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Since the original publication of Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy in 2002, the noncontact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM) has achieved remarkable progress. This second treatment deals with the following outstanding recent results obtained with atomic resolution since then: force spectroscopy and mapping with atomic resolution; tuning fork; atomic manipulation; magnetic exchange force microscopy; atomic and molecular imaging in liquids; and other new technologies. These results and technologies are now helping evolve NC-AFM toward practical tools for characterization and manipulation of individual atoms/molecules and nanostructures with atomic/subatomic resolution. Therefore, the book exemplifies how NC-AFM has become a crucial tool for the expanding fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Electrostatic stresses are a fascinating field where materials science, continuum mechanics and electrical engineering all come together. This is one of the reasons why the study of these so-called Maxwell stresses is so interesting.

This volume serves as a timely, practical introduction to the principles of nanotribology and nanomechanics and applications to magnetic storage systems, MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/bioNEMS. Assuming some familiarity with macrotribology/mechanics, the book comprises chapters by internationally recognized experts, who integrate knowledge of the field from the mechanics and materials-science perspectives. They cover key measurement techniques, their applications, and theoretical modelling of interfaces, each beginning their contributions with macro- and progressing to microconcepts. After reviewing the fundamental experimental and theoretical aspects in the first part, Nanotribology and Nanomechanics then treats applications. Three groups of readers are likely to find this text valuable: graduate students, research workers, and practicing engineers. It can serve as the basis for a comprehensive, one- or two-semester course in scanning probe microscopy; applied scanning probe techniques; or nanotribology/nanomechanics/nanotechnology, in departments such as mechanical engineering, materials science, and applied physics. This second, revised edition is substantially enlarged by three new chapters: One new chapter introduces to the theory, physics and characterization of the Lotus-Effect. Other new chapters discuss the attaching properties of hairs as realized at gecko feet and present a comprehensive review of structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. With a Foreword by Physics Nobel Laureate Gerd Binnig Dr. Bharat Bhushan is an Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate Research Faculty Advisor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Director of the Nanotribology Laboratory for Information Storage &MEMS/NEMS (NLIM) at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He is an internationally recognized expert of tribology and mechanics on the macro- to nanoscales, and is one of the most prolific authors. He is considered by some a pioneer of the tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices and a leading researcher in the fields of nanotribology and nanomechanics using scanning probe microscopy and applications to micro/nanotechnology. He is the recipient of various international fellowships including the Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize for Senior Scientists, Max Planck Foundation Research Award for Outstanding Foreign Scientists, and the Fulbright Senior Scholar Award.

Gas sensor technology has advanced remarkably during past few decades and has become one of the indispensable technologies for modern society. Varieties of gas sensors are commercially available and, using innovative ideas, efforts are being made to develop gas sensors of next generation having very small size with very low power consumption. The ultimate model for this is probably given by sensory organs of our own body, which are implanted finely and work well with a very modest amount of energy. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that various aspects of gas sensors are seriously considered. These include understanding of gas sensing mechanisms, development of new materials and methods to synthesize them into selective sensors, innovations in nanostructured materials, measurement methods, microfabrication of sensors, exploring intelligent sensing system, etc. This book examines these issues pertaining to chemiresistive gas sensors.

Current oxide nanomaterials knowledge to draw from and build on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials summarizes the existing knowledge in oxide-based materials research. It gives researchers one comprehensive resource that consolidates general theoretical knowledge alongside practical applications. Organized by topic for easy access, this reference: • Covers the fundamental science, synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications of oxide nanomaterials • Explains the fundamental aspects (quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic) that determine the behavior and growth mode of nanostructured oxides • Examines synthetic procedures using top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies involving liquid-solid or gas-solid transformations • Discusses the sophisticated experimental techniques and state-of-the-art theory used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of nanostructured oxides • Describes applications such as sorbents, sensors, ceramic materials, electrochemical and photochemical devices, and catalysts for reducing environmental pollution, transforming hydrocarbons, and producing hydrogen With its combination of theory and real-world applications plus extensive bibliographic references, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials consolidates a wealth of current, complex information in one volume for practicing chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, and for engineers and researchers in government, industry, and academia. It's also an outstanding reference for graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, and materials science.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die erstmalige, eindeutige, experimentelle Realisierung der magnetischen Austauschkraftmikroskopie (MAKM). Die MAKM basiert auf der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (hier im dynamischen Nichtkontaktmodus) und erlaubt die atomar aufgelöste, spinsensitive Abbildung von Oberflächen, unabhängig von deren elektrischer Leitfähigkeit, durch Messung der kurzreichweitigen magnetischen Austauschkräfte zwischen den Spins des vordersten Atoms der Messsonde und dem darunterliegenden Probenatom. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das generelle Konzept der magnetischen Austauschkraftmikroskopie erklärt und es werden die experimentellen Anforderungen diskutiert. Außerdem wird ausführlich auf Techniken zur Präparation und Charakterisierung der verwendeten Messsonden und der Proben eingegangen. Die Messergebnisse werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit vorgestellt. In einem Magnetfeld mit einer Flussdichte von 5 T wurden Messungen bei einer Temperatur von 8 K durchgeführt, bei denen mit Hilfe einer eisenbeschichteten Messsonde simultan die chemische (1×1)- und die magnetische (2×1)-Oberflächeneinheitszelle der (001)-Oberfläche des antiferromagnetischen Isolators NiO abgebildet werden konnte. Der magnetische Kontrast ist dabei sowohl im Topographie- als auch im Dissipationskanal sichtbar. In manchen der auf diese Weise gemessenen Bilder treten diskrete Änderungen im magnetischen Kontrast auf, die mit Umkonfigurationen des vordersten Spitzenendes erklärbar sind. Außerdem wurden mit nickel- bzw. gadoliniumbedampften Messsonden auf der NiO(001)-Oberfläche sowie mit eisenbedampften Messsonden auf der MnO(001)-Oberfläche Messungen im Magnetfeld durchgeführt, bei denen die atomar aufgelöste Abbildung der chemischen Einheitszelle gelang, eine magnetische Abbildung jedoch nicht möglich war. Bei weiteren Messungen wurde mittels atomar aufgelöster Rasterkraftspektroskopie mit einer nickelbeschichteten Messsonde ein Spektroskopiefeld aus 64×64 Kurven auf der NiO(001)-Oberfläche aufgenommen. Durch eine Optimierung der Messparameter und aufgrund der großen Stabilität des verwendeten Mikroskops gelang es, eine praktisch driftfreie Messung durchzuführen. Allerdings war es nicht möglich, in diesem Messmodus magnetische Auflösung zu erzielen. Jedoch konnten aus den Messdaten das Wechselwirkungspotential, die Kraft, sowie die dissipierte Energie zwischen Spitze und Probe mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung rekonstruiert werden. Bei der Analyse der Spektroskopiefelder lag das Hauptaugenmerk nicht wie üblich auf den Eigenschaften der Probe, sondern es wurde die Wechselwirkung der Spitze mit der symmetrischen (001)-Oberfläche der Probe ausgenutzt, um Aussagen bezüglich der Struktur und der Relaxationseffekte der vordersten Spitzenatome zu machen.

