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Fraunhofer FIT combines methods of Design Thinking with User-Centered Design to support innovation processes. We give a hand to find out WHAT to do and HOW to do it. This way you can enhance your market competitiveness through more innovative solutions. Design Thinking and User-Centered Design with Fraunhofer improve your adaptability to the ever changing market. Methods are a core aspect of Design Thinking. This card set contains 48 cards with the most common methods and easily understandable explanations on how to carry them out. You can use the method cards to get inspired, to get an overview of available methods or to extend your knowledge portfolio. This might help you to select the most suitable method for a given situation. Or you can provide the cards to workshop participants for autonomous use. The method cards are an ideal starting point for the application of user-centered development processes.

Product Design and Development has become a standard course in engineering and business master programs. Theobjective of this course is to provide students knowledge on a systematic product design and development process. Withthe new market trend and dynamic change of customer needs, the course content has been enhanced and put moreemphasis on strategic design, creativity, and innovation. These changes have made an impact on the way this course shouldbe taught. Intensive lectures with and without assignments cannot make the learning effective. Project-based learning,game-based learning, and university-industry teaching collaboration are some examples of active learning methods thathave been promoted for delivering this course. They aim to provide practical and hands-on learning experiences forstudents. However, the students may or may not gain the learning experience as expected. Reasons are, for example,improper designed learning activities, improper preparation and execution process, the mismatch between teaching andlearning styles, and undesirable learning environments. Therefore, this paper presents a framework of designing learningactivities in the view of the student learning experience journey considering three key components of the learningexperience: functional component, mechanic component, and humanic component. In order to ensure that the journey isdedicated to the cultivation of a strong learning experience, a recently developed learning experience model, ‘LOVE’, isincorporated. The proposed framework was implemented through the intensive product design and development course offerings at Tunghai University, Taiwan. Fifteen students attended the course. They were asked to provide feedback at theend of each session to keep track of their learning progress and crosscheck the effectiveness of the proposed process.According to their feedback, various dimensions of the courses were rated on the range of ‘most satisfied’ and manypositive comments were also reported.

Tema ovog rada je razvoj uređaja za oponašanje igrača u obrambenom zidu. U prvom dijelu rada prikazana je analiza tržišta u kojoj nije pronađen uređaj koji bi ispunio zahtjeve iz zadatka. Zatim su definirani ciljevi za razvoj uređaja. Napravljena je funkcijska dekompozicija i morfološka matrica. Iz njih su napravljani parcijalni koncepti koji su zatim bodovani. Spajanjem parcijalnih koncepata napravljeno je pet koncepata uređaja od kojih je jedan odabran za konstrukcijsku razradu. Za potrebe proračuna napravljana je analiza skoka sportaša s mjesta vertikalno u zrak te određen udar lopte. Proračunate su kritične komponente uređaja. Odabrane su potrebne komponente za rad uređaja. Izrađen je 3D model uređaja i sklopni crteži korištenjem programskog alata SolidWorks 2018 (Dassault Systemes). This thesis deals with the development of a device that emulates a defensive wall in a football free kick. A review of free kicks and their efficacy in scoring goals was performed. In the first part of the thesis, conducted market analysis had implied that no other device which fulfills the assignment requirements already existed. The goals for the development of the device were defined afterward. Functional decomposition and morphological matrix were created. They were then used to design partial concepts which were subsequently graded. By merging the partial concepts, five new concepts were defined, of which the best one was chosen for a detailed design development. For analysis purposes, the vertical jump study of a football player had been carried out and the results were used to determine the ball kick. Critical device components were calculated and dimensioned. Necessary components for the device were selected. The 3D model of the device and the technical documentation were made using the software package SolidWorks 2018 (Dassault Systems).

Demanding markets and complex products are only some of the reasons that make changes and variations inevitable through different stages of product realization. From early phases of product development to downstream production phase, these changes or variations cause failure either directly or by propagating to other phases, triggering more fluctuations like the well-known butterfly effect. In this paper, first, the definition of changes in product realization will be reviewed and then different papers and their classification on change related system properties (illites) will be discussed and compared. It was argued that considering a system-level view, one could trace these propagations in the systems as a result of not being robust, flexible, or adaptable, etc. Some of the ambiguity in this semantic field demonstrated and most repeated definitions are identified as the unanimous and agreed-upon definitions in the literature. In the end, a historical comparison of the three identified properties presented. The results of this study help us to understand the multidisciplinary nature of these propagations and identify their stemming turbulent environment. This will be used as a foundation for forthcoming research either to prevent these propagations or utilize their attributes in the product realization.

