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International audience; A modeling approach has been developed to estimate the contribution of atmospheric emissions to the contamination of leaf vegetables by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It combines an Eulerian chemical transport model for atmospheric processes (Polair3D/Polyphemus) with a fate and transport model for soil and vegetation (Ourson). These two models were specifically adapted for POPs. Results are presented for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). As expected no accumulation of BaP in leaf vegetables appears during the growth period for each harvest over the 10 years simulated. For BaP and leaf vegetables, this contamination depends primarily on direct atmospheric deposition without chemical transfer from the soil to the plant. These modeling results are compared to available data.

The ERICA Integrated Approach requires that a risk assessment screening dose rate is defined for the risk characterisation within Tiers 1 and 2. At Tier 3, no numerical screening dose rate is used, and the risk characterisation is driven by methods that can evaluate the possible effects of ionising radiation on reproduction, mortality and morbidity. Species sensitivity distribution has been used to derive the ERICA risk assessment predicted no-effect dose rate (PNEDR). The method used was based on the mathematical processing of data from FRED (FASSET radiation effects database merged with the EPIC database to form FREDERICA) and resulted in a PNEDR of 10 μGy/h. This rate was assumed to ascribe sufficient protection of all ecosystems from detrimental effects on structure and function under chronic exposure. The value was weighed against a number of points of comparison: (i) PNEDR values obtained by application of the safety factor method, (ii) background levels, (iii) dose rates triggering effects on radioactively contaminated sites and (iv) former guidelines from literature reviews. In Tier 3, the effects analysis must be driven by the problem formulation and is thus highly case specific. Instead of specific recommendations on numeric values, guidance on the sorts of methods that may be applied for refined effect analysis is provided and illustrated. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The FASSET Radiation Effects Database (FRED) constitutes a unique structured resource of the biological effects of ionizing radiation on non-human species mainly from temperate ecosystems, encompassing 26,000 primary data entries. Quality-assessed data were extracted from FRED and dose-effect relationships were constructed to provide estimates of ED50 and EDR10. These estimates are Doses (or Dose Rates) related to the percent change in the average level of the endpoint for a particular effect (50% or 10% for acute or chronic exposure regimes, respectively). Acute and chronic Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) were built on the basis of these data sets, and the Assessment Factor Method (AFM) was applied when data were too scarce. The Hazardous Dose corresponding to 5% of species acutely affected at the 50% effect level varied from 1 to 5.5 Gy according to the ecosystem. For chronic γ external irradiation exposure, no-effect values varied from 10 μGy/h for freshwaters through application of the AFM to 67 μGy/h for terrestrial ecosystems, corresponding to the 5th percentile of the non-weighted SSD (vs 229 μGy/h when trophic weights are applied). These values are higher by ca. ×50 to ×100 than the upper bound of natural background, and lower than dose rates triggering effects at individual levels on contaminated sites. © 2006 American Chemical Society.

A dynamic model for assessing the transfer of tritium in a food chain was applied to the Loire River, where 14 nuclear power plants situated on five different sites operate. The model considers several potential exposure pathways in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: transfer of tritium through the aquatic food chain (especially fish); use of river water for agricultural purposes (irrigation) and transfer of radionuclides through the terrestrial food chain (vegetables, meat, milk); subsequent internal exposure of humans due to ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. For biological environmental compartments, the transfer of tritium to organic matter (i.e. OBT) was simulated. For each of the parameters introduced in this model, a probability density function, allowing further uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, was proposed. Uncertainty/sensitivity analyses were performed to determine a confidence interval for the mean annual dose to critical groups and to identify the parameters responsible for the uncertainty and subsequent research priorities.

A dynamic model for assessing the transfer of several radionuclides ( 58 Co, 60 Co, 110m Ag, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 54 Mn and 131 I) in a food-chain was applied on the Loire river, where 14 nuclear power plants situated on five different sites operate. The model considers the following potential exposure pathways: (i) transfer of radionuclides through the aquatic food chain and the subsequent internal exposure of humans due to ingestion of contaminated water and/or fish; (ii) use of river water for agricultural purposes (irrigation), transfer of radionuclides through the terrestrial food chain and the subsequent internal exposure of humans due to ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs; (iii) internal exposure due to inhalation of dust originating from resuspension of contaminated soil particles; (iv) external exposure from radionuclides present in the river or deposited on the river sediments or the soil. For each of the parameters introduced in this model, a probability density function, allowing further uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, was proposed. Uncertainty/sensitivity analysis were performed to: (i) compare calculations to empirical data; (ii) determine a confidence interval for the mean annual dose to critical groups; and (iii) identify the parameters responsible for the uncertainty and subsequent research priorities.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the half life of suspended particles in the Loire estuarine turbidity maximum by analysis of 7 Be budgets. The methodology was based on in situ sampling and further measurements aiming at quantifying 7 Be sources (atmospheric deposition and river inputs) and 7 Be stock in the water column of the turbidity maximum. 7 Be river inputs were determined by monthly 7 Be measurements performed upstream of the estuary. 7 Be atmospheric deposition was estimated by using an empirical relation between 7 Be deposition and rainfall. 7 Be in particles of the estuarine turbidity maximum was measured at eight different dates corresponding to different tidal and hydrological conditions. 7 Be sources and stocks thus determined have been compared to a mathematical model. Results allow to quantify the standard half life of suspended particles in the Loire estuarine turbidity maximum and show that it depends on the season (6–10 months in summer and about 0.7 month during flood periods). Furthermore, a rather good linear correlation was observed between the standard half life of particles and the sum of flow rates in the Loire river during 60 days before each sampling date. The kinetic evolution of the mass of particles within the turbidity maximum could be estimated by this method and appeared to be consistent with previous studies. Moreover, the method proposed in this study could presumably be used for estimating 60 Co concentrations in the estuarine turbidity maximum. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The multi-causality interactions between environment and health are complex and call for an integrated multidisciplinary study approach. Emerging computational toxicology tools that link toxicology, chemistry, environmental sciences, biostatistics, and computer sciences are proving to be very useful for integrated full-chain human health risk assessments. In this study we use a newly developed computational tool - the 2FUN player to conduct a full-chain assessment combining measured ambient air lead concentrations with multi-media modelling and PBPK simulations to estimate the health risks from ambient air levels of lead in air-borne particulates (PM10) in Lisbon, Portugal. Ambient air Pb concentrations were used together with local climate variables in the 2FUN atmospheric model to calculate the amount of Pb deposited (wet and dry) onto soil. The 2FUN environmental and PBPK models were then used to calculate the Pb concentration in various biota (leafy vegetables, root vegetables, grain, potatoes, and fruits) produced in the area as well as the amount of Pb a typical adult would inhale and ingest during this ten-year assessment period. The PBPK model of the 2FUN player was used to calculate the Pb levels in the various body systems. Our results showed a low health risk from Pb exposures. It also identified that ingestion of leafy vegetables (i.e. lettuce, cabbage, and spinach) and fruits contribute the most to total Pb blood levels. This full chain assessment approach of the 2FUN player is likely to be very useful for local health risk assessment studies (i.e. EIA and SEA studies).

Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methodology currently is used in environmental risk assessment to determine the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of a substance in cases where a sufficient number of chronic ecotoxicological tests have been carried out on the substance, covering, for the aquatic environment with which we are concerned, three taxonomic groups: algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates. In particular, SSD methodology enables calculation of a hazardous concentration that is assumed to protect 95% of species (HC5). This approach is based on the hypothesis that the species for which results of ecotoxicological tests are known are representative, in terms of sensitivity, of the totality of the species in the environment, which raises a number of questions, both theoretical and practical. In this study, we compared various methods of constructing a species sensitivity-weighted distribution (SSWD). Each method is characterized by a different way of taking into account intraspecies variation and proportions of taxonomic groups (vertebrates, invertebrates, and algae), as well as by the statistical method of calculation of the HC5 and its confidence interval. Those methods are tested on 15 substances by using chronic no-observed-effect concentration data available in the literature. The choice of data (intraspecies variation and proportions between taxonomic groups) was found to have more effect on the value of the HC5 than the statistical method used to construct the distribution. The weight of each taxonomic group is the most important parameter for the result of the SSWD and letting literature references decide which proportions of data are used to construct it is not satisfactory.

The resuspension of the contaminated sediments may promote the remobilization of trace metals to the dissolved phase, threatening the water quality. The dam reservoirs sometimes need to be fully drawn down and being able to anticipate the release of the contaminants is essential to improve the management of reservoirs and assess the risk of water quality degradation. Surface sediments were collected in three contaminated dam reservoirs and aliquots of wet sediments were resuspended for a week in a reactor. The pH and the redox potential were continuously measured, dissolved samples were collected and the evolution of dissolved trace elements concentrations were measured. Depending on the elements, different temporal trends can be highlighted during the resuspension experiments. These evolutions were reproducible, regardless of the mass of sediment used from 2 to 9 g/L. 1) Cd, Cr and Zn were not released; 2) Mn, Fe, Co, Pb and As for two reservoirs, increased and then decreased during the experiments and were regulated by the Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxides and the redox potential; 3) Al, Mo, or As for one reservoir, were still increasing at the end of the experiments, showing slower release processes and the stabilization of these elements under dissolved forms. For theses three reservoirs, As showed the greatest and the most prolonged release during resuspension. The experimental trends of dissolved metals were used in the firts calibration steps of a new chemical speciation model developped by EDF, which takes several kinetic rates into account for the exchange reactions of dissolved metal between water and three types of solid phases., La resuspension de sédiments contaminés peut entraîner le relargage d'éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans la phase dissoute. Pour anticiper le risque de remobilisation des ETM lors de la vidange des retenues de barrages et créer un modèle géochimique permettant de prédire ce risque, des expériences de resuspension de sédiments provenant de trois retenues ont été réalisées pendant une semaine dans un réacteur. Le pH et le potentiel redox ont été suivis en continu et des échantillons ont été prélevés afin de mesurer l'évolution des ETM dissous. Trois grandes tendances d'évolution des ETM ont été mises en évidence et ne sont pas modifiées par les variations des masses de sédiment en suspension (entre 2 et 9 g/L): 1) Cr, Cd et Zn ne sont pas relargués. 2) Mn, Fe Co, Pb, ainsi que As pour deux retenues, augmentent puis diminuent au cours du temps. Ces éléments sont contrôlés par les oxyhydroxydes de Fe et de Mn et l'évolution du potentiel redox dans la solution. 3) Mo, Al, ou As pour une retenue, continuent d'augmenter à la fin des expériences, révélant des processus de relargage plus lents et une stabilisation dans la phase dissoute. Dans les trois retenues, As est l'élément le plus fortement et durablement relargué. Ces données expérimentales ont été utilisées pour calibrer un nouveau modèle géochimique développé par EDF sur ECOLEGO, intègrant la cinétique des réactions d'échange des ETM entre la phase dissoute et trois types de phases solides: les oxydes, les particules organiques et les carbonates. La calibration des paramètres cinétiques permet de bien reproduire les évolutions temporelles des concentrations qui augmentent (relargage) puis diminuent (piégeage).