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Table of contents O1 Tumour heterogeneity: what does it mean? Dow-Mu Koh O2 Skeletal sequelae in adult survivors of childhood cancer Sue Creviston Kaste O3 Locoregional effects of breast cancer treatment Sarah J Vinnicombe O4 Imaging of cancer therapy-induced CNS toxicity Giovanni Morana, Andrea Rossi O5 Screening for lung cancer Christian J. Herold O6Risk stratification of lung nodules Theresa C. McLoud O7 PET imaging of pulmonary nodules Kirk A Frey O8 Transarterial tumour therapy Bernhard Gebauer O9 Interventional radiology in paediatric oncology Derek Roebuck O10 Image guided prostate interventions Jurgen J. Fütterer O11 Imaging cancer predisposition syndromes Alexander J. Towbin O12Chest and chest wall masses Thierry AG Huisman O13 Abdominal masses: good or bad? Anne MJB Smets O14 Hepatobiliary MR contrast: enhanced liver MRI for HCC diagnosis and management Giovanni Morana O15 Role of US elastography and multimodality fusion for managing patients with chronic liver disease and HCC Jeong Min Lee O16 Opportunities and challenges in imaging metastatic disease Hersh Chandarana O17 Diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and follow-up of lymphoma Marius E. Mayerhoefer, Markus Raderer, Alexander Haug O18 Managing high-risk and advanced prostate cancer Matthias Eiber O19 Immunotherapy: imaging challenges Bernhard Gebauer O20 RECIST and RECIST 1.1 Andrea Rockall O21 Challenges of RECIST in oncology imaging basics for the trainee and novice Aslam Sohaib O22 Lymphoma: PET for interim and end of treatment response assessment: a users’ guide to the Deauville Score Victoria S Warbey O23 Available resources Hebert Alberto Vargas O24 ICIS e-portal and the online learning community Dow-Mu Koh O25 Benign lesions that mimic pancreatic cancer Jay P Heiken O26 Staging and reporting pancreatic malignancies Isaac R Francis, Mahmoud, M Al-Hawary, Ravi K Kaza O27 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm Giovanni Morana O28 Cystic pancreatic tumours Mirko D’Onofrio O29 Diffusion-weighted imaging of head and neck tumours Harriet C. Thoeny O30 Radiation injury in the head and neck Ann D King O31 PET/MR of paediatric brain tumours Giovanni Morana, Arnoldo Piccardo, Maria Luisa Garrè, Andrea Rossi O32 Structured reporting and beyond Hebert Alberto Vargas O33 Massachusetts General Hospital experience with structured reporting Theresa C. McLoud O34 The oncologist’s perspective: what the oncologist needs to know Nick Reed O35 Towards the cure of all children with cancer: global initiatives in pediatric oncology Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo O36 Multiparametric imaging of renal cancers Hersh Chandarana O37 Linking imaging features of renal disease and their impact on management strategies Hebert Alberto Vargas O38 Adrenals, retroperitoneum and peritoneum Isaac R Francis, Ashish P Wasnik O39 Lung and pleura Stefan Diederich O40 Advances in MRI Jurgen J. Fütterer O41 Advances in molecular imaging Wim J.G. Oyen O42 Incorporating advanced imaging, impact on treatment selection and patient outcome Cheng Lee Chaw, Nicholas van As S1 Combining ADC-histogram features improves performance of MR diffusion-weighted imaging for Lymph node characterisation in cervical cancer Igor Vieira, Frederik De Keyzer, Elleke Dresen, Sileny Han, Ignace Vergote, Philippe Moerman, Frederic Amant, Michel Koole, Vincent Vandecaveye S2 Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI for surgical planning in patients with colorectal cancer and peritoneal metastases R Dresen, S De Vuysere, F De Keyzer, E Van Cutsem, A D’Hoore, A Wolthuis, V Vandecaveye S3 Role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) diffusion-weighted MRI for predicting extra capsular extension of prostate cancer. P. Pricolo (paola.pricolo@ieo.it), S. Alessi, P. Summers, E. Tagliabue, G. Petralia S4 Generating evidence for clinical benefit of PET/CT – are management studies sufficient as surrogate for patient outcome? C. Pfannenberg, B. Gückel, SC Schüle, AC Müller, S. Kaufmann, N. Schwenzer, M. Reimold,C. la Fougere, K. Nikolaou, P. Martus S5 Heterogeneity of treatment response in skeletal metastases from breast cancer with 18F-fluoride and 18F-FDG PET GJ Cook, GK Azad, BP Taylor, M Siddique, J