Increased cost-effectiveness in crop production can be achieved by automating technological operations. This is also the case for berry cultivation in plantations. Starting any berry cultivation automation process should, quite naturally, begin with fertilisation, since this is the first technological operation to be carried out during the vegetation period and is a relatively simple one. The main task here is to apply the correct amount of fertiliser under the canopy of plants. Blueberry plantations that have been established on milled peat fields have plants that have been planted in parallel rows at a pre-designated interval. The fertilisation of plants must take place individually in the first years of their growth, so that each plant is fertilised separately. This form of fertilisation can be referred to as precision fertilisation. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the levels of technology now available when it comes to precision fertiliser equipment and to introduce the concept of a new precision-automated fertiliser unit, while also justifying the efficiency of using automated equipment. The automated fertiliser unit that is to be designed will be autonomous, will move unmanned through the plantation, and will include the necessary sub-systems for the precision fertilisation of individual plants, such as a plant detection system, a fertilising nozzle, a motion system and, additionally, a service station. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be argued that the use of an automated precision fertilisation unit increases productivity levels by approximately 2.25 times and decreases the specific fertiliser costs by approximately 8.4 times when compared with the use of a portable spot fertiliser.

Today, manufacturing is moving towards customer-driven and knowledge-based proactive production. Shorter product life cycles lead to increased complexity in areas such as product and process design, factory deployment and production operations. To handle this complexity, new knowledge-based methods and technologies are needed to model, simulate, optimize and monitor manufacturing systems. Existing large Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) impose structured and predictable workflow, while processes “on the ground” are often unpredictable and involve a large number of human based decisions and collaboration. This is leading to a major shift on EIS paradigm and leading to development of a set of specialized small applications, each one with fewer features, but highly specialized, flexible, cross linked and easy to use. This paper presents a hybrid management solution intended to support collaboration and decision in the scope of automotive engineering and planning. The solution, labelled as HPM - Hybrid Process Manager, encompasses a set of tools for work, information and communication management fully integrated with knowledge based engineering processes. Its overall aim is to ease the flow of information between all the partners, making it more reliable and actual, allowing a closer control and faster reaction to upcoming events. The adoption of HPM approach proves to be quite effective and efficient, leading to significant results in terms of cost and time saving. When using the solution, managers no longer need to constantly ask for reporting, leading to a significant reduction on email and paperwork. It is relevant to underline that the proposed approach allowed planners to concentrate in important issues improving the product and avoid non-value added efforts and time on collateral activities. Another main advantage stays on the experience retrieval module built in top of the solution, allowing easy access to expertise, knowledge and best practices generated by previous projects, so that they can be readily incorporated in the design of new processes as a factor of knowledge sustainability.

This paper addresses the subject of product design process evaluation from the designer's point of view. Based on the results of a preliminary research phase a comprehensive questionnaire is drawn up, and applied to a selected group of designers in the automotive industry, comprising Brazilian plants of two major car manufacturers, two Tier 1 suppliers and one lorry and bus manufacturer. Data provided by the answers are compiled, presented and discussed within each organizational environment. A combined analysis is then carried out in order to identify those management actions that are considered by the automotive industry as being more important for both assuring and evaluating the effectiveness of the product design and development process. Management actions are classified according to criteria supplied by the ISO quality management standards. Finally, based on the evaluation, management action indicators are defined and a single and flexible effectiveness index is proposed, which can be calculated using both company and industry data for evaluation and benchmark purposes.Este artigo aborda a avaliação do processo de projeto do produto do ponto de vista do projetista de nível superior. Com base nos resultados de uma fase de pesquisa preliminar, elabora-se um questionário de pesquisa abrangente, que é submetido a um grupo de projetistas de nível superior do setor automotivo, compreendendo as operações brasileiras de duas grandes montadoras, de dois fornecedores diretos (Tier 1) das montadoras e de uma montadora de caminhões e ônibus. Os dados obtidos através das respostas ao questionário são compilados, apresentados e discutidos dentro de cada ambiente organizacional. Faz-se então uma análise conjunta, a fim de identificar aquelas ações gerenciais consideradas pelo setor automotivo como sendo mais importantes, tanto para garantir, quanto para avaliar a eficácia do processo de projeto e desenvolvimento do produto. Classifica-se essas ações em ações gerenciais de garantia e de avaliação de acordo com critérios fornecidos pelas normas ISO da qualidade. Finalmente, com base nas ações gerenciais de avaliação, define-se indicadores e se propõe um índice de eficácia único e flexível, que pode ser calculado utilizando-se, tanto dados organizacionais, quanto setoriais para fins de avaliação comparativa e benchmark.

