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Earthquake cloud is an ancient and visual precursor of an earthquake that sometimes forms over the earthquake fault and is often close to its epicenter several days before the earthquake. The most important characteristic of an earthquake cloud is that it emanates from the ground and stays in the sky for hours. The present study aims to find the terrible 2017 Azgeleh earthquake cloud by the visual interpretation of Meteosat-8 satellite images. The characters of the cloud in question are then investigated by using the same satellite products. In this study, the Azgeleh earthquake cloud and also the 2021 Sisakht earthquake cloud were found. The cloud was shown to have had a geological origin, and the formation of such a cloud was not a common occurrence there. The Azgeleh earthquake occurred near the High Zagros fault (HZF), whereas its cloud had been formed about 700km further away from its epicenter, on other parts of the same fault over a 160km-long line. Visual searching for earthquake clouds from the ground and the sky is a public scientific hobby, especially for amateur meteorologists using satellite imagery. The formation of an earthquake cloud over a fault can be a warning of a possible impending earthquake on that fault, which, of course, needs further investigation.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses some research on two earthquake precursors—soil radon concentration, a geochemical precursor; and Total Electron Content (TEC), an atmospheric one, studied in some earthquake-prone regions in the world. These two precursors were chosen because their generation mechanisms are interlinked. The selected soil radon studies focused on establishing anomalous radon fluctuations as a robust precursory signal for medium to high-magnitude earthquakes, including determination and removal of meteorological effects from soil radon time series, and identification of genuine pre-seismic anomalies. For the seismic precursory property of TEC, studies on detecting seismogenic TEC fluctuations and their formation mechanisms were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Java is one of the seismically active regions in part of the Sunda Arc whose seismicity pattern must be studied. Therefore, a spatio-temporal analysis of seismicity between 2002 - 2022 in East Java has been conducted. This analysis aims to investigate the seismotectonic conditions in the East Java region over the last twenty years, especially the seismicity patterns associated with significant earthquakes in East Java. The analysis was carried out by quantifying the spatial and temporal variations of seismicity parameters using b-value and z-value. The used data used are earthquake data from the USGS earthquake catalog during 2002 - 2022 in the East Java region. The analysis was performed using the ZMAP 6.0 program code using the maximum likelihood method. The results of the temporal analysis of b-values show that almost all significant earthquakes in East Java were characterized by a decrease in b-values of up to 0.2. Spatially, the significant earthquake on 10 April 2021 was associated with a low b-value (0.9). Temporal z-value analysis shows that the significant East Java earthquake was preceded by a quiet period (positive z-value) between 4 - 5 years (2003 - 2008 and 2012 - 2016). Spatial analysis of the z-value in the last 7 shows an increase in the z-value before the significant earthquakes occurred on 16 July 2019, 18 March 2020, and 10 April 2021. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the b-value and z-value potentially can be used as precursors of the significant East Java earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to achieving rockburst warning lies in the understanding of rockburst precursors. Considering the correlation characteristics of rockburst acoustic emission (AE) parameters, a self-organizing map neural network (SOMNN) based method for rockburst precursor inversion was proposed. The feature of this method lies in a cyclic data segmentation iteration process based on the thinking of "interference signal screening", "key signal extraction", and "precursor signal inversion". The rationality of this method has been verified in three groups of rockburst experiments. The results revealed that rockburst AE precursor signals consist of a series of signals characterized by long duration, high energy, low average frequency, high energy amplitude, and low peak frequency. Subsequently, potential value in long term rockburst warning of the precursor obtained in this study was shown via the comparison of conventional precursors. Finally, a preliminary interpretation for rockburst precursor was proposed under the framework of AE parameters physical significance, and it is revealed that AE precursor signals are likely linked to the creation of large-scale tensile cracks before rockburst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity and environmental concerns of methyl bromide (MB) have been a significant impetus for research into environmentally benign fumigant alternatives. Ethyl formate (EF) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are FDA‐approved agents with potential as alternatives to MB. However, both are chemically unstable and pose considerable end‐use challenges. In this study, we developed moisture‐activated sachets for EF and ClO2 to facilitate their end‐use deployment for in‐package fumigation. The sachets were loaded with EF or ClO2 metastable precursors, citric acid (CA), and a deliquescent salt carrier (e.g., CaCl2 or NaCl). When placed in an elevated relative humidity environment, these combinations activate the release of EF or ClO2 gases, separately. The deliquescence lowering phenomenon and its effect on fumigants release rate were investigated when mixing CA with CaCl2 or NaCl. The mutual deliquescence relative humidity for CA–CaCl2 and CA–NaCl mixtures were 40% and 63%, respectively. CaCl2 enhanced the release rate of fumigants from their sachets, whereas NaCl resulted in a slower release rate. EF and ClO2 sachets were evaluated for fumigation of different life stages of spotted wing drosophila (SWD). Complete control of SWD adults was achieved after exposure to 10.1 mg·h/L EF, while eggs, larval, and pupal stages were more tolerant toward EF vapour and required 110.2 mg·h/L EF to achieve control. ClO2 at low concentrations was more effective than EF against all SWD life stages, excluding pupae. Complete mortality was achieved after fumigating SWD adults, eggs, and larvae with 0.73, 2.39, and 1.21 mg·h/L ClO2, respectively. These results indicated that both EF and ClO2 sachets could be employed safely for EF and ClO2 in‐packaging fumigation to control produce pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Synthetic Fiber Industry is the property of Sinopec Baling Petrochemical Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI) is attracting