); shuttle run 4?9 meters (s, p<0.001); rising in sitting position per 1 minute (quantity of times, p<0.009); body height (cm, p<0.001); distance from acromion to acromion (cm, p<0.001); index assessment of mobility in shoulder joints (p<0.005); side circles with stick (points, p<0,.009); frequency of arms' movements (quantity of times, p<0.048); walking along straight line after 5 rotations (cm, p<0.002); catching of falling stick of Dietrich (cm, p<0.036). For finalizing pedagogic control of 7 yrs. age boys' motor fitness first discriminant function can be use, with accent on the most informative variables. If results of 7 yrs. Boys are classified as results similar to 8 yrs. boys it would be possible to speak about effectiveness of physical education. For summarizing pedagogic control of 8 yrs. age boys' physical fitness results of 9 years old boys are benchmarks, providing they are accented on the most informative indicators of discriminant function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot extrusion process was applied to Ni54.3Fe16.2Ga29.5 polycrystalline alloy. Then the rod was annealed subsequently for 1 h at 700, 800, 900, and 1100 °C. In this paper the effect of annealing on the microstructure of the polycrystalline extruded Ni-Fe-Ga alloy were analyzed. The structure of the alloys was determined by the X-ray and transmission electron microscopy. The electron backscattering diffraction technique was applied to obtain the texture of the extruded rods after heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure studies were performed on nanocrystalline powder of MgO xerogel prepared by the sol-gel technique, producing high purity, chemically homogeneous materials of relatively high specific surface area. Magnesium methoxide was used as an MgO precursor. The wet gel was dried under conventional conditions, yielding xerogel with periclase phase; the only crystalline form of magnesium oxide. The X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microcopies were used as the tools of structure analysis. The Toraya PRO-FIT procedure and the Rietveld refinement method were applied for X-ray data analysis. Both techniques apply the Pearson VII function for the description of line profiles. The gamma crystallite size distribution was determined using the FW(1/5)/(4/5)M method proposed by Pielaszek. The obtained values of and s (measure of polydispersity) of particle size parameters are equal to 7.1 nm and 2.1 nm, respectively, whereas the average crystallite size, estimated by the Williamson-Hall procedure, was equal to 7.5 nm. The Rwp, and S fitting parameters obtained from the Rietveld refinement were equal to 6.4% and 1.8, respectively. This would seem the most satisfactory result, when considering the nanosize of MgO crystallites and a very probable presence of amorphous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we present and discuss magnetic properties of the Tb(Ni1–xFex)3 (x = 0:2, 0.6) crystalline compounds and their ball-milled powders. The investigated samples are polycrystalline and crystallize in the rhombohedral PuNi3 type of crystal structure. The Curie temperature of the material seems to be independent of particle size and is constant. The coercivity depends on the amount of iron dopant. The saturation magnetization decreases after mechanical grinding which is connected with the reduction in particle size. After 6 h milling time the SEM results show the presence of nanoflakes with thickness up to 100 nm or even smaller. Moreover, the pulverization leads to the observed decrease of magnetocaloric effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irinarassite, Ca3Sn2SiAl2O12, a new mineral species of the garnet supergroup was discovered in metasomatically altered carbonate-silicate xenoliths in ignimbrites of the Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. It occurs as small zones and irregular spots in kimzeyite-kerimasite or rarely as single crystals not exceeding 10 μm in size, within complex pseudomorphs after zircon. Lakargiite, tazheranite, baddeleyite, kerimasite, kimzeyite, baghdadite and rarely magnesioferrite are associated with irinarassite in the pseudomorphs which are confined to larnite-cuspidine zones immediately adjoining the ignimbrite. Larnite, cuspidine, rondorfite, fluor- and hydroxylellestadite, fluorite and secondary minerals such as ettringite, hillebrandite and bultfonteinite are associated with irinarassite. Irinarassite is pale brown to yellow colour. The mineral is characterized by the absence of cleavage and by an irregular fracture. The calculated density is 4.3 g cm-1. The mineral is isotropic with a calculated refractive index of 1.9. The empirical crystal chemical formula of irinarassite from the holotype specimen is as follows (Ca2.965Fe0.0352+)∑3(Sn1.016Zr0.410Ti0.262Sb0.2375+Fe0.0352+U0.0176+Sc0.014Hf0.006Nb0.004)∑2.001(Al1.386Fe0.8043+Si0.446Ti0.3644+)∑3O12. Electron backscatter diffraction patterns of irinarassite are fitted to the garnet model with a = 12.50(3) Å with excellent MAD (mean angular deviation) = 0.16º. The Raman spectrum of irinarassite is analogous to those of kerimasite and other Zr-Sn-garnets of the schorlomite and bitikleite groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistivity of the silica SBA-15 type can be significantly improved by forming a thin layer of carbon on the pore surface. This is possible through the carbonization reaction of a surfactant used as a structure-directing agent in the synthesis of mesostructured silica materials. The synthesis of this type of silica-carbon composite (SBA-C) is based on the use of sulfuric acid to create a carbon layer from surfactant molecules encapsulated in silica mesopores. The action of sulfuric acid takes place through dehydration and sulfonation reactions, which promote the formation of aromatic structures and favor crosslinking processes. The same procedure was applied to prepare MTF-C composites based on mesostructured thin films (MTFs). Compared to pure silica materials, these silica-carbon composites exhibit reduced pore diameter and volume while maintaining morphology and structure. The pore structure characteristics were obtained by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and isothermal sorption analysis. The composite obtained after carbon layer formation exhibited enhanced conductivity in comparison to pure silica SBA-15. The resistivity of SBA-C composite material after annealing at 800 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere decreased to 1980 Ωcm in comparison with pure SBA-15.