O texto discute maneiras de incentivar a atividade inovadora de engenharia de projeto de produto no setor automotivo, particularmente no segmento de autopeças. Utiliza instrumentos de pesquisa científica para fundamentar a sugestão de instrumentos de política pública. Trabalha dados secundários e realiza survey e entrevistas em profundidade, de cunho qualitativo. Baseia-se no conceito de sede de projeto desenvolvido por Salerno et al. (2009), que relaciona o controle das especificações de projeto (part numbers) com a escolha de fornecedores e, portanto, com o enraizamento da cadeia produtiva num determinado espaço nacional ou regional. Isso confere importância ímpar à atividade de projeto de produto e a define como alavancadora da produção no setor. Propõe a criação de centros de pesquisa pré-competitiva, centros de serviços de ferramentaria e programa massivo de extensão gerencial/organizacional para PMEs, com consultoria dentro das empresas, para aumentar sua capacitação e integrá-las em instrumentos públicos de incentivo à inovação. The paper discusses how to leverage product design activities in the automotive sector, with focus on the components industry. Scientific research methods are used to anchor public policy suggestions. It is based on the concept of design headquarters (SALERNO et al., 2009), that relates design specifications and part numbers control with the power to choose suppliers - with local or national supply chain roots. It gives upmost importance to product design activity, which may be considered as an inductor of local production. The paper proposes the creation of precompetitive research centers, service centers for tool and die design, and a massive extension of the organizational/managerial program, with experts/consultants visiting plants to suggest improvements and to integrate companies with public agencies tasked with promoting innovation.

This doctoral thesis develops a socio-technological product cycle model (s-tPC), which is then employed to approach product design and development (PDD) from a symmetrical - that is, socio-technological and socio-environmentally responsible - perspective. The model consists of four parts: a conceptual structure, which establishes the symmetrical approach, a methodological structure, which analyses and organises trends and methods based on the human factor and on the environmental factor, a categorisation of sociotechnological product cycles that includes stages, phases, processes, and social-technical qualities of products, and axiological foundations that serve as a basis for guiding action and decision-making in the PDD process. Application of the model is exemplified in the design and development of an intensive rose-cutting tool using human energy, which solves a problem that has a significant social and environmental impact in Colombia’s flower industry., Esta tesis doctoral desarrolla un modelo de ciclos socio-tecnológicos de producto (Cs-tP), con el cual se aborda el diseño y desarrollo de productos (DDP) desde una perspectiva simétrica, esto es, sociotecnológica y socio-ambientalmente responsable. El modelo se compone de cuatro partes: una estructura conceptual que establece el abordaje simétrico, una estructura metodológica que analiza y organiza las tendencias y métodos desde el factor humano y desde el factor ambiental, una caracterización de los ciclos socio-tecnológicos de producto incluyendo etapas, fases, procesos y cualidades socio-técnicas de los productos, y las bases axiológicas que sirven de fundamento para la guía de acción y la toma de decisiones en el proceso de DDP. La aplicación del modelo es ejemplificada en el diseño y desarrollo de una herramienta para corte intensivo de rosas con energía humana, con el cual se resuelve una problemática de alto impacto social y ambiental en la floricultura colombiana