John, J Mansi, M Harries, V Goh S6 Accuracy of suspicious breast imaging—can we tell the patient? S Seth, R Burgul, A Seth S7 Measurement method of tumour volume changes during neoadjuvant chemotherapy affects ability to predict pathological response S Waugh, N Muhammad Gowdh, C Purdie, A Evans, E Crowe, A Thompson, S Vinnicombe S8 Diagnostic yield of CT IVU in haematuria screening F. Arfeen, T. Campion, E. Goldstraw S9 Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer: preliminary results D’Onofrio M, Ciaravino V, Crosara S, De Robertis R, Pozzi Mucelli R S10 Iodine maps from dual energy CT improve detection of metastases in staging examinations of melanoma patients M. Uhrig, D. Simons, H. Schlemmer S11Can contrast enhanced CT predict pelvic nodal status in malignant melanoma of the lower limb? Kate Downey S12 Current practice in the investigation for suspected Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) and positive malignancy yield. S Murdoch, AS Al-adhami, S Viswanathan P1 Technical success and efficacy of Pulmonary Radiofrequency ablation: an analysis of 207 ablations S Smith, P Jennings, D Bowers, R Soomal P2 Lesion control and patient outcome: prospective analysis of radiofrequency abaltion in pulmonary colorectal cancer metastatic disease S Smith, P Jennings, D Bowers, R Soomal P3 Hepatocellular carcinoma in a post-TB patient: case of tropical infections and oncologic imaging challenges TM Mutala, AO Odhiambo, N Harish P4 Role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) diffusion-weighted MRI for predicting extracapsular extension of prostate cancer P. Pricolo, S. Alessi, P. Summers, E. Tagliabue, G. Petralia P5 What a difference a decade makes; comparison of lung biopsies in Glasgow 2005 and 2015 M. Hall, M. Sproule, S. Sheridan P6 Solid pseudopapillary tumour of pancreas: imaging features of a rare neoplasm KY Thein, CH Tan, YL Thian, CM Ho P7 MDCT - pathological correlation in colon adenocarcinoma staging: preliminary experience S De Luca, C Carrera, V Blanchet, L Alarcón, E Eyheremnedy P8 Image guided biopsy of thoracic masses and reduction of pneumothorax risk: 25 years experience B K Choudhury, K Bujarbarua, G Barman P9 Tumour heterogeneity analysis of 18F-FDG-PET for characterisation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis-1 GJ Cook, E Lovat, M Siddique, V Goh, R Ferner, VS Warbey P10 Impact of introduction of vacuum assisted excision (VAE) on screen detected high risk breast lesions L Potti, B Kaye, A Beattie, K Dutton P11 Can we reduce prevalent recall rate in breast screening? AA Seth, F Constantinidis, H Dobson P12 How to reduce prevalent recall rate? Identifying mammographic lesions with low Positive Predictive Value (PPV) AA Seth (archana.seth@nhs.net), F Constantinidis, H Dobson P13 Behaviour of untreated pulmonary thrombus in oncology patients diagnosed with incidental pulmonary embolism on CT R. Bradley, G. Bozas, G. Avery, A. Stephens, A. Maraveyas P14 A one-stop lymphoma biopsy service – is it possible? S Bhuva, CA Johnson, M Subesinghe, N Taylor P15 Changes in the new TNM classification for lung cancer (8th edition, effective January 2017) LE Quint, RM Reddy, GP Kalemkerian P16 Cancer immunotherapy: a review of adequate imaging assessment G González Zapico, E Gainza Jauregui, R Álvarez Francisco, S Ibáñez Alonso, I Tavera Bahillo, L Múgica Álvarez P17 Succinate dehydrogenase mutations and their associated tumours O Francies, R Wheeler, L Childs, A Adams, A Sahdev P18 Initial experience in the usefulness of dual energy technique in the abdomen SE De Luca, ME Casalini Vañek, MD Pascuzzi, T Gillanders, PM Ramos, EP Eyheremendy P19 Recognising the serious complication of Richter’s transformation in CLL patients C Stove, M Digby P20 Body diffusion-weighted MRI in oncologic practice: truths, tricks and tips M. Nazar, M. Wirtz, MD. Pascuzzi, F. Troncoso, F. Saguier, EP. Eyheremendy P21 Methotrexate-induced leukoencephalopathy in paediatric ALL Patients D.J. Quint, L. Dang, M. Carlson, S. Leber, F. Silverstein P22 Pitfalls in oncology CT reporting. A pictorial review R Rueben, S Viswanathan P23 Imaging of perineural extension in head and neck tumours B Nazir, TH Teo, JB Khoo P24 MRI findings of molecular subtypes of breast cancer: a pictorial primer K Sharma, N