attention as an alternative precursor for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). However, the surface chemical reaction mechanisms of DMAI during ALD regarding its dimeric structure under vacuum deposition process conditions has yet to be clear. In this work, the adsorption mechanism of dimeric and monomeric DMAI on a fully hydroxylated Al2O3 surface is studied using machine-learning potential (MLP) calculations. The initial adsorption of DMAI appears facile and would result in the coexistence of both methyl and isopropoxy ligands on the surface. The reactivity of DMAI is smaller than that of TMA, owing to the propensity of DMAI to adopt a dimeric form. Especially when the substrate is partially covered by other adsorbate species, the large molecular size and low reactivity of dimeric DMAI considerably hinder its reactivity toward surface adsorption. Current results are in good correspondence with the previous experimental results, where lower growth per cycle (GPC) and higher selectivity in area-selective ALD (AS-ALD) could be observed by using DMAI than compared to those of TMA processes.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) precursors are indirect sources of many PFAS in the environment, widely utilized in various fields such as food packaging, firefighting foams, metal plating, textile coatings, and pesticides. Due to the transformation of PFAS precursors in the environment and limitations in analytical testing methods, PFAS precursors are often neglected. The biological toxicity of PFAS precursors has been confirmed, including their interference with normal fetal development, induction of immunotoxicity, and cell apoptosis in the mother's body. Moreover, PFAS precursors can transform into stable PFAS, posing sustained hazards to the ecological environment and biological health. Investigating the transport and transformation behavior of PFAS precursors in different environmental media is crucial to their contaminant control. Based on recent researches, this study provides a comprehensive review of the major sources and existence characteristics of PFAS precursors, as well as their transport and transformation behaviors in environmental media such as the atmosphere, soil, and water bodies. The results indicate that PFAS precursors have been widely detected in water bodies, soils, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and the atmosphere worldwide. During the transport process, water bodies are the main carriers of PFAS precursors, while soils, SPM, and sediments mainly play a role in retention. In addition, long-distance transport through the atmosphere is an important source of pollution in extreme areas. Furthermore, the retention and migration of PFAS precursors in environmental media often accompany transformation, resulting in producing PFAS that endangers the ecological environment and biological health continuously. This article reviews the research progress on the migration and transformation of PFAS precursors in the environment, aiming to provide the basis for the pollution prevention and control of PFAS precursors and PFAS.

В работе представлены результаты анализа данных электротеллурических потенциалов, полученных в пункте измерений, развернутом в июне 2023 года на территории ИМГиГ ДВО РАН в г. Южно-Сахалинск. Уже в первые месяцы работы были обнаружены серии квазипериодических всплесков (импульсов) в ночное время. Сигналы длительностью 4-5 секунд и с периодом следования 130-150 секунд имеют разную форму, которая является производной от некоего оригинального синусоподобного сигнала. Серии отмечались с 20 июля по 11 сентября 2023 г., а их средняя длительность колеблется в районе 8-9 часов. С 12 сентября 2023 года по 10 февраля 2024 года серии не обнаружены. Максимальная интенсивность сигналов и серий в целом наблюдается в период с 5 по 10 августа. В этот же период (9 августа 2023 года) рядом с точкой измерений (в круге с радиусом 0,25 градуса с центром на полигоне) произошло землетрясение умеренной силы с M = 3,8, причём за весь период наблюдений оно было самым сильным из 2 событий с M > 3, произошедших в данном районе. Перед вторым, более слабым землетрясением, подобных серий совсем не было обнаружено. Появление обнаруженных серий квазипериодических импульсов может быть связано с подготовкой очага землетрясения, однако для подтверждения этой гипотезы потребуются дополнительные наблюдения

The commercialization of ternary layered cathode materials with a relative nickel content of more than 90 % faces serious challenges. Among them, it is urgent to address the issues of rapid capacity degradation and structural degradation. Herein, we provide a simple process for doping yttrium at the precursor preparation stage. The feasibility of yttrium doping in the precursor and the positive effects of yttrium ions on the crystal structure and properties of the cathode materials are scientifically explained by a variety of characterization and testing methods, such as Eh-pH, Particle Size Analyzer, ICP, SEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, HRTEM, dQ/dV, CV, EIS and DFT. Yttrium-doped NCMY cathode materials have more stable lattice oxygen and significantly less irreversible phase transition. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of the NCMY cathode material is significantly improved, with a capacity retention rate of 82.71 % after 150 cycles at a current density of 1C, which is much higher than 65.39 % for NCM. The NCMY cathode material significantly improves the lithium ion diffusion ability, especially at the high rate of 10C, the discharge specific capacity is still as high as 177.05 mAh g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the life activities of microorganisms, a variety of secondary metabolites are produced, including antimicrobials and antitumor drugs, which are widely used in clinical practice. In addition to exploring new antibiotics, this makes it one of the research priorities of Actinomycetes to effectively increase the yield of antibiotics in production strains by various means. Most antibiotic-producing strains have a variety of functional regulatory factors that regulate their growth, development, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis processes. Through the study of precursor substances in antibiotic biosynthesis, researchers have revealed the precursor biosynthesis process and the mechanism by which precursor synthesis regulators affect the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which can be used to obtain engineered strains with high antibiotic production. This paper summarizes the supply of antibiotic biosynthesis precursors and the progress of research on the role of regulators in the process of precursors in biosynthesis. This lays the foundation for the establishment of effective breeding methods to improve antibiotic yields through the manipulation of precursor synthesis genes and related regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts for the direct hydrogenation process of CO2 to methanol. The development of the modern chemical industry is inextricably linked to the use of catalytic processes. As a result, currently over 80% of new technologies introduced in the chemical industry incorporate catalytic processes. Since the basic factor of catalytic processes is the catalysts, the studies for the deepening of the knowledge regarding the nature of the action of the catalysts, for the development of new catalysts and catalytic systems, as well as for their improvement, represent a research priority of a fundamental or applied nature. The Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for the synthesis of green methanol, using precursors of an inorganic (copper nitrate, denoted by Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-1) and organic (copper acetate, denoted by Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-2) nature, are obtained by chemical impregnation that includes two stages: preparation and one of calcination. The preparation methods and conditions, as well as the physico-chemical properties of the catalyst precursor, play a major role in the behavior of the catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized using atomic adsorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, specific surface area and pore size analyses, adsorption, and the chemisorption of vapor (BET). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The σ‐1 receptor is a non‐opioid transmembrane protein involved in various human pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancer. The previously published ligand [18F]FTC‐146 is among the most promising tools for σ‐1 molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET), with a potential for application in clinical diagnostics and research. However, the published six‐ or four‐step synthesis of the tosyl ester precursor for its radiosynthesis is complicated and time‐consuming. Herein, we present a simple one‐step precursor synthesis followed by a one‐step fluorine‐18 labeling procedure that streamlines the preparation of [18F]FTC‐146. Instead of a tosyl‐based precursor, we developed a one‐step synthesis of the precursor analog AM‐16 containing a chloride leaving group for the SN2 reaction with 18F‐fluoride. 18F‐fluorination of AM‐16 led to a moderate decay‐corrected radiochemical yield (RCY = 7.5%) with molar activity (Am) of 45.9 GBq/μmol. Further optimization of this procedure should enable routine radiopharmaceutical production of this promising PET tracer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the regime of lubrication approximation, we look at spreading phenomena under the action of singular potentials of the form P (h) ≈ h 1 - m as h → 0 + with m > 1 , modeling repulsion between the liquid–gas interface and the substrate. We assume zero slippage at the contact line. Based on formal analysis arguments, we report that for any m > 1 and any value of the speed (both positive and negative) there exists a three-parameter, hence generic, family of fronts (i.e., traveling-wave solutions with a contact line). A two-parameter family of advancing “linear-log” fronts also exists, having a logarithmically corrected linear behavior in the liquid bulk. All these fronts have finite rate of dissipation, indicating that singular potentials stand as an alternative solution to the contact-line paradox. In agreement with steady states, fronts have microscopic contact angle equal to π / 2 for all m > 1 and finite energy for all m < 3 . We also propose a selection criterion for the fronts, based on thermodynamically consistent contact-line conditions modeling friction at the contact line. So as contact-angle conditions do in the case of slippage models, this criterion selects a unique (up to translation) linear-log front for each positive speed. Numerical evidence suggests that, fixed the speed and the frictional coefficient, its shape depends on the spreading coefficient, with steeper fronts in partial wetting and a more prominent precursor region in dry complete wetting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for construction materials driven by rapid population growth has heightened the reliance on cement binders, resulting in increased CO2 emissions from the cement industry. Geopolymers, considered environmentally friendly alternatives, have been explored in various studies to address this challenge. This research specifically investigates the impact of different types of ceramic waste bricks (BT), floor tiles (FT), roof tiles (RT), and sanitary ceramics (ST) on the physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. To provide a comprehensive understanding, this research examines the compressive strength, mineral phase, chemical bonds, and microscopic evolution of fly ash geopolymer mortar incorporating varying proportions of each ceramic waste type (25% and 50% fly ash replacement). A consistent mixture of Na2SiO3 and NaOH was used for the alkaline solution in all formulations. The curing process was carried out at room temperature for 7, 14, and 28 days prior to the compressive strength test. The result revealed that the inclusion of 25% BT experienced higher strength compared to the control sample after 14 days, but the strength became comparable after 28 days at 40.24 MPa. A reduction in strength was evident with the addition of other ceramic components. Moreover, higher incorporation of CWP correlated with a faster setting time for fresh geopolymers. This was also linked to the degree of gel formation, as indicated in the microstructure images. The emergence of plagioclase minerals was evident in all formulations of the geopolymer products under XRD analysis, while the bond of the geopolymer signature, Si-O-T (T = Si or Al), was identified from the infrared spectra. The microstructure of the binder showed a geopolymer matrix alongside unreacted fly ash particles. Overall, CWP replacement up to 25% can be potential in fly ash geopolymer without sacrificing significant strength loss and remaining in the range of normal strength mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we complete pioneering research that indicates the very low frequency (VLF) signal amplitude and phase noise reductions, and short-period wave excitations and attenuations as new potential earthquake precursors. We consider changes in the VLF signal broadcast in Italy by the ICV transmitter and recorded in Serbia that start a few tens of minutes before earthquakes. The sampling interval of the analyzed data is 0.1 s. The main objectives of this study are (1) to complete this research in the time and frequency domains during the periods of the four earthquakes analyzed in the previous studies, and (2) to define the parameters of the VLF signal amplitude and phase in both domains that should be further examined in statistical analyses of the aforementioned potential earthquake precursors. In the