Doutoramento em Educação - Didática e Desenvolvimento Curricular A investigação relatada emergiu das observações da autora, enquanto docente numa licenciatura de Tecnologia e Design de Produto, numa instituição portuguesa de ensino superior politécnico, face às dificuldades dos estudantes de pensar criativamente, particularmente na fase de geração de conceitos, e de se posicionar, criticamente, em relação a essas ideias. Em linha com essas observações está a literatura recente que sugere que o desenvolvimento das capacidades de pensamento criativo e de pensamento crítico devem constituir objetivos explícitos de aprendizagem nos cursos de design. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção didática potencialmente promotora do pensamento criativo e do pensamento crítico sobre o desempenho de um grupo de estudantes, acompanhado ao longo de três semestres letivos. Para esse efeito, realizaram-se testes de criatividade e de pensamento crítico pré e pós-intervenção no grupo experimental e num grupo de controlo. No quadro sócio-crítico em que o estudo se inscreve, a intervenção aplicada assentou em dois pressupostos teóricos fundamentais: (1) as capacidades de pensamento criativo e crítico dos estudantes podem ser promovidas pela introdução do Design Thinking como um conteúdo de aprendizagem, e (2) esse trabalho deve ser complementado pela promoção da reflexão metacognitiva dos estudantes. O desenho da intervenção teve por base o mesmo modelo de Design Thinking. Perspetivando-se, por analogia, o processo de ensino e aprendizagem como uma viagem de natureza exploratória, desenvolveu-se o conceito de um Logbook individual como instrumento didático potencialmente promotor da autorreflexão metacognitiva dos estudantes. Em associação, concebeu-se uma taxonomia de estilos cognitivos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma evolução positiva das capacidades de pensamento criativo do grupo experimental, quando comparado com o grupo de controlo. Quanto ao pensamento crítico, não foram detetadas diferenças significativas em nenhum dos grupos. Do trabalho realizado resultaram instrumentos didáticos potencialmente promotores das capacidades de pensamento dos estudantes a serem utilizadas em unidades curriculares de projeto no domínio do design e desenvolvimento de produto. Presented research arose from author’s observations as a teacher in a Technology and Product Design degree of a Portuguese polytechnic institution, given the students’ difficulties to think creatively, particularly in the phase of generating concepts and positioning themselves critically about these ideas. In line with these observations, recent literature suggests that the development of creative thinking and critical thinking skills should constitute explicit learning objectives in design courses. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention potentially promoter of creative thinking and critical thinking on the performance of a group of students followed through three consecutive semesters. To this end, creativity and critical thinking tests, pre and post intervention, were applied in the experimental group and in a control group. Attending the socio-critical characteristics of the study, applied intervention was based on two fundamental theoretical assumptions: (1) students’ creative and critical thinking skills can be promoted by the introduction of Design Thinking as a learning content, and (2) this work should be complemented by the promotion of students’ metacognitive reflection. Intervention design was based on the same Design Thinking model. Comparing the learning process, by analogy, with an exploratory travel, a concept of an individual Logbook as an educational tool to potentially promote students’ metacognitive self-reflection was developed. A complementary taxonomy of cognitive styles was also conceived. Results indicate a positive evolution of creative thinking skills in the experimental group compared with the control group. In respect with critical thinking, no significant differences in either group were detected. Resulting from the study, teaching tools to be applied in courses in the field of design and product development that can potentially promote students’ thinking skills were produced.

Resumo A estratégia de modularização em produtos é mencionada como razão de diversos benefícios para as empresas. Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar na literatura os métodos para desenvolvimento da modularização em produtos com o intuito de avaliar sua aplicabilidade e ferramentas utilizadas, visando facilitar a escolha do método para cada empresa. Para atingir estes objetivos foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de acordo com a repetibilidade e importância indicada nos artigos. Como resultado foram identificados seis diferentes métodos para modularização de produtos. Como contribuição do artigo destacam-se a análise dos métodos com relação às etapas para formação dos módulos (decomposição, integração e avaliação) bem como a análise com relação a parâmetros de classificação quanto à área de atuação de cada método (variedade, geração e ciclo de vida). Por fim, este estudo oferece um guia para as empresas, contextualizando ambientes de aplicação e relacionando conhecimentos necessários para aplicação dos métodos. Abstract The strategy of product modularization is seen as a means to provide several benefits for companies. The objective of this paper is to identify in the literature the methods for developing modularization in products and to assess the applicability of and tools used by these methods, aiming at favoring the method that is the most suitable for each company. To achieve these objectives, a systematic review was performed according to the repeatability and importance described in the papers. Six different methods were identified for product modularization. This paper presents an analysis of the methods in relation to the module formation steps (decomposition, integration and evaluation) and provides an analysis related to classification parameters regarding the field of each method (variety, generation and life cycle). Finally, this study offers guidelines for companies, places application environments into context, and relates the knowledge necessary for applying those methods.

