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In September 2016, 36 spectrometers from 24 institutes measured a number of key atmospheric pollutants for a period of 17 days during the Second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) that took place at Cabauw, The Netherlands (51.97° N, 4.93° E). We report on the outcome of the formal semi-blind intercomparison exercise, which was held under the umbrella of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The three major goals of CINDI-2 were to characterise and better understand the differences between a large number of Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and zenith-sky DOAS instruments and analysis methods, to discuss the performance of the various types of instruments and to contribute to a harmonisation of the measurement settings and retrieval methods. This, in turn, creates the capability to produce consistent high-quality ground-based data sets, which are an essential requirement to generate reliable long-term measurement time series suitable for trend analysis and satellite data validation. The data products investigated during the semi-blind intercomparison are slant columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the oxygen dimer (O4) and ozone (O3) measured in the UV and visible wavelength region, formaldehyde (HCHO) in the UV spectral region and NO2 in an additional (smaller) wavelength range in the visible. The campaign design and implementation processes are discussed in detail including the measurement protocol, calibration procedures and slant column retrieval settings. Strong emphasis was put on the careful alignment and synchronisation of the measurement systems, resulting in an unprecedented set of measurements made under highly comparable air mass conditions. The CINDI-2 data sets were investigated using a regression analysis of the slant columns measured by each instrument and for each of the target data products. The slope and intercept of the regression analysis respectively quantify the mean systematic bias and offset of the individual data sets against the reference, and the RMS error provides an estimate of the measurement noise or dispersion. These three criteria are examined and for each of the parameters and each of the data products, performance thresholds are set and applied to all the measurements. The approach presented here has been developed based on heritage from previous intercomparison exercises. It introduces a quantitative assessment of the measurement performance of all the participating instruments for the MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky DOAS techniques.

Gene duplications can facilitate adaptation and may lead to interpopulation divergence, causing reproductive isolation. We used whole-genome resequencing data from 34 butterflies to detect duplications in two Heliconius species, Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene. Taking advantage of three distinctive signals of duplication in short-read sequencing data, we identified 744 duplicated loci in H. cydno and H. melpomene and evaluated the accuracy of our approach using single-molecule sequencing. We have found that duplications overlap genes significantly less than expected at random in H. melpomene, consistent with the action of background selection against duplicates in functional regions of the genome. Duplicate loci that are highly differentiated between H. melpomene and H. cydno map to four different chromosomes. Four duplications were identified with a strong signal of divergent selection, including an odorant binding protein and another in close proximity with a known wing colour pattern locus that differs between the two species.

Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.

Mechanisms that suppress recombination are known to help maintain species barriers by preventing the breakup of coadapted gene combinations. The sympatric butterfly species Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno are separated by many strong barriers, but the species still hybridize infrequently in the wild, and around 40% of the genome is influenced by introgression. We tested the hypothesis that genetic barriers between the species are maintained by inversions or other mechanisms that reduce between‐species recombination rate. We constructed fine‐scale recombination maps for Panamanian populations of both species and their hybrids to directly measure recombination rate within and between species, and generated long sequence reads to detect inversions. We find no evidence for a systematic reduction in recombination rates in F1 hybrids, and also no evidence for inversions longer than 50 kb that might be involved in generating or maintaining species barriers. This suggests that mechanisms leading to global or local reduction in recombination do not play a significant role in the maintenance of species barriers between H. melpomene and H. cydno.

Mechanisms that suppress recombination are known to help maintain species barriers by preventing the breakup of coadapted gene combinations. The sympatric butterfly species Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno are separated by many strong barriers, but the species still hybridize infrequently in the wild, and around 40% of the genome is influenced by introgression. We tested the hypothesis that genetic barriers between the species are maintained by inversions or other mechanisms that reduce between‐species recombination rate. We constructed fine‐scale recombination maps for Panamanian populations of both species and their hybrids to directly measure recombination rate within and between species, and generated long sequence reads to detect inversions. We find no evidence for a systematic reduction in recombination rates in F1 hybrids, and also no evidence for inversions longer than 50 kb that might be involved in generating or maintaining species barriers. This suggests that mechanisms leading to global or local reduction in recombination do not play a significant role in the maintenance of species barriers between H. melpomene and H. cydno.