first part of this study, we analyze the ICV signal amplitude in the frequency domain during the period around three earthquakes that occurred in November 2010 near the considered signal propagation path. Here, we apply the Fourier transform to the relevant recorded data. In the second part, we compare characteristics of the signal amplitude and phase noise reductions in the time domain, and wave excitations and attenuations in the frequency domain. The results of these comparisons indicate the parameters that should be analyzed in subsequent studies to confirm the connection of the considered VLF signal changes with seismic activity before earthquakes, and potentially establish procedures for their detection are: (a) the start and end times of the noise reductions in the time domain and the excited/attenuated waves in the frequency domain, (b) the differences in the corresponding times, and (c) the wave periods of wave excitations of both the signal amplitude and phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basics of technology for producing alumina-zirconia ceramics reinforced with strontium hexa-aluminate using ultrafine components and a precursor of strontium zirconate are described. It is shown, that grinding initial oxides and charges to an ultrafine state in a bead mill and creating a reinforcing network within a composite structure by introducing a precursor before wet grinding and subsequent two-stage sintering provides high ceramic density (not less than 99.5% of theoretical) and strength properties (static bending strength of at least 1200 MPa, crack resistance of at least 6.9 MPa·m1/2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results for structure formation of a ceramic composite of the Al2O3–ZrO2 system with formation of reinforcing strontium hexaaluminate (SrAl12O19) during firing are presented. Lamellar crystals of SrAl12O19 are shown to be uniformly distributed in the composite structure, the strength of which is increased by 30% if SrAl12O19 is synthesized during firing of the ceramic with pre-synthesized strontium zirconate (precursor) introduced into the charge. Introduction of pre-synthesized SrAl12O19 into the composite charge followed by mixing and grinding does not harden the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The study of semiconductor nanoparticles - quantum dots (QDs) is caused by their unique optical-dimensional properties Purpose. Study of the influence of synthesis conditions on the optical and dimensional properties of modified hybrid CdSe/ZnS and triplet CdSe/CdS/ZnS of QD. Methodology. Absorption spectra of quantum dots were obtained on a Perkin Elmer Instrumental LAMBDA 35. Luminescence spectra were obtained on a Cary Eclipse spectrofluorimeter (Varian), all at 20- 25°C. The hydrodynamic size of QDs was determined by dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS. Originality. For the first time, modification of the obtained hybrid CdSe/ZnS and triplet CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs of the “core-shell” and “core/shell/shell” types in the presence of stabilizers was carried out. The absorption and luminescence spectra, as well as their dimensional parameters, were analyzed, and the optical-spectral, morphological and physicochemical characteristics of QDs were determined. Findings. The maximum luminescence quantum efficiency was achieved for a sample with a synthesis time of 20 min. The growth of the ZnS shell led to an increase in the quantum yield from 4.7% to 55.9% and a shift of the luminescence peak to shorter wavelengths. The number of components for CdSe/ZnS and CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs has been established [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the utilization of phosphorus-enriched biochar (PBC) has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional stability and surface reactivity. This review systematically summarizes the advancements in research related to the application of PBC as an adsorbent for remediating water contaminated with heavy metals. Initially, the precursors utilized in the production of PBC, encompassing biomass and phosphorus sources, are introduced. Subsequently, the distinct physicochemical properties and adsorption characteristics resulting from phosphorus doping on the biochar surface through various carbonization processes and parameters are elucidated. Additionally, the diverse adsorption mechanisms employed by PBC in removing heavy metals from water are analyzed. Lastly, future research prospects and associated challenges concerning PBC are presented. This paper aims to furnish comprehensive background information for the practical implementation of PBC in the purification of heavy metal-contaminated water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues: Project Stop, a real‐time monitoring program for pseudoephedrine‐containing medicines, was initiated in 2005 by the Pharmacy Guild of Australia in collaboration with police in the state of Queensland. The program implemented an online database to record pseudoephedrine purchases (and attempted purchases) to prevent large‐scale diversion to methamphetamine production. Approach: This narrative review aims to understand the overall impact of Project Stop, what evidence exists for this kind of intervention in Australia, and what lessons can be learned from its introduction. Systematic database searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, with 20 relevant sources selected for inclusion. Key Findings: Project Stop successfully prevented some pseudoephedrine from being diverted from pharmacies to methamphetamine production. The intervention has been most effective in jurisdictions that made the program mandatory. Project Stop was also associated with a temporary decline in clandestine laboratory seizures in Queensland, changes in methamphetamine production methods and reduced voluntary treatment admissions for methamphetamine use. Implementation was not associated with an appreciable effect on secondary indicators, such as methamphetamine production and harmful use. Implications: Future applications of a Project Stop model must ensure ongoing impact evaluation, assessment of its effect on individual's drug‐related behaviour and combine it with policies that address drug use as a health issue. Conclusion: Project Stop has been narrowly successful in terms of reducing pseudoephedrine diversion and demonstrates the potential for third‐party policing practices directed at the consumer level, in collaboration with healthcare practitioners, rather than only regulating precursor wholesalers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A powerful Mw = 7.2 earthquake occurred on August 14, 2021 at 12:29 UT. • Variations of electron density obtained from CSES-01 satellite were considered. • Findings acknowledge the sequence of seismic anomalies observed in the LAI. A powerful Mw = 7.2 earthquake occurred in