p. 71 - 97 Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la responsabilidad social (RS) asociada a las tendencias que han surgido desde la ergonomía y los factores humanos en el proceso de diseño y desarrollo de productos. Inicia con la introducción del concepto de responsabilidad social y su relación con el proceso de diseño y desarrollo de productos desde la perspectiva del trabajo con, por y para las personas. Luego presenta una reseña histórica, una descripción conceptual y los principios fundamentales del diseño colaborativo, el diseño centrado en el usuario, el diseño centrado en el cliente, la usabilidad, el diseño universal, el diseño basado en la experiencia y el diseño transcultural, estableciendo paralelamente una relación entre cada tendencia y los principios de la RS. El artículo concluye con algunos retos que se plantean desde la ergonomía y los factores humanos, resaltando la necesidad de una reflexión por parte de los responsables del diseño y desarrollo de productos acerca de las implicaciones de su quehacer, al considerar su contexto específico y su rol particular. This article presents a reflection on social responsibility (RS) associated with the trends that have emerged from ergonomics and human factors in product design and development processes. The article begins with the introduction of the social responsibility concept and its relationship to the process of product design and development, viewed from the perspective of a job done with and for the people. It presents a historical review, a conceptual description and the fundamental principles of collaborative design, user-centered design, customer-centered design, usability, universal design, experience-based design, and cross-cultural design; at the same time; it also establishes a relationship between each trend and the principles of the RS. The article concludes with some challenges arising from ergonomics and human factors, highlighting the need for a reflection by those in charge of product design and development, considering the implications of the work they do regarding their specific context and particular role. Medellín

New Product Development (NPD) has got its roots on an Engineering background. Thus, one might wonder about the interest, opportunity, contents and delivery process, if students from soft sciences were involved. This paper addressed «What to teach?» and «How to do it?», as the preliminary research questions that originated the introduced propositions. The curriculum-developer model that was purposefully chosen to adapt the coursebook by pursuing macro/micro strategies was found significant by an exploratory qualitative case study. Moreover, learning was developed and value created by implementing the institutional curriculum through a creative, hands-on, experiencing, problem-solving, problem-based but organized teamwork approach. 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“In today's fast-paced, fiercely competitive world of commercial new product development, speed and flexibility are essential. Companies are increasingly realizing that the old, sequential approach to developing new products simply won't get the job done.” (Takeuchi & Nonaka, 1986)Now twenty-five years old, the statement from the 1986-edition of Harvard Business Review seems more true than ever before. Commercial markets are moving faster and faster, and time as a strategic source of competitive advantage is receiving increasing attention (Souza et al., 2004). This is the present condition for development teams – and it is the point of departure for this research project. Heavy up-front planning represents a long management tradition in product development environments throughout the world. Gantt charts and Stage-Gate process models have become widely known industry standards and best practices. However, the basic concept of these defined process control models, which can be summarised as “plan your work and work your plan”, often seems inappropriate when applied to development activities with just a small amount of uncertainty attached. This research project therefore seeks to investigate the use of a radically different and empirically based process control model originating from the domain of software development, namely the process framework called Scrum. Scrum as a process framework is often identified with the overall development paradigm coined as Agile Development and during the last decade it has gained a vast success in software development due to its lightweight character and efficient way of handling the challenges of increased market speed, change and product complexity. Now, traditional product development companies are beginning to discover the Scrum framework as a potential solution to their struggles with similar challenges.This Ph.D. project is based on case studies of the development environments of seven Danish companies working with the implementation of Scrum. The outcome of the project is an identification and overview of the challenges of implementing and conducting Scrum in physical product development experienced from both a design team’s perspective and an organisational perspective.

O texto discute maneiras de incentivar a atividade inovadora de engenharia de projeto de produto no setor automotivo, particularmente no segmento de autopeças. Utiliza instrumentos de pesquisa científica para fundamentar a sugestão de instrumentos de política pública. Trabalha dados secundários e realiza survey e entrevistas em profundidade, de cunho qualitativo. Baseia-se no conceito de sede de projeto desenvolvido por Salerno et al. (2009), que relaciona o controle das especificações de projeto (part numbers) com a escolha de fornecedores e, portanto, com o enraizamento da cadeia produtiva num determinado espaço nacional ou regional. Isso confere importância ímpar à atividade de projeto de produto e a define como alavancadora da produção no setor. Propõe a criação de centros de pesquisa pré-competitiva, centros de serviços de ferramentaria e programa massivo de extensão gerencial/organizacional para PMEs, com consultoria dentro das empresas, para aumentar sua capacitação e integrá-las em instrumentos públicos de incentivo à inovação.The paper discusses how to leverage product design activities in the automotive sector, with focus on the components industry. Scientific research methods are used to anchor public policy suggestions. It is based on the concept of design headquarters (SALERNO et al., 2009), that relates design specifications and part numbers control with the power to choose suppliers - with local or national supply chain roots. It gives upmost importance to product design activity, which may be considered as an inductor of local production. The paper proposes the creation of precompetitive research centers, service centers for tool and die design, and a massive extension of the organizational/managerial program, with experts/consultants visiting plants to suggest improvements and to integrate companies with public agencies tasked with promoting innovation.