Variation is probably the most consensual fact about SLA. Both linguistic and non-linguistic variables have been pointed out as responsible for such variation in L2 acquisition processes. One of the variables that has been part of the research agenda in the field of SLA for several decades now is language transfer. In its inception the concern with the role of transfer was to identify the errors produced by L2 learners, so as to devise remedial strategies in the language classroom (Torrijos, 2009). As research on SLA developed over the subsequent decades, it revealed that the concepts of transfer and error were rather complex constructs, for the reason that not only concurring variables may interfere in Second Language Acquisition Processes (SLA) processes, but also “transfer” and “error” may be different and similar. Torrijos (2009:148) adds that recent research on transfer has also revealed that cross-linguistic influence extends to all of the subsystems of the grammar, and not exclusively to phonology, or morphology. Based on a sub-corpus of Chinese learners of L3 Portuguese the current paper analyses learner oral corpora of in order to identify the type of transfer phenomena from an L2 (specifically English) that may occur in the learners’ interlanguage. The construct of interlanguage is understood here as a perfect linguistic system on its own (Selinker, 1972; Lakshmanan and Selinker, 2001; Corver, 2003). As such, our main focus is on the characterization of the interlanguage system, and not to contrast it with the target language (TL).

Mechanisms that suppress recombination are known to help maintain species barriers by preventing the breakup of co-adapted gene combinations. The sympatric butterfly speciesH. melpomeneandH. cydnoare separated by many strong barriers, but the species still hybridise infrequently in the wild, with around 40% of the genome influenced by introgression. We tested the hypothesis that genetic barriers between the species are reinforced by inversions or other mechanisms to reduce between-species recombination rate. We constructed fine-scale recombination maps for Panamanian populations of both species and hybrids to directly measure recombination rate between these species, and generated long sequence reads to detect inversions. We find no evidence for a systematic reduction in recombination rates in F1 hybrids, and also no evidence for inversions longer than 50 kb that might be involved in generating or maintaining species barriers. This suggests that mechanisms leading to global or local reduction in recombination do not play a significant role in the maintenance of species barriers betweenH. melpomeneandH. cydno.Author SummaryIt is now possible to study the process of species formation by sequencing the genomes of multiple closely related species.Heliconius melpomeneandHeliconius cydnoare two butterfly species that have diverged over the past 2 million years and have different colour patterns, mate preferences and host plants. However, they still hybridise infrequently in the wild and exchange large parts of their genomes. Typically, when genomes are exchanged, chromosomes are recombined and gene combinations are broken up, preventing species from forming. Theory predicts that gene variants that define species might be linked together because of structural differences in their genomes, such as inverted pieces of chromosomes that will not be broken up when the species hybridise. However, in this paper, we use deep sequencing of large crosses of butterflies to show that there are no long chromosome regions that are not broken up during hybridisation, and no long chromosome inversions anywhere between the two genomes. This suggests that hybridisation is rare enough and mate preference is strong enough that inversions are not necessary to maintain the species barrier.

The wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the best understood microbial eukaryote at the molecular and cellular level, yet its natural geographic distribution is unknown. Here we report the results of a field survey for S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and other budding yeast on oak trees in Europe. We show that yeast species differ in their geographic distributions, and investigated which ecological variables can predict the isolation rate of S. paradoxus, the most abundant species. We find a positive association between trunk girth and S. paradoxus abundance suggesting that older trees harbour more yeast. S. paradoxus isolation frequency is also associated with summer temperature, showing highest isolation rates at intermediate temperatures. Using our statistical model, we estimated a range of summer temperatures at which we expect high S. paradoxus isolation rates, and show that the geographic distribution predicted by this optimum temperature range is consistent with the worldwide distribution of sites where S. paradoxus has been isolated. Using laboratory estimates of optimal growth temperatures for S. cerevisiae relative to S. paradoxus, we also estimated an optimum range of summer temperatures for S. cerevisiae. The geographical distribution of these optimum temperatures are consistent with the locations where wild S. cerevisiae have been reported, and can explain why only human-associated S. cerevisiae strains are isolated at northernmost latitudes. Our results provide a starting point for targeted isolation of S. cerevisiae from natural habitats, which could lead to a better understanding of climate associations and natural history in this important model microbe.

Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.

We estimated the spontaneous mutation rate in Heliconius melpomene by genome sequencing of a pair of parents and 30 of their offspring, based on the ratio of number of de novo heterozygotes to the number of callable site-individuals. We detected nine new mutations, each one affecting a single site in a single offspring. This yields an estimated mutation rate of 2.9 × 10-9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 × 10-9-5.5 × 10-9), which is similar to recent estimates in Drosophila melanogaster, the only other insect species in which the mutation rate has been directly estimated. We infer that recent effective population size of H. melpomene is about 2 million, a substantially lower value than its census size, suggesting a role for natural selection reducing diversity. We estimate that H. melpomene diverged from its Müllerian comimic H. erato about 6 Ma, a somewhat later date than estimates based on a local molecular clock.