Gupta, B Mathew, T Jeyakumar, K Harkins P25 When cancer can’t wait! A pictorial review of oncological emergencies K Sharma, B Mathew, N Gupta, T Jeyakumar, S Joshua P26 MRI of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: an approach to interpretation D Christodoulou, S Gourtsoyianni, A Jacques, N Griffin, V Goh P27 Gynaecological cancers in pregnancy: a review of imaging CA Johnson, J Lee P28 Suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndromes - review of published recommendations to date, with proposed guideline/flowchart JA Goodfellow, AS Al-adhami, S Viswanathan P29 Multi-parametric MRI of the pelvis for suspected local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy R Bradley P30 Utilisation of PI-RADS version 2 in multi-parametric MRI of the prostate; 12-months experience R Bradley P31 Radiological assessment of the post-chemotherapy liver A Yong, S Jenkins, G Joseph P32 Skeletal staging with MRI in breast cancer – what the radiologist needs to know S Bhuva, K Partington P33 Perineural spread of lympoma: an educational review of an unusual distribution of disease CA Johnson, S Bhuva, M Subesinghe, N Taylor P34 Visually isoattenuating pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic imaging tools. C Carrera, A Zanfardini, S De Luca, L Alarcón, V Blanchet, EP Eyheremendy P35 Imaging of larynx cancer: when is CT, MRI or FDG PET/CT the best test? K Cavanagh, E Lau

New imaging modalities may be useful to identify prostate cancer patients with small volume, limited nodal relapse ("oligo-recurrent") potentially amenable to local treatments (radiotherapy, surgery) with the aim of long-term control of the disease, even in a condition traditionally considered prognostically unfavorable. This report reviews the new diagnostic tools and the main published data about the role of surgery and radiation therapy in this particular subgroup of patients. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Aim To evaluate diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) for detection of regional nodal metastases in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and methods Ten patients with HNSCC underwent an MRI prior to surgery. The scan protocol consisted of plain transverse T1- and T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences and gadolinium-enhanced transverse, coronal and sagittal T1-weighted TSE sequences. Additionally, a transverse echo-planar DW-MRI sequence, using six b-values between 0 and 1000s/mm2, was performed. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were calculated for the entire b-value range (ADC avg) and for the high b-values separately (b≥500s/mm2, ADC high). ADC values were compared with histopathology of the neck dissection specimens. After determining an optimal threshold for ADC avg and ADC high, sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Finally DW-MRI was compared with TSE-MRI for detection of nodal metastases. Results MRI showed 55 lymph nodes; 41 were benign and 14 malignant on histopathology. The mean ADC avg value for benign lymph nodes was 0.00122±0.00029mm2/s and 0.00090±0.00014mm2/s for malignant nodes (p, Aim To investigate the incidence, localization and prognostic influence of retropharyngeal (RP) nodal involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Methods The CT studies of 208 patients presenting with oropharyngeal carcinoma were retrospectively analysed. The location of nodal neck disease was registered according to recent consensus guidelines for target volume delineation, and special attention was given to the RP nodes. The influence on recurrence (local and regional), distant metastasis, and survival was investigated. Results RP adenopathies were present in 16% (34/208) of all patients and in 23% (31/134) of patients with nodal disease in other neck sites. A solitary ipsilateral RP node was present in 3 (9%) of 34 patients with RP nodes; 2 of these 3 patients had a primary posterior pharyngeal wall tumour. No patients presented with a solitary contralateral RP node. At 5 years, patients with RP adenopathy had significantly more regional recurrences (45% vs. 10%, p=0.004). Involvement of RP lymph nodes significantly (RR 4.29 [95% CI 3.33–5.25], p=0.01) and independently predicted regional recurrence in