Pre-treatment of diamond surface in low-temperature plasma for oxygenation and in acids for carboxylation was hypothesized to promote the branching density of the hyperbranched glycidol polymer. This was expected to increase the homogeneity of the branching level and suppress interactions with proteins. As a result, composite nanodiamonds with reduced hydrodynamic diameters that are maintained in physiological environments were anticipated. Surfaces of 140-nm-sized nanodiamonds were functionalized with oxygen and carboxyl groups for grafting of hyperbranched dendritic polyglycerol via anionic ring-opening polymerization of glycidol. The modification was verified with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering investigated colloidal stability in pH-diverse (2-12) solutions, concentrated phosphate-buffered saline, and cell culture media. Thermogravimetric analysis of nanodiamonds-protein incubations examined non-specific binding. Fluorescence emission was tested across pH conditions. Molecular dynamics simulations modeled interparticle interactions in ionic solutions. The hyperbranched polyglycerol grafting increased colloidal stability of nanodiamonds across diverse pH, high ionic media like 10 × concentrated phosphate-buffered saline, and physiological media like serum and cell culture medium. The hyperbranched polyglycerol suppressed non-specific protein adsorption while maintaining intensive fluorescence of nanodiamonds regardless of pH. Molecular modelling indicated reduced interparticle interactions in ionic solutions correlating with the improved colloidal stability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study investigates the influence of cooling rates on the microstructure and phase transformations of the high-entropy alloy Cr 16 Mn 16 Fe 16 Co 16 Ni 16 P 20 . The alloy was synthesized via arc melting and subjected to three cooling conditions: slow cooling (52 K/s), accelerated cooling after a short electric arc pulse (3018 K/s), and rapid quenching (10⁵-10⁶ K/s) using the melt-spinning method. The microstructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The thermal properties and phase transformations were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermography. Slow cooling produced a complex crystalline microstructure, while accelerated cooling resulted in fewer phases. Rapid cooling yielded an amorphous structure, demonstrating that phosphorus and high mixing entropy enhance glass-forming ability. Phase transformations exhibited significant undercooling under accelerated cooling, with FCC phase crystallization shifting from 1706 K (slow cooling) to 1341 K, and eutectic crystallization from 1206 K to 960 K. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing cooling processes in high-entropy alloys for advanced structural and functional applications.

The presented work considers the influence of the hafnium and molybdenum to zirconium ratio of Ti 20 Ta 20 Nb 20 (HfMo) 20-x Zr x (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) high-entropy alloys in an as-cast state for potential biomedical applications. The current research continues with our previous results of hafnium's and molybdenum's influence on a similar chemical composition. In the presented study, the microstructure, selected mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance were investigated. The phase formation thermodynamical calculations were also applied to predict solid solution formation after solidification. The calculations predicted the presence of multi-phase, body-centred cubic phases, confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition analysis showed the segregation of alloying elements. Microhardness measurements revealed a decrease in microhardness with increased zirconium content in the studied alloys. The corrosion resistance was determined in Ringer's solution to be higher than that of commercially applied biomaterials. The comparison of the obtained results with previously reported data is also presented and discussed in the presented study.