Haiti on August 14, 2021 at 12:29:08 UTC (18.434° N, 73.482° W, depth ∼10 km). In this study, in a period of three months from June 1 to August 31, 2021, the variations in electron density and temperature parameters obtained from CSES-01 satellite measurements in the Dobrovolsky's area the Haiti earthquake are considered. With the aim of investigating the proposed mechanisms for interactions between different layers of the Earth in the process of earthquakes (LAIC-Lithospheric Atmospheric Ionospheric Coupling), the behavior of 48 other precursors obtained from the data of other satellites in the same location and time period were analyzed. These precursors are 1) TEC obtained from GPS satellite data, 2) scalar and vector magnetic field data as well as electron density and temperature measured by the related sensors of three Swarm A, B and C satellites during day and night and 3) Variations in lithospheric and atmospheric parameters NO2 and SO2 obtained from OMI satellite measurements and also Ozone, carbon monoxide and surface temperature parameters obtained from AIRS data. By analyzing the above mentioned precursors, abnormal behaviors are observed around 30 and 50 days before the earthquake, and especially 1 to 15 days before the earthquake and by comparative study of the observed anomalies, possible LAIC mechanisms are discussed. The findings of this study can acknowledge the sequence of seismic anomalies observed in the lithosphere, then the atmosphere and finally the ionosphere. Therefore, this study once again emphasizes the necessity of performing multi-precursor analysis with the aim of justifying the LAIC mechanism and also observing seismically prone anomalies in the time period of about 10 days before powerful earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One prevalent class of thin films concerns SnSe (tin selenide), which is the primary focus of this research, with the aim of discovering cost-effective coatings for photovoltaic applications. The electrodeposition method was employed to successfully synthesize tin selenide thin films on glass substrates (ITO and FTO) utilizing the novel organophosphorus precursor [(Me2)3N3PSe]. Notably, this precursor has not been utilized in prior literature. Initial cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses were performed to thoroughly investigate the electrochemical behavior of the tin and selenium redox systems within the electrolyte. The CV outcomes yielded crucial insights, guiding the establishment of a defined potential range (− 1.1 to − 1.2 V vs. SCE) for effective SnSe film electrodeposition. Films deposited within this potential range exhibited characteristic needle-shaped polycrystalline SnSe structures. Comprehensive analyses of the thin films' structural, microstructural, and morphological characteristics were conducted, employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The crystallites' size was determined using the Debye–Scherrer formula. Moreover, a systematic exploration of the impact of deposition potential and substrate type on various film properties was undertaken. The results from XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic single-phase SnSe under different deposition potentials. SEM/EDS analysis revealed uniform element distribution for deposition potentials of − 1.1 V and − 1 V on ITO and FTO substrates, respectively. The investigation further extended to the optical properties of films on glass substrates (ITO and FTO). Optical data showed a direct optical band gap (Eg) ranging from 1.25 to 2.24 eV for ITO and 1.46 to 2.87 eV for FTO across a wide spectra range. These optical traits, significantly influenced by deposition potential and substrate type, hold promise. Particularly, SnSe thin films deposited on ITO substrates at − 1.1 V displayed distinct advantages for potential photovoltaic applications compared to samples on FTO substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the Maillard reaction in Baijiu and the effects of extended aging in the presence of Maillard reaction intermediates (MRIs) on aromatic compounds, particularly focusing on heterocyclic changes. MRIs with different aroma types in Baijiu aged 1–18 years and force-aged for 6 weeks were determined. Results revealed that MRIs in soy sauce aroma–type Baijiu were significantly more abundant than those in other types of Baijiu. Changes in MRIs were observed and compared in aging and forced-aging Baijiu. Additionally, the distribution and variation of heterocycles in Baijiu were examined, which revealed an increase in N-heterocycle levels but a decrease in S- and O-heterocycle levels to a certain extent. The results of this study demonstrate that the Maillard reaction during the aging of Baijiu influences heterocycle concentrations, thereby improving flavor of aged Baijiu. Research into heterocycles and the Maillard reaction may help elucidate the aromatic evolution of Baijiu with aging and provide guidance for Baijiu storage.

Determining health risks associated with per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a highly complex problem requiring massive efforts for scientists, risk assessors, and regulators. Among the most poorly understood pressing questions is the relative importance of pre-PFAAs, which are PFASs that degrade to highly persistent perfluoroalkyl acids. How many of the vast number of existing pre-PFAAs are relevant for direct human exposure, and what are the predominant exposure pathways? What evidence of direct exposure to pre-PFAAs is provided by human biomonitoring studies? How important are pre-PFAAs and their biotransformation products for human health risk assessment? This article outlines recent progress and recommendations toward widening the lens on human PFAS exposure to include the pre-PFAA subclass.

Earthquake prediction is the holy grail of seismology and one of humanity’s greatest dreams. The Earth’s magnetic field appears to be one of the best possible precursors of earthquakes, although the topic is controversial. Recent advancements have made it possible to observe magnetic fields from satellites with great accuracy. We utilize magnetic measurements from Swarm satellites to explore the potential identification of anomalous magnetic signals preceding earthquakes. Focusing on 1077 major earthquakes that occurred in 2014–2023 in the Alpine–Himalayan belt, we apply an automatic algorithm to data recorded 10 days before each earthquake. This analysis reveals clear pre-earthquake anomalies in the magnetic field components. Notably, a robust correlation is established between the duration of these anomalies and the earthquake magnitude, indicating that as the earthquake magnitude increases, so does the duration of the anomaly. Here we show that this method has a great ability to make predictions (high accuracy 79%, precision 88%, F1-score and hit rate 84%), thus becoming the basis for an Operational Earthquake Prediction System (OEPS).