multivariate analysis. Disease-specific survival was significantly lower in the RP node positive group (38% vs. 58%, p=0.03). Conclusions Given the high incidence of RP nodal involvement in oropharyngeal cancer and the negative impact on prognosis, RP nodes should be included in the target volume, especially in node-positive necks. In node-negative necks, inclusion of RP nodes into the target volume is advised in posterior pharyngeal wall tumours., Aim Acanthomatous change (AC) has been described as a sign of greater malignancy. However, it is generally accepted that histomorphological variations have no bearing on biologic behaviour or prognosis and that there is no correlation between histologic subtype and radiologic/imaging findings. Materials and methods In a review of 20 cases of aggressive ameloblastoma over a 12-year period (1991–2002), AC was often stated in histological reports, without any special clinical significance or pathological quantification, radiological correlation or proven clinical implication. In this study, AC was classified as focal or diffuse (from 1+ to 4+) and correlated with the radiological appearance and clinical behaviour. Results AC occurred in the follicular and plexiform subtypes. Fourteen cases were recurrences. It was conclusively shown that progressive AC was associated with an aggressive radiological appearance and biologic behaviour, including a case of ameloblastic carcinoma. Conclusion AC correlates with aggressive behaviour. Pathologists and clinicians should be alerted to the significance of AC in biopsy and resected histological specimens. These cases should be carefully assessed by MRI for diagnosis and follow up., Aim To investigate sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with early stage breast carcinoma. Methods A systematic search of world literature of sentinel node mapping in patients with early stage breast carcinoma following chemotherapy was undertaken. Using the keywords ‘sentinel node biopsy’, ‘early stage breast cancer’, ‘axillary lymph node dissection’ and ‘lymphatic mapping’, potentially eligible studies were identified. Results Between 2000 and 2005, 24 trials were reported that met eligibility criteria. Of the 1247 patients studied, 1047 patients (84%) had successfully mapped lymph nodes. The proportion of patients who had successful lymph node mapping ranged from 63% to 100%, with 55% of studies reporting a rate of, Aim To investigate the behaviour of the dynamic optical breast imaging (DOBI) curve in relation to the microvessel density (MVD) count of surgical specimens from breast biopsies. Methods Forty-six patients underwent DOBI evaluation for mammographic findings suggesting biopsy. The DOBI evaluation was performed the day before or on the day of the scheduled biopsy. The MVD count was performed from the site of the specimen where the pathology was located. The characteristics of the DOBI curve were correlated to the MVD count and to the pathology results of the biopsy. Results All malignant lesions had a high MVD count and a DOBI curve with a downslope direction, rather straight and without any initiation delays. The benign cases with a high MVD count had a downslope DOBI curve but not always straight and with some initiation delays. The rest of the cases had a low MVD count and most of them an elevated DOBI curve. Conclusion Our preliminary results indicate a relationship between malignant breast lesions with a characteristic DOBI curve and high MVD count., Aim To assess magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of breast lymphoma (BL) and to compare MR characteristics of BL and ductal infiltrating carcinoma (DIC). Methods MR features of 7 patients with 7 breast lymphoma lesions (BL) and 7 patients with 9 DIC lesions were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists, according to a multifactorial evaluation protocol (8-point scale) for lesion morphology (form, margins, and enhancing pattern) and dynamics (initial wash-in peak and post-initial washout). Signal intensity values of pre-contrast, initial and post-initial enhancement were recorded in order to calculate percentage changes of these values for BL and DIC lesions. Diameter of lesions was also recorded. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to evaluate the differences between BL and DIC MR features. The same statistical test was used to assess the inter-observer variability. Results BL showed a significantly higher median diameter (median 38 mm, range 25–50 mm) than DIC (median 20 mm, range 15–23 mm) (p0.05). There was no significant inter-observer variability for all the assessed data (p>0.05). Conclusion MR evaluation of BL and DIC lesions did not show significant difference in initial enhancement percentage change and overall evaluation score. There was significant difference between the two groups in diameter and percentage change of post-initial enhancement., Aim To determine the presence, severity and distribution of morphological changes consistent with ‘fibrosis’ and fatty infiltration on MRI with SPIO in patients with colorectal metastases, and their relationship to chemotherapy. Methods One-hundred and seventeen patients with colorectal metastases, 89 undergoing chemotherapy and 28 untreated, underwent unenhanced in-phase and opposed-phase T1-weighted gradient refocused echo (GRE) imaging, and T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) and GRE sequences before and after 8 μmol /kg ferucarbotran. The images were reviewed by two experienced observers to determine the presence, severity and distribution of morphological changes consistent with ‘fibrosis’ and fatty infiltration. Percentage signal intensity loss (PSIL) and tumour-to-liver contrast (CNR) were measured on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced liver images. Results In the post-chemotherapy patients the mean PSIL, mean CNR were 51.9, 6.7 on FSE and 70.7, 29.6 on GRE sequences, respectively. In untreated patients the mean PSIL, mean CNR were 54.9, 8.3 on FSE and 74.1, 32.4 on GRE. Twenty-five patients (19 treated, 6 untreated) had ‘fibrosis’ (4 severe, 21 moderate), which was extensive in 11 and localised in 14. Compared with the non-fibrotic group (n=92), the 25 patients with ‘fibrosis’ had significantly lower PSIL (47.5 v 54.1 [p, Aim To monitor by CTp perfusion, changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following therapy with thalidomide. To correlate tumour perfusion with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and circulating endothelial cells (CEC). To investigate whether baseline tumour perfusion may predict therapy outcome. Methods Thirteen consecutive patients with advanced HCC, treated with orally administered thalidomide (200 mg /day), underwent baseline CTp and follow-up CTps, every 8 weeks. On May 2006 nine patients reached follow-up >6 months. Perfusion parameters (blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT), permeability surface (PS)) of the tumours were calculated using dedicated software (CT Perfusion 3, GE) and statistically correlated with AFP and CEC. Results Twelve patients were assessable for response (one excluded for toxicity); none had partial or complete remission; 6 had stable disease (SD) at 6 months and 3 had progressive disease (PD). All patients with PD showed increased BF (average 30.57%) at the time of PD; all patients with SD had stable or reduced BF (average −13.3%) at 6 months. Significant correlation between BF and AFP changes was found (R=0.71). Baseline BF and BV of HCC were significantly higher (p, Aim Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PP) is a rare condition characterised by mucinous ascites and mucinous implants involving the peritoneal surfaces. The pathology of PP has been defined into three groups: disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM), peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA) and the hybrid type. The aim of the retrospective study was to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of 51 patients referred to our institution for surgical cytoreduction. Methods Two observers independently reviewed the CT images performed between 1996 and 2004. Results There were 38 patients with PMCA (18 women, 20 men, mean age 59 years) and 13 with DPAM (8 women, 5 men, mean age 55 years). No hybrid type of PP was encountered. Pleural effusion or pleural rind, omental cake and paraaortic lymph nodes were seen only in cases of PMCA. Liver and spleen scalloping as well as hernias were also common in PMCA. Calcifications were seen in 36% of