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Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Researches is the property of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Storia delle Università Italiane is the property of CISUI: Centro Interuniversitario per la Storia delle Universita Italiane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drug advertisements draw upon social perceptions to construct knowledge about pharmaceutical products. The legal system provides a framework within which the companies operate in creating ads directed to prescribing physicians. Semiotic theory provides the methodology for an analysis of the ways in which pharmaceutical companies structure their ads to draw in physicians and to persuade them to prescribe their products. The companies select imagery that they expect to have resonance for their audience, drawing on values and views they are expected to hold and that are expected to motivate them. Advertisements for the hormone replacement Premarin™, which have appeared in professional journals over the past fifteen years, are analyzed using this methodology. We conclude that the ads use stereotypical views of women, menopause, and the doctor-patient relationship as underlying values in their structure. The use of inequality in the ads undermines women's position as autonomous decision-makers and has implications for women's health. The power of this imagery needs to be understood and counteracted by doctors, patients, and policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While women in other provinces appealed to the courts and the legislature for the right to practise law, such measures were not necessary in Alberta. This article discusses the early history of women in the Alberta legal profession, starting with the first woman to enroll as a student-at-law in 1896, and focuses primarily on the experience of Ruby Clements, the first woman admitted to the Alberta bar. Given the widespread opposition to women becoming lawyers, both across Canada and internationally, it becomes necessary to interrupt the historical narrative and ask why there was no formal opposition to women's admission in Alberta. Though several factors made it inappropriate to oppose Ruby Clements's admission in 1915, there was considerable authority that the common law prohibited women becoming lawyers, an issue that was not resolved before she was admitted. Her status as a lawyer, and the status of women who followed her into the profession, was open to challenge as the Law Society of Alberta lacked the authority to admit women. Subsequent legislation validated women's admission to the profession. However, societal expectations worked against women establishing a permanent presence within the profession for some time to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the position of young farmers' wives has changed during the 1980s. Statistical data from 1989 and 1982 are compared to assess changes in work roles, marital relations and status on the farm. It appears that farm women are more frequently working off the farm and that participation in farm work has acquired a more occasional character. There is furthermore a large increase in marriage contracts and assigning women a special status for tax purposes. It is concluded that changes reflect farm families' consciousness of fiscal and legal aspects, but do not reflect significant changes in women's position vis-à-vis their husbands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Policy & Politics is the property of Policy Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Societe Recherches Autochtones au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How can artists explore the rise of women in an institutional and cultural context that does not value female perspectives? In order to represent their professional experiences and those of other workers, both in the domestic sphere and beyond, artists implement strategies including self-portraiture, documentation, and interventions. Through humour, inversion and shock tactics, artists seek to raise awareness of the unseen work carried out daily in our midst, in order to encourage viewers to see and act differently. At the margins of literary fiction, narrative-based visual artworks offer another way to explore and to witness the inequalities of gender-based relationships to paid labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to 33% of women report a negative or traumatic childbirth experience. Given this high prevalence and its consistent association with adverse postpartum and child outcomes, it is essential to identify predictive factors and to improve the management of the childbirth experience. Objective: This systematic review explores and identifies risk and protective factors for women's subjective childbirth experience and birth satisfaction by reviewing original research. Methods: A systematic search was performed for childbirth experience literature on three online databases. Reviewed papers focused on women's subjective childbirth experience and its predictive factors. The articles were assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Results: Risk and protective factors are notably different depending on the study design, the country, or the method employed. The main risk factors are obstetric, such as emergency caesarean and highly perceived labour pain, and women's dissatisfaction with social support. The main protective factors are: obstetric, including highly perceived control during labour or satisfaction regarding partner's support. However, overall results are inconclusive for methodological or conceptual reasons. Conclusions: Several risk factors can be identified through pregnancy or childbirth. This underlines the importance of the quality of maternal interpersonal and professional relationships, especially with first-line perinatal health-care professionals, such as midwives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the participation of Bretons in the French Revolution, along with mentions the role of women in the French Revolution. It discusses the involvement and analysis in the field of revolutionary movements, with particular attention brought to their existence as citizens and to their struggles for political rights.

Copyright of Journal of Belgian History / Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine is the property of Cegesoma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Internationale PME is the property of Institue de Recherche sur les PME and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published as a novel in 1973 and released as a film in 1974, Ousmane Sembene’s Xala offers his readers as well as his audience the most detailed display of one of his prominent themes: the role of women in marriage. This article examines how Sembene skilfully uses both literature and film to express the same theme and, in so doing, exploits each medium’s strong points to complement each other in order to reinforce the message he wishes to convey. Sembene, the modern griot, knows that life is complex, and, in his written work, he includes exceptions and nuances, which he is unable to highlight in his film due to time constraints. In so doing, his novel reflects a more detailed depiction of reality. By contrast, in his cinematic version, he focuses on certain aspects of the novel and amplifies them with the aid of cinematic techniques. As a result, he transcends the abstract and superficial distinctions made between the traditional woman and the westernised woman to create a more nuanced and striking message where not all women are described as being victims of polygamy and some of them go as far as opposing it. He shows the audience the negative as well as the positive aspects of polygamy, thus attaining his aim, which is to educate his people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Feminisation of Belgian Local Party Politics: This article investigates the feminisation of local politics. Starting from the observation that the representation of women in local electoral politics lags behind the regional and federal level, and taking into account the relevance of local party branches in the recruitment and selection of candidates for elections, we examine the extent to which there is an 'internal' feminisation of local party branches and how this links to the 'external' feminisation of local electoral politics. Based on surveys among local party chairs, the article maps patterns of feminisation over time and across parties, investigates problems local branches encounter in the recruitment of candidates for local elections, and analyses the (attitudes towards the) measures taken to further the integration of women in local electoral politics. We conclude that internal and external feminisation do not always go hand in hand and that local politics continues to be a male-dominated political biotope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enfances, Familles, Generations is the property of Enfances, Familles, Generations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Confluente is the property of University of Oradea, Confluente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Neophilologica is the property of Acta Neophilologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Filigrane: Revue de Psychanalyse is the property of Revue Sante Mentale au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)