International audience; The success or failure of a product design and development (PD) project depends strongly on the right contributions from its various suppliers. This is specifically the case when these suppliers do not just provide off-the-shelf items, but also contribute to the design and development of the final product. Identification, evaluation, selection, negotiation, contract signing and finally collaboration with suppliers are crucial and necessary steps towards potential success. This paper argues that a supply chain must be designed and deployed step by step while the product design is being frozen. This article presents exploratory results about a general framework called CEPS (Co-Evolution of Product design and Supply Chain) to integrate supply chain design and deployment coherently with product design. We focus on suppliers' contribution and propose criteria to classify the collaboration situations connecting them to a given company and assess the a priori risk associate with these situations. This classification helps a company to evaluate potential risks of a PD project which integrates suppliers.

This article proposes a methodological statement and a design procedure based on an integrated approach combining finite element analysis (FEA) tools, and an instrument oriented at improving the design solutions in terms of ease of production, according to the principles of design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA). The result of an overview on product development theoretical models, with particular regard to the evolutionary mechanisms for converging on the final solution which characterize the design process, and of a review on the implementation of concurrent engineering principles, the proposed approach was expressly devised to introduce integrated and simultaneous interventions into design practice, in a way that makes the use of FEA and DFMA instruments as proactive as possible, consequently favoring the effectiveness of design choices, in order to limit the iterative processes of improvement and thereby reduce the burden they present. As evidenced by the results of a case study, this approach can allow the principal constructional characteristics of the preliminary design to be redefined in a way which simplifies manufacture and assembly processes, while guaranteeing and sometimes improving the structural functionality of the product, to the full advantage of product quality and the containment of production times and costs.

Aalborg University's project-organised and problem-oriented studies were introduced Thirty-three years ago. The experience since then has proved this to be an important innovation in higher education. The primary aim is to teach young people, students to become useful members for industry and society. Other primary objectives are to ensure high-quality research and education and to enhance technology transfer and to stimulate industry-university partnerships within the EU and stimulate Inter-University co-operation programmes. In this project we are focusing on the importance of curriculum development, teachers mobility, exchange of students and industrial co-operation.

This paper addresses the subject of product design process evaluation from the designer's point of view. Based on the results of a preliminary research phase a comprehensive questionnaire is drawn up, and applied to a selected group of designers in the automotive industry, comprising Brazilian plants of two major car manufacturers, two Tier 1 suppliers and one lorry and bus manufacturer. Data provided by the answers are compiled, presented and discussed within each organizational environment. A combined analysis is then carried out in order to identify those management actions that are considered by the automotive industry as being more important for both assuring and evaluating the effectiveness of the product design and development process. Management actions are classified according to criteria supplied by the ISO quality management standards. Finally, based on the evaluation, management action indicators are defined and a single and flexible effectiveness index is proposed, which can be calculated using both company and industry data for evaluation and benchmark purposes. Este artigo aborda a avaliação do processo de projeto do produto do ponto de vista do projetista de nível superior. Com base nos resultados de uma fase de pesquisa preliminar, elabora-se um questionário de pesquisa abrangente, que é submetido a um grupo de projetistas de nível superior do setor automotivo, compreendendo as operações brasileiras de duas grandes montadoras, de dois fornecedores diretos (Tier 1) das montadoras e de uma montadora de caminhões e ônibus. Os dados obtidos através das respostas ao questionário são compilados, apresentados e discutidos dentro de cada ambiente organizacional. Faz-se então uma análise conjunta, a fim de identificar aquelas ações gerenciais consideradas pelo setor automotivo como sendo mais importantes, tanto para garantir, quanto para avaliar a eficácia do processo de projeto e desenvolvimento do produto. Classifica-se essas ações em ações gerenciais de garantia e de avaliação de acordo com critérios fornecidos pelas normas ISO da qualidade. Finalmente, com base nas ações gerenciais de avaliação, define-se indicadores e se propõe um índice de eficácia único e flexível, que pode ser calculado utilizando-se, tanto dados organizacionais, quanto setoriais para fins de avaliação comparativa e benchmark.