DPAM and 26% of PMCA examinations. Conclusions Pseudomyxoma peritonei is difficult to diagnose clinically. However, knowledge of typical CT findings can help the radiologist to suggest a diagnosis of PP., Aim To compare prospectively the accuracy of ferucarbotran-enhanced high-resolution dynamic T1-weighted imaging and delayed T2-weighted gradient refocused echo (GRE) imaging for detecting small metastases. Methods We studied 25 patients referred for liver resection with colorectal metastases. All were imaged with dynamic T1-weighted fat-suppressed 3D GRE (VIBE) and delayed T2-weighted GRE sequences after bolus injection of ferucarbotran. Images were independently evaluated by two blinded observers who identified and localised lesions using a four-point confidence scale. Only lesions smaller than 2 cm were included in the analysis. The results were correlated with surgery, intra-operative ultrasound and histopathology. AFROC analysis was used to determine the accuracy of each technique. Results One-hundred and forty-seven metastases, smaller than 2 cm (107 < 1 cm) were present. For all metastases the accuracy values were 0.94 and 0.92 for T1-weighted and 0.93 and 0.91 for T2-weighted, respectively, for each of two observers. Accuracy values for lesions of 1 cm or less were 0.93 and 0.89 for T1-weighted and 0.91 and 0.88 for T2-weighted. Nine sub-centimetre lesions were not detected by either observer on any technique. Overall 11/147 (7.5%) lesions were detected only on T1-weighted (mean of two observers) compared with 7/147 (4.7%) detected only on T2-weighted (all less than 1 cm). Conclusion Accuracy for ferucarbotran-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted imaging was similar. With combined T1- and T2-weighted imaging we detected substantially more lesions than either sequence alone., Aim To compare the performance of tri-phasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and gadoxetate (formerly known as Gd-EOB-DTPA, Primovist ®, Schering, Germany)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Methods The study population consisted of 34 patients, who underwent triphasic MDCT and Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced 1.5-T MRI (time interval, max 14 days), including dynamic and late phase gadoxetate-T1-weighted scans at 20 and 40 min. Two radiologists evaluated the images in consensus reading with respect to lesion size, number, location and characterisation. Gold standard was defined by histopathologic correlation, intra-operative ultrasound or imaging follow up. The McNemar test was used for statistical analysis. Results Of a total of 126 lesions CT detected 78% and MRI 93% (p=0.003), respectively. The correct characterisation of lesions was accomplished in 64% with CT and in 89% with MRI (p, Aim To evaluate the preoperative TNM-staging of oesophageal carcinomas with contrast enhanced 16-or 64-row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to compare the findings with results by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), using the histopathological findings as gold standard. Methods Eighty-six patients with oesophageal carcinoma (proven by endoscopic biopsy) were preoperatively examined with MDCT in a prone position. After distending the oesophagus (gas granules) and stomach (1.5 L of water) the chest and neck were subjected to MDCT scanning with 16×0.75 mm or 64×0.63 mm, the abdomen with 16×1.5 or 64×1 mm, using an individualised contrast injection protocol based on a bolus tracking technique. EUS was performed using a fibre-optic endoscope with a 5–10 MHz electronic array with a 360 degree scanning angle. Our MDCT staging criteria were drawn from a careful review of the literature and from personal experience and we used the TNM classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Results Both modalities detected all tumours with a sensitivity of 100%. T staging by MDCT and EUS reached accuracies of 79% and 89%. The diagnosis of local node involvement by MDCT was correct in 85%, in EUS in 72%. The evaluation of distant node involvement and other metastases reached an accuracy of 92% with MDCT and only 65% with EUS. Conclusion Non-invasive MDCT is an important tool in the preoperative staging of oesophageal carcinoma and is complementary to EUS.