Landslides are a widely recognized phenomenon, causing huge economic and human losses worldwide. The detection of spatial and temporal landslide deformation, together with the acquisition of precursor information, is crucial for hazard prediction and landslide risk management. Advanced landslide monitoring systems based on remote sensing techniques (RSTs) play a crucial role in risk management and provide important support for early warning systems (EWSs) at local and regional scales. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the current state of knowledge in the development of RSTs used for identifying landslide precursors, as well as detecting, monitoring, and predicting landslides. Almost 200 articles from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed, in which the authors utilized RSTs to detect potential precursors for early warning of hazards. The applications, challenges, and trends of RSTs, largely dependent on the type of landslide, deformation pattern, hazards posed by the landslide, and the size of the area of interest, were also discussed. Although the article indicates some limitations of the RSTs used so far, integrating different techniques and technological developments offers the opportunity to create reliable EWSs and improve existing ones.

Abstract Background Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is frequently associated with precursor lesions, and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) may play a significant role in the development of ICC. However, the exact sequence and progression of these lesions remain to be elucidated. We report a rare case of ICC that exhibited extensive longitudinal intraductal extension of high-grade BilIN in the posterior bile ducts and involved the hepatic hilum and the peripheral hepatic parenchyma. Case presentation A 70-year-old female presented with anorexia. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a 15 mm enhancing intrahepatic tumor extending to the right intrahepatic secondary confluence. This was associated with a 7 mm diameter cystic dilatation of the segment 6 bile duct (B6). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed stenosis at the bifurcation of the posterior bile duct branch. Bile cytology confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma cells. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with an ICC involving the right glissonean pedicle and underwent a right hepatectomy and lymph node dissection. Histologic examination revealed the tumor consisted of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. In connection with this lesion, diffuse intraductal atypical epithelial cells, which were diagnosed as high-grade BilIN, was observed not only in the dilated B6 but in the entire posterior bile ducts, which measured approximately 120 mm in diameter. Furthermore, two distinct foci of adenocarcinomas were identified in the peripheral hepatic parenchyma. A lymph node metastasis was also present. The pathological diagnosis was ICC pT4N1M0 stage IVA. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and has shown no recurrence 5 years after surgery. Imaging modalities were unable to accurately assess the extent of the intraductal neoplastic lesions due to their low papillary or sessile intraductal tubular growth. No risk factors for BilIN development, which has the potential to predispose to cholangiocarcinoma, were identified in the present case. Conclusions We present a case of ICC involving the right hepatic hilum, accompanied by extensive longitudinal extensions of high-grade BilIN and multifocal microscopic invasions in peripheral hepatic parenchyma. Notably, the intraductal lesions involved the entire posterior intrahepatic bile ducts. The presence of biliary neoplasia with extensive intraductal extension, in conjunction with ICC, should be considered as a variant of BilIN.

The article presents the research results for the synthesis of inorganic sorbents based on manganese oxide compounds. It shows the results of the lithium sorption from brines with the use of synthesized sorbents. The effect of temperature, the molar ratio of Li/Mn, and the duration for obtaining a lithium-manganese precursor and its acid treatment was studied. The sorption characteristics of the synthesized sorbents were studied. The effect of the ratio of the sorbent mass to the brine volume and the duration of the process on the sorption of lithium from brine were studied. In this case, the sorbent recovery of lithium was ~86%. A kinetic model of the lithium sorption from brine on a synthesized sorbent was determined. The kinetics of the lithium sorption was described by a pseudo-second-order model, which implies limiting the speed of the process due to a chemical reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a major role in virulence, adherence to epithelial cells, and overall survival of the bacterium in the human host. Galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are likely to be relevant for metabolization in the nasopharynx, while glucose is the primary carbon source in the blood. In this study, we aim to further the understanding of the influence of carbon sources on pneumococcal growth, capsule biosynthesis, and subsequent adherence potential. Methods: We tested the growth behavior of clinical wild-type and capsule knockout S. pneumoniae strains, using galactose, GlcNAc, mannose, and glucose as carbon source for growth. We measured capsule thickness and quantified capsule precursors by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran exclusion assays and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, respectively. We also performed epithelial adherence assays using Detroit 562 cells and performed a transcriptome analysis (RNA sequencing). Results: We observed a reduced growth in galactose, mannose, and GlcNAc compared to growth in glucose and found capsular size reductions in mannose and GlcNAc compared to galactose and glucose. Additionally, capsular precursor measurements of uridine diphosphate-(UDP)-glucose and UDP-galactose showed less accumulation of precursors in GlcNAc or mannose than in glucose and galactose, indicating a possible link with the received capsular thickness measurements. Epithelial adherence assays showed an increase in adherence potential for a pneumococcal strain, when grown in mannose compared to glucose. Finally, transcriptome analysis of four clinical isolates revealed not only strain specific but also common carbon source-specific gene expression. Conclusion: Our findings may indicate a careful adaption of the lifestyle of S. pneumoniae according to the monosaccharides encountered in the respective human niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal inserted NbS2 (TxNbS2) compounds receive great attention due to their intriguing and diverse magnetic and electric transport properties. Typically, these compounds are prepared by high-temperature synthesis from the elements, which is time and energy-consuming and yields highly crystalline products. So far, no route for preparing these compounds from precursors by thermal decomposition has been reported. Herein, we report the synthesis of a dithiocarbamate of niobium Nb2S4(CS2NH2)4 as a precursor for the synthesis of NbS2 by this preparative strategy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a co-decomposition with dithiocarbamates of transition