The influence of different solvents, including aqueous and nonaqueous types, on the physicochemical properties of V 2 O 5 nanostructures was thoroughly investigated. Various characterization techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis DRS, SEM, TEM, and BET, were employed to analyze the obtained materials. Additionally, the adsorption properties of the synthesized V 2 O 5 nanostructures for methylene blue were examined, and kinetic parameters of adsorption were calculated. The results demonstrate that the morphology of the obtained crystals can be finely controlled by manipulating water concentration in the solution, showcasing its profound impact on both the structural characteristics and adsorption properties of the nanostructures. Furthermore, the structural changes of the resulting V 2 O 5 material induced by solvents show strong impacts on its photocatalytic properties, making it a promising photocatalyst.

Background and Aims: This study evaluated whether stored iron determines the adaptive response induced by Nordic walking (NW) training combined with 10 hours' time-restricted eating (TRE) in older adults., Trial Design and Methods: Twenty-four participants underwent 12-week NW training supported by 10 h of TRE. The group was divided due to baseline ferritin concentration low < 75 ng/ml (LF) and high level ≥ 75 ng/ml (HF). Body composition, physical fitness and blood collection were assessed at baseline and post-intervention., Results: NW + TRE induced a statistically significant decrease in ferritin levels in all participants (p = 0.01). Additionally, statistically significant intergroup differences in the LF vs. HF in the reduction of serum ferritin levels (p = 0.04) were observed. The procedure NW + TRE diminished HbA1c levels (p < 0.01) and glucose in all participants (p = 0.05). The range of HbA1c drop was more pronounced among those participants who experienced a greater decrease in the stored iron (p = 0.04, [Formula: see text]=0.17, F=4.59). Greater changes in body weight and percent of body fat were recorded in the HF group (for both p<0.01)., Conclusion: Body iron stores determine the effects of a 12-week NW + TRE intervention on serum ferritin. The changes in HbA1c are more pronounced in subjects with a higher decrease in serum ferritin., Trial Registration: All experimental protocols were approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Regional Medical Society in Gdansk, Poland (NKBBN/330/2021) according to the Declaration of Helsinki. We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The trial was registered as a clinical trial (NCT05229835, date of first registration: 14/01/2022, direct link: https://classic., Clinicaltrials: gov/ct2/show/NCT05229835 ). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The presented work aimed to investigate the influence of the hafnium/(zirconium and molybdenum) ratio on the microstructure, microhardness and corrosion resistance of Ti 20 Ta 20 Nb 20 (ZrMo) 20-x Hf x (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 at.%) high entropy alloys in an as-cast state produced from elemental powder and obtained via the vacuum arc melting technique. All studied alloys contained only biocompatible elements and were chosen based on the thermodynamical calculations of phase formation predictions after solidification. Thermodynamical calculations predicted the presence of multi-phase, body-centered cubic phases, which were confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Segregation of alloying elements was recorded using elemental distribution maps. A decrease in microhardness with an increase in hafnium content in the studied alloys was revealed (512-482 HV1). The electrochemical measurements showed that the studied alloys exhibited a high corrosion resistance in a simulated body fluid environment (breakdown potential 4.60-5.50 V vs. SCE).

The crystallization kinetics and structure evolution during annealing of the Ni 45.5 Co 4.5 Mn 36.6 In 13.4 (at. %) powders produced by mechanical alloying (MA) was investigated. After 70 h and 100 h of MA, the powder consisted of a mixture of amorphous and nanocrystalline body-centered cubic (bcc) phases. We observed the relaxation in the as-received powder. The relaxation temperature (T re ) increases logarithmically with the annealing time. Annealing above 440 °C results in (1) ordering of L2 1 , (2) dissolution of the residual Ni and Mn, (3) tetragonal MnNi phase formation and (4) γ phases precipitation. The activation energies of the B2 → L2 1 and Mn (α-Mn) → MnNi (P4/mmm) transformations were calculated.