Modern Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials provides an extensive overview of novel characterization tools for magnetic materials including neutron, photon and electron scatterings and other microscopy techniques by world-renowned scientists. This interdisciplinary reference describes all available techniques to characterize and to understand magnetic materials, techniques that cover a wide range of length scales and belong to different scientific communities. The diverse contributions enhance cross-discipline communication, while also identifying both the drawbacks and advantages of different techniques, which can result in deriving effective combinations of techniques that are especially fruitful at nanometer scales. It will be a valuable resource for all graduate students, researchers, engineers and scientists who are interested in magnetic materials including their crystal structure, electronic structure, magnetization dynamics and their associated magnetic properties and underlying magnetism.

This volume presents an overview of recent development, operation, and diverse applications of nano materials as chemical sensors, biosensors, and wireless sensing networks for myriads of legends driven by the ability to create significantly smaller, more sensitive, faster-responding, and less costly sensors which either negate or complement the use of cumbersome and less feasible conventional sensing system. Research and development in the nano sensor domain is driven by specific application requirements and social concerns. Nano sensors validates its eminence in varied field starting from electronics and security, aerospace and defense, healthcare, chemical materials and food technologies. This volume is a meticulous amalgamation of positive and negative aspects of nano materials to be used, electro and chemical nano biosensors, pollutant and environmental sensors. This volume discusses applications of semiconductor nano materials, a tamer nanostructures, signaling molecular switches, nano particle based optical determination of xenobiotics and pathogens as clinical diagnostic equipment, DNA sequencing and DNA based biocatalysts technology, Chemical and gas detection systems, nuclear radiation and humidity sensing system and biosynthesis of efficient, effective and low-cost nano materials. This volume will surely be a very helpful and effective guide for the upcoming researchers and students of biology, engineering and medicine to not only gain precise and prudent insight about nano sensing but also help to iron out several technological difficulties and issues regarding production and technology development of nano sensors.

Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees summarizes the state of knowledge about the mineral nutrition of fruit trees, including peach and apple trees. The discussions are organized around six themes: fruit tree mineral nutrition and crop quality; uptake and transport; effect of soil management and fertilizer applications on nutrient uptake; direct application of nutrients to foliage and fruits; prediction of nutrient requirements; and synthesis. This text consists of 69 chapters and begins with a section dealing with the effects of nutrition on fruit quality. The second section explores the mechanisms of nutrient entry to, and movement within, fruit trees and the means of influencing the nutrition of both the whole tree and the crop by fertilizers and management practices, including irrigation and the use of herbicides. The third section describes methods for predicting the needs of the tree for establishment, growth, and fruit quality. The effects of interactions between nutrition and environment on the mineral composition of fruits are considered, along with an integrated approach to orchard nutrition and bitter pit control, the influence of boron deficiency on fruit quality, and calcium accumulation in apple fruit. This book will be of interest to scientists working in fields such as biochemistry, food technology, agriculture, horticulture, and physiology.

Gli scavi condotti negli anni 1976, 1977 e 1978 dall'Istituto Danese a Roma presso la collina di La Giostra, situata ai piedi dei colli Albani, a circa 14 chilometri da Roma hanno portato alla luce una fortezza databile tra il IV e il III secolo a.C., il periodo cioè in cui Roma cominciò a espandere il proprio dominio dalla Val Tiberina a tutto il territorio laziale e poi all'intera penisola. La fortezza di La Giostra costituiva dunque all'epoca un baluardo di difesa di fondamentale importanza per la città che era particolarmente vulnerabile proprio nella sua parte meridionale. Convinzione degli autori è infatti che sia stata costruita nel periodo immediatamente successivo alla disfatta delle Forche Caudine: dominando dall'alto la via Appia costituiva un ottimo punto di partenza per le spedizioni contro il maggiore e più pericoloso ostacolo all'espansione romana: i Sanniti.