metals (here, Co and Pd) is a viable route for the synthesis of TxNbS2-type compounds. This is a promising route for the exploration of these compounds' properties in the form of, e.g., nanocrystalline or thin film samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium perrhenate was characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specimen is a powder purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The sample was fixed to a stainless-steel sample holder with copper 3MTM double-sided adhesive tape. Survey spectra, Re 4f, O 1s, N 1s, C 1s, Re 4d, and Na 1s core levels spectra were acquired. Results showed how the elements in the structure of ammonium perrhenate are related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium oxychloride was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specimen is a powder purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The sample was fixed to a stainless-steel sample holder with copper 3MTM double-sided adhesive tape. Survey spectra, Zr 3d, O 1s, C 1s, Cl 2p, Zr 3p, Zr 4p, and Cl 2s core levels spectra were acquired. Results showed how the elements in the structure of zirconium oxychloride interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize cobalt nitrate. The specimen is a powder purchased from Sigma Aldrich and was fixed to a stainless-steel sample holder with copper 3MTM double-sided adhesive tape. Survey spectra and Co 2p, N 1s, O 1s, C 1s, and Co 3p core level spectra were acquired. Results evidenced the chemical surface state and interactions of elements that constitute the cobalt nitrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid-phase synthesis is suitable for controlling the morphological and structural properties of functional inorganic materials and such control is important because they strongly affect the functionality of the product. Cobalt-based materials is one group of materials that requires control of powder morphology and structure. Cobalt is an important metal element used in various industrial fields such as secondary batteries, superalloys, permanent magnets, hard metals, and catalysts. The ever-growing demand of cobalt highlights that there is an urgent necessity to develop high quality material synthesis methods and to secure cobalt resources for countries that rely on import like Japan. Especially, technologies to recycle cobalt in a form reusable for secondary batteries and catalysts are desired because further increase in demand is anticipated. Meanwhile, spherical porous tricobalt tetroxide secondary particles obtained by calcination of spherical cobalt carbonate precursors have been reported to be promising materials for battery applications. Moreover, porous metal cobalt obtained by hydrogen reduction of tricobalt tetroxide is known to be effective for catalyst applications. However, conventional methods to synthesize spherical cobalt carbonate requires addition of additives in the reaction mixtures or otherwise requires hydrothermal treatment in pressure vessels. These are unfavorable to develop a practical and sustainable process for cobalt-based material production and recycling. In this study, a facile room temperature synthesis method to prepare spherical cobalt carbonate precursors from solutions of cobalt chloride and ammonium hydrogen carbonate that does not require any additives or hydrothermal treatment is developed by optimizing the carbonate solution concentration, carbonate/cobalt salt molar ratio, and stirring time during reaction. Furthermore, we succeeded in obtaining porous tricobalt tetroxide and porous metal cobalt that carry on the exterior spherical morphology of the original cobalt carbonate precursor by calcination and hydrogen reduction. The developed process shall contribute to realize high quality cobalt-based material production and recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new process to make complex nitrogen- and carbon-containing precursor materials V(51–43)–Al(30–36)–N(13.4–16.4)–C(2.7–6.0) is developed involving nitriding mixtures of powder of industrial alloys V(65–50)–Al with graphite using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The results of pilot tests are encouraging. The ratio of nitrogen to carbon can vary in precursors over a wide range: N/C = 5.5–2.2. X‑ray diffraction analysis confirms that in these materials nitrogen has the form of AlN and VN nitrides, and carbon has the form of double V2C and VC and triple V2Al0.96C1.1 carbides. It is proved experimentally that graphite can be replaced by alternative precursor V(51)–Al(30)–N(15)–C(2.7) in the charge of ladle aluminothermic smelting master alloy V–Al–N–C. The comparison is made between phase composition and distribution of nitride and carbide inclusions in master alloy V–Al–N–C ingots and in those of master alloys smelted using other carbon-containing materials. The comparison involves X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, and X-ray spectral microanalysis. Matching results are obtained. The nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen content in the ingot meets the requirements set forth in the technical specifications for the master alloys of grade V–Al–N–C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Whether intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) should be factored into prostate cancer (PCa) Grade Group (GG) has been debated vigorously. While there is currently no study that directly compares the two grading approaches with IDC-P incorporated in or excluded from GG, evidence to date suggests that IDC-P should generally be graded to avoid undergrading and to minimize the overuse of basal cell stains, since >95% of IDC-P represents a high-grade PCa with retrograde spread, which has aggressive biological behavior and is also molecularly akin to high-grade PCa. The only exception to this rule is when IDC-P is present in association with GG1 PCa or in pure form without concomitant PCa, which is a rare scenario and accounts for ~2% of IDC-P. IDC-P in such context could represent a precursor lesion with a prognosis similar to GG1 PCa when diagnosed in radical prostatectomy, and hence should not be included in GG to avoid overgrading. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a distinct tumor type characterized by an expansile growth of atypical glandular epithelial cells within pre-existing prostate glands and ducts and has significant implications on clinical outcomes and patient management. There is an agreement that isolated IDC-P should not be graded, and IDC-P should be reported with a comment on its clinical significance. However, whether IDC-P should be factored into Grade Group (GG) in the presence of concurrent prostate cancer (PCa) has been debated vigorously. The contradicting opinions were promulgated when the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) and the International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) published their recommendations for this issue. When IDC-P is present with PCa, the ISUP recommends incorporating it in the GG for the entire case, whereas the GUPS recommends excluding it from the final GG. Consequently, pathologists and clinicians are faced with the conundrum of conflicting recommendations. In this review article, the authors evaluate the magnitude of discrepant GG between the two grading methods, explore the rationales behind the