This study reports the application of hierarchical porous monoliths as carriers for controlled and dose-adjustable release of model pharmaceutical (dexketoprofen, DEX). The synthesis and detailed characterization of the hierarchical porous scaffolds are provided before and after the adsorption of three doses of DEX─a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The drug incorporated in the mesopores of silica was stabilized in an amorphous state, while the presence of macropores provided sufficient space for drug crystallization as we demonstrated via a combination of powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and imaging techniques (scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis). Drug release from silica matrices was tested, and a mechanistic model of this release based on the Fick diffusion equation was proposed. The hierarchical structure of the carrier, due to the presence of micrometric macropores and nanometric mesopores, turned out to be critical for the control of the drug phase and drug release from the monoliths. It was found that at low drug content, the presence of an amorphous component in the pores promoted the rapid release of the drug, while at higher drug contents, the presence of macropores favored the crystallization of DEX, which naturally slowed down its release. Both the hierarchical porous structure and the control of the drug phase (amorphous and/or crystalline) were proven important for adjustable (fast or prolonged) release kinetics, desirable for effective pharmacotherapy and patient compliance. Therefore, the developed materials may serve as a versatile formulation platform for the smart manipulation of drug release kinetics.

The presented work was focused on investigating the influence of the (hafnium and zirconium)/molybdenum ratio on the microstructure and properties of Ti 20 Ta 20 Nb 20 (ZrHf) 20 -x Mo x (where: x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) high entropy alloys in an as-cast state. The designed chemical composition was chosen due to possible future biomedical applications. Materials were obtained from elemental powders by vacuum arc melting technique. Phase analysis revealed the presence of dual body-centered cubic phases. X-ray diffraction showed the decrease of lattice parameters of both phases with increasing molybdenum concentration up to 10% of molybdenum and further increase of lattice parameters. The presence of two-phase matrix microstructure and hafnium and zirconium precipitates was proved by scanning and transmission electron microscopy observation. Mechanical property measurements revealed decreased micro- and nanohardness and reduced Young's modulus up to 10% of Mo content, and further increased up to 20% of molybdenum addition. Additionally, corrosion resistance measurements in Ringers' solution confirmed the high biomedical ability of studied alloys due to the presence of stable oxide layers.

Magnetic nanocomposites SmCo 5 /α-Fe were synthesized mechanically by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) from SmCo 5 and 5%wt. of α-Fe powders. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the hexagonal 1:5 phase as the main one accompanied by the cubic α-Fe phase and 2:17 rhombohedral as the secondary phase. The content of each detected phase is modified throughout the synthesis duration. A significant decrease in crystallite size with a simultaneous increase in lattice straining is observed. A simultaneous gradual reduction in particle size is noted from the microstructural analysis. Magnetic properties reveal non-linear modification of magnetic parameters associated with the strength of the exchange coupling induced by various duration times of mechanical synthesis. The highest value of the maximum energy product (BH) max at room temperature is estimated for samples milled for 1 and 6 h. The intermediate mixed-valence state of Sm ions is confirmed by electronic structure analysis. An increase in the Co magnetic moment versus the milling time is evidenced based on the performed fitting of the Co3 s core level lines.

Impaired iron metabolism is associated with increased risk of many morbidities. Exercise was shown to have a beneficial role; however, the mechanism is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between exerkines and iron metabolism in elderly women before and after 12 weeks of Nordic Walking (NW) training. Exerkines like myostatin, adiponectin, and osteocalcin have been shown to have several positive effects on metabolism. Thirty-six post-menopausal women (66 ± 5 years old, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to a NW intervention group (n = 18; body mass, 68.8 ± 11.37 kg; fat, 23.43 ± 7.5 kg; free fat mass, 45.37 ± 5.92 kg) or a control group (n = 18; body mass, 68.34 ± 11.81 kg; fat, 23.61 ± 10.03 kg; free fat mass, 44.73 ± 3.9 kg). The training was performed three times a week for 12 weeks, with the intensity adjusted to 70% of the individual maximum ability. Before and one day after the 12-weeks intervention, performance indices were assessed using a senior fitness test. Blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from the participants between 7 and 8 AM, following an overnight fast, at baseline and one day immediately after the 12-week training program. A significant and large time ´ group interaction was observed for iron (NW: 98.6 ± 26.68 to 76.1 ± 15.31; CON: 100.6 ± 25.37 to 99.1 ± 27.2; p = 0.01; = 0.21), myostatin (NW: 4.42 ± 1.97 to 3.83 ± 1.52; CON: 4.11 ± 0.95 to 4.84 ± 1.19; p = 0.00; = 0.62), adiponectin (NW: 12.0 ± 9.46 to 14.6 ± 10.64; CON: 12.8 ± 8.99 to 11.9 ± 8.53; p = 0.00; = 0.58), and osteocalcin (NW: 38.9 ± 26.04 to 41.6 ± 25.09; CON: 37.1 ± 33.2 to 37.2 ± 32.29; p = 0.03; = 0.13). Furthermore, we have observed the correlations: basal ferritin levels were inversely correlated with changes in myostatin ( r = -0.51, p = 0.05), change in adiponectin, and change in serum iron ( r = -0.45, p = 0.05), basal iron, and osteocalcin after training ( r = -0.55, p = 0.04). These findings indicate that iron modulates NW training-induced changes in exerkine levels.