Calculated trajectories have been compared with the 1995 Polar Vortex Balloon Experiment (POVORBEX) and 1997 and 1999 Montgolfier Infra-Red (MIR) long-duration balloon flights in the Arctic stratospheric vortex. The POVORBEX flight lasted 6 days, whereas the MIR flights lasted 13, 22, 7, and 17 days. The trajectories have been run at the pressure of the balloon (10–120 hPa), whereby the dominant contribution of the horizontal trajectory errors can be assessed. To obtain statistically significant results, new trajectories were started every 2 hours along the balloon flight track. Trajectories run at a temporal resolution of the meteorological fields of 24 hours sometimes give substantially larger errors than trajectories run at 12 hours or higher resolution owing to rapid nonlinear temporal developments. In 1995 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) trajectories generally have substantially larger errors than the U.K. Meteorological Office (UKMO) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) trajectories, when 24 hourly analyses are used. In 1997 and 1999, when ECMWF had introduced a variational data assimilation, their trajectory errors inside the vortex have apparently reduced considerably and are generally substantially smaller than UKMO and NCEP errors.

Submitted by Ana Costa (apcosta@porto.ucp.pt) on 2014-10-01T17:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 No 1.º Centenário de O Criacionismo. Uma leitura descalça.PDF: 91525 bytes, checksum: f903c09659f1843c185c239f85cfee19 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria João Pinto (mjpinto@porto.ucp.pt) on 2018-06-11T16:01:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 No 1.º Centenário de O Criacionismo. Uma leitura descalça.PDF: 91525 bytes, checksum: f903c09659f1843c185c239f85cfee19 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T16:01:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 No 1.º Centenário de O Criacionismo. Uma leitura descalça.PDF: 91525 bytes, checksum: f903c09659f1843c185c239f85cfee19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In this work, we compare vertical column density of water vapour measured at Observatoire de Haute-Provence, Southern France (5° 42' E, +43° 55' N). Data were obtained by three satellite sensors, GOME, GOME 2 and SCIAMACHY, and by two ground-based spectrometers, Elodie and SAOZ. These five instruments are able to measure total column density of water vapour in the visible and have different principles of observation. All these instruments reproduce the total column water vapour with good accuracy. The mean difference between the satellite measurements, ground-based measurements, and between both types, are quantified. The diurnal cycle of water vapour above the station and its variability with latitude have been investigated. The differences between these data sets are due sometimes to the differences in the time of the measurements, or to the differences in the geometry of observations, or also due to both effects. The effect of land and sea and the effect of the season on the total column water vapour has been analysed. The global agreement between our data sets range from 10% in summer to 25% in winter, improved significantly when observations are closer in time and location.

In this work, we compare vertical column density of water vapour measured at Observatoire de Haute-Provence, Southern France (5° 42' E, +43° 55' N). Data were obtained by three satellite sensors, GOME, GOME 2 and SCIAMACHY, and by two ground-based spectrometers, Elodie and SAOZ. These five instruments are able to measure total column density of water vapour in the visible and have different principles of observation. All these instruments reproduce the total column water vapour with good accuracy. The mean difference between the satellite measurements, ground-based measurements, and between both types, are quantified. The diurnal cycle of water vapour above the station and its variability with latitude have been investigated. The differences between these data sets are due sometimes to the differences in the time of the measurements, or to the differences in the geometry of observations, or also due to both effects. The effect of land and sea and the effect of the season on the total column water vapour has been analysed. The global agreement between our data sets range from 10% in summer to 25% in winter, improved significantly when observations are closer in time and location.

The results of an intercomparison campaign of eight different long path UV-visible DOAS instruments measuring NO2, O3 and SO2 concentrations in a moderately polluted urban site are presented. For effective optical path lengths of 230 and 780 m the overall spread of these measurements (±1σ) are 5×1010, 6×1010 and 1×1010 molec·cm-3 (2.0, 2.4, and 0.4 ppb) for these molecules respectively when all instruments used a common set of absorption cross sections. The remaining differences are not completely random and the systematic differences are attributed to the different retrieval methods used for each instrument.