differing views of the two urological societies, present the current reporting practices for IDC-P, and propose a provisional and pragmatic guide to alleviate the dilemma of which recommendation to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes and compares the climate policy and transformation pathways of the forerunner cities Turku (Finland), Groningen (The Netherlands), Rostock, and Potsdam (both located in Germany). Our study combines an international comparison of cities located in three different countries with a national comparison of two German cities. This research design is based on the assumption that national context matters. We argue that the chances for scaling local experiments between cities are particularly high among matching cities, which resemble each other. Such cities have the capability to learn by matchmaking, nationally as well as internationally. All four cities are mid‐sized cities of roughly the same size located in advanced democracies in northern and continental Europe. Moreover, within their countries, all four cities have acquired the reputation of being forerunners in the area of climate policy. First, we focus on a comparison of the four cities and identify the strengths and weaknesses of their climate policies. Second, we assess the scaling potential of local experiments, in particular institutional and organizational innovations, integrative and participatory approaches, and leadership. Third, we analyze actual scaling between the two German cities, which share the same national context. More generally, we explore how matching cities can develop from local pioneers to internationally acknowledged leaders, which have the ability to upscale successful local initiatives, nationally as well as internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic waste such as methylene blue from the dyeing process and detergent from laundry activities are sources of water pollution. Before being dumped into the water, this waste must be minimized. One approach that can be utilized is the adsorption method with activated carbon. To generate activated carbon with the properties required for this purpose, an appropriate precursor and manufacturing conditions must be chosen. The objective of this research is to investigate the characteristics and performance of activated carbon derived from various precursors (Petung and Santong bamboos) and activators (Ar, N2, and CO2) for detergent and methylene blue dye adsorption. The difficulty to be solved is determining the best precursor and activator for maximum methyl blue and detergent adsorption. Characterizations included FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, and adsorption isotherm testing. The study’s findings show that activated carbons have functional groups O-H (hydroxyl), C-H (aldehydes and alkenes), C=C aromatic rings, C-H aromatic groups, and an amorphous structure. The presence of a porous and amorphous structure, as well as the C=C aromatic ring, makes activated carbons capable of absorbing methyl blue and detergent. Santong bamboo-activated carbon activated with argon has the best characteristics and adsorption capability. This activated carbon has a fixed carbon content of 76.34 %, pore volumes of 0.362 cc/g, average pore widths of 1.967 nm, pore surface area of 291.487 m2/g, bimodal pore size distribution, and methylene blue and detergent adsorption capabilities of 19.733 cc/g and 1.689 cc/g, respectively. The results obtained are on a laboratory scale, which necessitates additional research, particularly on how to create reservoirs and regenerate activated carbon simply and affordably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of three commonly-used precursors for preparing CsPbI3 thin films, namely DMF solutions of PbI2 and CsI (type A), DMF solutions of PbI2 and CsI with hydroiodic acid (type B), and DMF solutions of so-called "HPbI3" and CsI (type C) on the properties of Inorganic CsPbI3 films and devices were detailed discussed here. Based on our experimental results and analyses, the nature of HPbI3 could not be simply assigned to DMAPbI3. The best precursor among them is the type C, which used HPbI3 totally replacing PbI2 in the DMF solvent. Finally, a best device with planar configuration of FTO/compact(cp)-TiO2/CsPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au was fabricated, exhibiting a PCE of 8.15% with VOC of 0.883 V, JSC of 13.4 mA cm−2 and FF of 68.9%. Our discussions here would help other researchers who are concerned in the field of inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 to clarify the puzzles of these three similar but totally different precursors and the debates of the nature of HPbI3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although chromium chloride has been known as a potential catalyst for formation of chlorinated aromatics including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), its promoting effect on these compounds has hardly been experimentally verified. In this study, model fly ash (MFA) incorporating CrCl3 was tested for PCDD/F formation at different temperatures, oxygen contents in the reaction atmosphere and reaction time. Besides the output, the fingerprint or signature of homologue and isomer was also systematically analysed, to investigate the formation mechanisms of PCDD/F from the perspective of reaction products. Maximum outputs of PCDD/F were reached at conditions of 350 ℃ and 10% O2 content, respectively. A single test was conducted for 240 min and distinction was made between the gas evolving during six successive intervals of reaction time, and the residue. The formation/desorption reaction was intense in the first 90 min and then slowed down; the solid residue kept most of the PCDD/F (85.5%). A complete isomer-specific analysis was established for all samples in this study and the other two catalytic systems (CuCl2 and FeCl3). Special attention was paid to the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, to the chlorophenols route PCDD/F and to their behaviour at different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen-containing functional groups in disordered carbon anodes have been widely reported to influence the Na storage performance. However, the effect of original oxygen-containing groups in the precursors on the final structures and electrochemical performance is rarely studied. Herein, we used the anthraquinone derivatives with different oxygen-containing functional groups as precursors to make the disordered carbon anodes for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Through comprehensive structural and electrochemical analyses, we found that the different types of functional groups in carbon precursors directly affect the cross-linking process during carbonization. The original precursors containing enough inter-chain oxygen or oxygen-containing functional groups with unsaturated bonds unattached to the ring are beneficial for the oxygen atoms to remain or cross-link in structure to result in more C–O–C group, forming nanovoids and disordered structure, which then determine the high performance of the carbon anodes in NIBs. This work highlights the importance of the type/content of functional groups in precursor and provides guidance for the future design of carbon anodes in NIBs from the perspective of precursor selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]