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Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read and made acceptability judgments about sentences containing three types of adjective sequences: (1) normal sequences--e.g., "Jennifer rode a huge gray elephant"; (2) reversed sequences that violate grammatical-semantic constraints on linear order--e.g., *"Jennifer rode a gray huge elephant"; and (3) contradictory sequences that violate lexical-semantic constraints on compositionality--e.g., *"Jennifer rode a small huge elephant". Relative to the control condition, the second adjective elicited a reduced N400 and an enhanced P600 in both the reversal condition and the contradiction condition. We present several alternative accounts of these two effects, but favor an interpretation which treats them as reflecting semantic and syntactic aspects of a temporary reanalysis of the adjective order construction. Furthermore, relative to the control condition, the final noun elicited a robust N400 in the contradiction condition but not in the reversal condition. We suggest that this effect indexes the full registration of the lexical-semantic incompatibility of the two adjectives in the contradiction condition. Finally, we discuss how all of these findings fit into the broader context of recent ERP studies that have reported atypical N400s and robust P600s in response to certain types of semantic anomalies.

Background Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversions in people who have initiated preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) occur in the context of insufficient adherence. We describe participants who seroconverted after being dispensed PrEP in a large PrEP implementation study in Australia. Methods Expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities in New South Wales was an implementation study of daily oral PrEP in individuals aged ≥18 years at high risk for acquiring HIV. HIV seroconversions were defined as a positive HIV test by either antigen, antibody, or detectable HIV viral load after enrollment. Insufficient adherence, measured by dispensing logs or participant self-report, was defined as <4 PrEP doses per week. Results A total of 9596 participants were enrolled and dispensed PrEP between 1 March 2016 and 30 April 2018; 30 were diagnosed with HIV by 31 March 2019. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 31 (25–38) years, all identified as male, 29 (97%) identified as gay or homosexual, and 20 (69%) lived in a postcode with a low concentration of gay male residents. The median (IQR) days from first PrEP dispensing to diagnosis was 409 (347–656). There was no evidence that participants who seroconverted had been sufficiently adherent to PrEP. Nineteen (63%) participants who seroconverted were diagnosed with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, or new hepatitis C infection. One participant had resistance to emtricitabine (M184V mutation) at diagnosis. Conclusions Participants who seroconverted were insufficiently adherent to PrEP despite being at high risk for acquiring HIV. Understanding the reasons for poor PrEP adherence in individuals who subsequently acquire HIV is critical to improving PrEP effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to facilitate repair or generate new nephrons are exciting prospects for acute and chronic human renal disease. Repair of kidney injury involves not just local mechanisms but also mobilisation of progenitor/stem cells from intrarenal niches, including papillary, tubular and glomerular locations. Diverse markers characterise these unique cells, often including CD24 and CD133. Extrarenal stem cells may also contribute to repair, with proposed roles in secreting growth factors, transfer of microvesicles and exosomes and immune modulation. Creating new nephrons from stem cells is beginning to look feasible in mice in which kidneys can be dissociated into single cells and will then generate mature renal structures when recombined. The next step is to identify the correct human markers for progenitor cells from the fetus or mature kidney with similar potential to form new kidneys. Intriguingly, development can continue in vivo: whole foetal kidneys and recombined organs engraft, develop a blood supply and grow when xenotransplanted, and there are new advances in decellularised scaffolds to promote differentiation. This is an exciting time for human kidney repair and regeneration. Many of the approaches and techniques are in theirinfancyand based onanimal ratherthanhumanwork, but there is a rapid pace of discovery, and we predict that therapies based on advances in this field will come into clinical practice in the next decade. Keywords Nephrogenesis Stem cells * Kidney progenitor cells * Induced pluripotent stem(IPS) cells * Recombination culture * Acute renal injury * CKD5, Introduction Current treatments for end-stage kidney disease (chronic kidney disease stage 5; CKD5) are limited to dialysis or, if the patient is fortunate, renal transplantation. Quality of life (QOL) of [...]

The article discusses the views of provincial government on the need for change to British Columbia forest management, which include careers in traditional forest management recommended a fundamental change from managing timber with constraints to prioritizing ecosystem health.

: Introduction: The HIV Strategy in New South Wales (NSW) Australia aims to virtually eliminate HIV transmission by 2020. We estimated the 2016 HIV diagnosis and care cascade for the state of NSW, with a focus on introducing population‐based data to improve data quality and assess progress towards the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. Methods: To estimate the number of people living with diagnosed HIV (PLDHIV) we used NSW data from the Australian National HIV Registry, enhanced by surveillance among people recently diagnosed with HIV to improve migration estimates. The number of undiagnosed PLHIV was estimated using back‐projection modelling by CD4 count at diagnosis. De‐duplicated prescription claims data were obtained from the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and were combined with an estimate for those ineligible, to determine the number of PLDHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data from a clinic network with 87% coverage of PLDHIV in NSW enabled the estimation of the number on ART who had HIV suppression. Results and discussion: We estimated that 10,110 PLHIV resided in NSW in 2016 (range 8400 to 11,720), among whom 9230 (91.3%) were diagnosed, and 8490 (92.0% of those diagnosed) were receiving ART. Among PLDHIV receiving ART, 8020 (94.5%) had suppressed viral load ( Conclusion: NSW has met each of the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. The enhanced surveillance methods and data collection systems improved data quality. Measuring and meeting the 90‐90‐90 targets is feasible and could be achieved in comparable parts of the world., Introduction In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) launched the 90‐90‐90 targets that by 2020, 90% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) will know their [...]

An intact genome is essential for kidney growth and differentiation, but less is known about whether, and how, an altered fetal milieu modifies these processes. Maternal low-protein diets perturb growth of the metanephros, the precursor of the mature kidney. Fetal corticosteroid overexposure may, in part, mediate this, because such diets downregulate placental 11 [beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2, which degrades maternal corticosteroids. We report that glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed in mouse metanephric epithelia. Metanephroi maintained in organ culture with hydrocortisone (1.4 or 14 [mu]M) underwent a dose-dependant deceleration of overall growth accompanied by cyst formation. Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, reproduced these outcomes, but aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, did not. Hydrocortisone upregulated transcripts levels of cadherin-11 and downregulated prospero-related homeobox-1, hence mimicking reported effects of maternal low-protein diet. Hydrocortisone also upregulated transcripts encoding [Na.sup.+]-[K.sup.+]-ATPase subunits and ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor, all previously implicated in renal cyst growth. The most upregulated transcript, however, was indian hedgehog, and the encoded protein was immunodetected in metanephric cysts. Furthermore, in the presence of hydrocortisone, cystogenesis, but not whole organ growth, was significantly reduced by cyclopamine, a drug downregulating hedgehog signaling. Finally, both glucocorticoid receptor and indian hedgehog proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in cystic tubules within human dysplastic kidneys, consistent with the hypothesis that these molecules modify the severity of this congenital malformation. Collectively, our observations raise the possibility that enhanced hedgehog signaling is an important stimulus for renal cyst formation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of this pathway should be explored as a potential therapy for renal cystic diseases, starting with relevant animal models. gene expression; glucocorticoid; renal cystogenesis doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00574.2009