Submitted by Ana Costa (apcosta@porto.ucp.pt) on 2014-09-25T12:11:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A incidência de Vico na filosofia da história de Cunha Seixas.PDF: 95886 bytes, checksum: 1e302b7f4296d72a13a5d8662e3f30a1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria João Pinto (mjpinto@porto.ucp.pt) on 2018-06-08T17:52:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 A incidência de Vico na filosofia da história de Cunha Seixas.PDF: 95886 bytes, checksum: 1e302b7f4296d72a13a5d8662e3f30a1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T17:52:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A incidência de Vico na filosofia da história de Cunha Seixas.PDF: 95886 bytes, checksum: 1e302b7f4296d72a13a5d8662e3f30a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012

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Submitted by Joana Lopes Dias (jdias@ubi.pt) on 2014-11-04T18:58:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIFERENCIAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA NO 1.º CEB.pdf: 1333724 bytes, checksum: 7d7526fc772e2c072cc6cafeb18fa0af (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-04T18:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIFERENCIAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA NO 1.º CEB.pdf: 1333724 bytes, checksum: 7d7526fc772e2c072cc6cafeb18fa0af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009

A nossa intenção, ao elaborarmos o presente Esboço Cronológico é justamente a de facultar pistas de investigação que possam ser utilizadas por quem se sentir motivado para elaborar a biografia de D. Manuel Vieira de Matos, bispo da Guarda e depois arcebispo de Braga, mormente em quanto interessa à sua vida na diocese egitaniense, já que, no relativo a Braga, cremos ser apenas necessário actualizar a biografia segundo Monsenhor José Augusto Ferreira, introduzindo nela alguns aspectos a que o erudito autor terá prestado menor apreço.

Submitted by Jorge Coutinho (pejorgecoutinho@gmail.com) on 2013-11-06T17:11:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pinharanda.pdf: 237910 bytes, checksum: 7c0509a751cd22ded501be898642a03d (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Helena Cristina Silva (hcsilva@braga.ucp.pt) on 2013-11-07T14:16:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinharanda.pdf: 237910 bytes, checksum: 7c0509a751cd22ded501be898642a03d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-07T14:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinharanda.pdf: 237910 bytes, checksum: 7c0509a751cd22ded501be898642a03d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008

IP Guarda

This article is a presentation of sixteen institutions, created in Portugal in the XIX and XX centuries, under the form of pious association, with a peculiar regulation different from that of the Fraternities. It is a monographic contribution only, not exhaustive, because in the historical period in view some others have been founded, although latterly they adopted a different canonical shape. All of them exercised the works of devotion and charity., Este artigo apresenta dezasseis Pias Uniões fundadas em Portugal nos séculos XIX e XX. Constitui apenas um subsídio monográfico, não exaustivo, pois no período histórico considerado surgiram outras que vieram a adotar outro modelo canónico. Todas elas se dedicavam ao exercício das obras de culto, piedade e caridade.

International audience; Ozone profiles from 10 to 26km have been obtained at almost constant latitude (20 ± 5° S) in the tropics using SAOZ UV-vis spectrometers flown onboard long duration balloons in 2001 and 2003. The precision of the measurements is estimate to be better than 2% in the stratosphere (3.5% accuracy) and 5-6% in the troposphere (12% and 25% accuracy at 15km and 10km respectively) with an altitude uncertainty of -30 ± 25m. The variability of ozone concentration along a latitudinal circle at 20° S in the SH summer is found smaller than 3-4% above 20km, but increasing rapidly below in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The high correlation between PV and ozone suggests that most of this variability can be attributed to quasi-horizontal exchange with the mid-latitude stratosphere. The performances of the SHADOZ ozonesonde network, HALOE and SAGE II in the tropics have been studied by comparison with SAOZ measurements. In the stratosphere, the main discrepancies arise from differences in altitude registration, particularly sensitive between 20 and 26km in the tropics because of the strong gradient of ozone concentration. In the upper troposphere, the SAOZ measurements are consistent with those of the sondes and the lidar in cloud free conditions, but biased high by 60% on average compared to ozonesondes over the Western Pacific, at American Samoa and Fiji. The likely explanation is the frequent occurrence of near zero ozone layers in the convective clouds of the South Pacific Convergence Zone which cannot be seen by SAOZ as well as all ground-based and space borne remote sensing instruments. Compared to SAOZ, SAGE II displays a 50-60% low bias similar to that already known with the ozonesondes, and a larger zonal variability. However, the significant correlation with PV suggests that useful information on tropospheric ozone could be derived from SAGE II. Finally, the unrealistic large offsets and variability in the HALOE data compared to all others, indicates that the measurements of this instrument are of limited use below 17km.

Theologica, v. 40 n. 1 (2005): Doutrina social da Igreja: um panorama