The aim of the study was to verify if coupling 12 weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Nordic walking training favoured lowering the homocysteine (Hcy) level. Ninety-four elderly women were divided into three groups: Nordic walking (NW), supplemented (SG) and control (CG). The NW and SG groups received a weekly dose of 28,000 IU of vitamin D3. A blood analysis was performed at baseline, 1h after the first training session and at the end of the experiment. The amino acid profile (methionine and cysteine) and homocysteine concentration were determined. Additionally, the concentration of myokine was assessed. The first session of NW training reduced serum homocysteine, particularly among women with baseline homocysteine above 10 µmol·L -1 : 12.37 ± 2.75 vs. 10.95 ± 3.94 µmol·L -1 ( p = 0.05). These changes were accompanied by shifts in the cysteine ( p = 0.09) and methionine ( p = 0.01) concentration, regardless of the Hcy concentration. Twelve weeks of training significantly decreased the homocysteine (9.91 ± 2.78, vs. 8.90 ± 3.14 µmol·L -1 , p = 0.05) and ferritin (94.23 ± 62.49 vs. 73.15 ± 47.04 ng·mL -1 , p = 0.05) concentrations in whole NW group. Also, in the NW group, ferritin correlated with the glucose level (r = 0.51, p = 0.00). No changes in the myokine levels were observed after the intervention. Only the brain-derived neurotrophic factor dropped in the NW (42.74 ± 19.92 vs. 31.93 ± 15.91 ng·mL -1 , p = 0.01) and SG (37.75 ± 8.08 vs. 16.94 ± 12.78 ng·mL -1 , p = 0.00) groups. This study presents a parallel decrease of homocysteine and ferritin in response to regular training supported by vitamin D supplementation.

Nordic Walking (NW) and Vitamin D concentration (Vit D) alone have been shown to contribute to the health and performance of elderly people. However, the interaction between these two factors has yet to be explored. In this study 42 women over 60 years of age (69.02 ± 5.56 years) were recruited and divided in two NW groups: a high-intensity interval training group (HI-NW) and a moderate-intensity continuous training group (MI-NW). Individuals from each group completed a 12-week NW training program (3 times a week/2 hours) combined with randomized Vitamin D supplementation (HD = high dose: 4000 IU/day or LD = low dose: 800 IU/day). Body composition, postural control, muscle strength and Vitamin D serum concentration were measured twice; before and after the intervention. To investigate the interaction between supplementation and training a mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. The HI-NW group, regardless of supplementation dose, increased their Vit D and elbow torque performance. On the other hand, in the MI-NW group the same Vit D outcome was seen only with HD supplementation and was also associated with increased leg muscle mass. In conclusion, beneficial effects of both HI-NW and MI-NW training regimes were seen. The impact of the dose supplementation on Vit D and body composition was related to the type of NW training.

Objective: Different studies have demonstrated that regular exercise can induce changes in the lipid profile, but results remain inconclusive. Available data suggest that correction of vitamin D deficiency can improve the lipid profile. In this study, we have hypothesized that Nordic Walking training will improve lipid profile in elderly women supplemented with vitamin D., Methods: A total of 109 elderly women (68 ± 5.12 years old) took part in the study. First group [experimental group (EG): 35 women] underwent 12 weeks of Nordic Walking (NW) training combined with vitamin D supplementation (4,000 IU/day), second group [supplementation group (SG): 48 women] was only supplemented with vitamin D (4,000 IU/day), and third group [control group (CG): 31 women] was not subject to any interventions. Blood analysis of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 25-OH-D 3 was performed at baseline and after the 12 weeks of NW training. Additionally, a battery of field tests specifically developed for older adults was used to assess the components of functional fitness. The same blood analysis was repeated for the EG 6 months after the main experiment., Results: After 12 weeks of NW training and vitamin D supplementation, in the EG a decrease in TC, LDL-C, and TG was observed. In the SG, no changes in the lipid profile were observed, whereas in the CG an increase in the HDL-C level was noticed. Positive physical fitness changes were only observed in the EG., Conclusion: Our obtained data confirmed baseline assumption that regular exercise induces positive alternations in lipid profile in elderly women supported by supplementation of vitamin D.