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The contamination of the surface water of lagoons is a common problem in developing countries, and can affect fishing activities. A case study was conducted on water quality and microbiological contamination of the fishing marketing chain in the Peruvian Amazon (Laguna de Yarinacocha). The microbiological, physical–chemical and parasitological parameters of the surface water were evaluated in three points of the lagoon near the landing stage; and microbiological parameters of facilities, handlers and three species of fish (Prochilodus nigricans, Mylossoma duriventre and Siluriforme spp.). In the water, there were coliform counts ≥ 23 (Most probable number—MPN)/100 mL, Escherichia coli ≥ 3.6 MPN/100 mL, and Pseudomona spp. up to 2.2 MPN/100 mL; high turbidity and variable amounts of parasites. In facilities and handlers, high levels of coliforms, mainly Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, were found in M. duriventre meat. A poor quality of the surface water of the lagoon is concluded that compromises part of the fishing marketing chain, mainly facilities and manipulators. Furthermore, the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in fish meat show poor handling practices and possible risk of contamination by water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human observers often are present when researchers record animal behavior, which can create observer effects. These effects are rarely explicitly investigated, often due to the assumption that the study animal is habituated to or unaffected by a human's presence. We investigated the effect of human pressure gradients on a remote population of large-headed capuchins, Sapajus macrocephalus, looking specifically at the effects of number of observers, distance to observers, and distance to the research base. We conducted this study over 4 months in the Pacaya-Samiria Nature Reserve, Peru, and collected 199 two-minute focal samples of capuchin behavior. We found that capuchin monkeys fed less when human observers were closer to the focal individual, when more observers were present, and when capuchins were closer to the research base. We found no other consistent differences in capuchin monkey behavior across the measured human pressure gradients, although capuchins directed a high proportion of their vigilance toward humans (29% in adults and 47% in infants). Our results support the hypothesis that human pressure gradients influence animal behavior. Given the proportion of human directed vigilance, we recommend that all studies that use human observers to record animal behavior consider human-directed vigilance, record the number of observers, as well as the observer-focal animal distance, to check for these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Dipetalonema are parasitic nematodes of the family Onchocercidae (Nematoda; Filarioidea) which infect the peritoneal cavity of Neotropical primates. Of these, six species have been taxonomically described, two of these have been reported infecting the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek): Dipetalonema gracile and Dipetalonema yatesi. Description of Dipetalonema species have been based on morphological characteristics, and their phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. A few molecular studies have been carried out in Dipetalonema spp. infecting Neotropical primates. Seven filarioid nematodes (6 females and one male) recovered from one A. chamek in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest were morphologically identified as D. yatesi and molecularly characterized. A multi-locus genetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal region (18S) and mitochondrial (cox1 , 12S, and nad5) gene sequences supported D. yatesi as a distinct lineage and yielded a highly resolved phylogenetic lineage tree for this filarioid genus of Neotropical primates. Our results highlighted that Dipetalonema species are divided in two well-supported clades, one containing D. yatesi and D. caudispina , and the second containing D. robini , D. gracile, and D. graciliformis. Due to sequence ambiguities from GenBank entries, relationships among isolates of D. gracile and D. graciliformis cannot be fully resolved, which requires further investigation. However, this suggests that these could represent a species complex. Our study confirms that D. yatesi is a valid species and constitutes the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of this parasite in black-faced spider monkeys. [Display omitted] • Dipetalonema yatesi from the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) in Peru. • Characterization of D. yatesi nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial gene sequences. • Phylogenetic inference of relationships among Dipetalonema species. • Dipetalonema yatesi and D. caudispina form a well-supported clade. • Relationships among D. gracile and D. graciliformis isolates are not fully resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical rainforest of a highly dissected low hill from the upper Itaya river basin belongs to the western Amazonia region. Some investigations on the biodiversity of these rainforests were more focused on animals and plants diversity. The soils of this region are composed of moderately fertile sediments deposited recently from the initiation of the Andean orogenesis in the Miocene until now. However, scientific information about the soil microbial and functional diversity is still missing. This report presents shotgun metagenomics sequencing data from soils of this rainforest type. A composite loamy soil sample was collected from a primary forest, and metagenomic DNA was purified with standardized methods. Furthermore, libraries were prepared and paired-end sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 550 platform. Raw Illumina paired-end reads have been uploaded and analysed in the Metagenomics RAST server (MG-RAST). The raw sequence data in fastq format is available at NCBI's Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with accession number SRX12846710.

In this study, the quality of Bertholletia excelsa seedlings was evaluated in relation to the transplanted seedling's size. Thirty days after transplanting the seedlings to the forest nursery, the first height measurement was performed. From the 30th day onwards, evaluations were carried out every 15 days, being nine in total. The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was evaluated to determine the seedlings quality, where all seedlings had their root pruned. The experimental design, totaling 160 individuals, was completely randomized with four treatments and four replications, including the shoot cut and three seedling sizes with no shoot cut. Shoot cut seedlings presented a DQI of 0.66 ± 0.23, significantly higher than the large seedlings (= 17 cm in height) with no shoot cut (F3,76 = 2.762, p = 0.047). Transplanting had significant effects over the development, growth, and quality of Bertholletia excelsa seedlings during the first 165 days of seedling production. Therefore, shoot pruning resulted in better performance of B. excelsa seedlings to be planted in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Societe Recherches Autochtones au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this essay, I present and analyze differences in the perception of the world by two people who are representatives of two different cultures and societies. The first one is the anthropologist Fernando Santos-Granero and the second is a man from the Amazonian Yanesha group named Matar. Focusing on the description of a specific event that happened during the ethnographic fieldwork, I deal with the differences in its interpretation. Referring to the interactionist theory of reasoning proposed by Dan Sperber and Hugo Mercier and on Anil Seth's research on perception, I assume that these differences are the result of each person's individually shaped perceptions and ways of reasoning. In this paper I seek to explain how perception and reasoning influence the formation of representations that arise in the human mind in relation to cultural as well as environmental phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The honeys from stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) are recognized for their medicinal properties. They are commonly used by many indigenous groups around the world. However, in Peru stingless beekeeping is practiced in an artisanal way and the honeys remain products whose qualities are still little studied. The objective of this work was to analyze physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality of honeys produced by Scaptotrigona polysticta Moure, Melipona illota Cockerell and Tetragonisca angustula Latreille in apiaries of department of San Martin, Peru. In June and November 2019, 30 honey samples were collected from 24 colonies housed in two apiaries in the towns of Tarapoto and Chasuta. Significant differences (p 10 CFU / mL) according Peruvian sanitary norm № 071-Minsa/Digesa-V.01, in 30 and 50% of the samples of S. polysticta and T. angustula, respectively. These results contribute to the knowledge of the stingless bee honeys of Peru providing important references for the quality standard setting process and the advancement of stingless beekeeping.

La communauté autochtone shipibo-konibo de San Francisco de Yarinacocha a été particulièrement affectée par le SARS-CoV-2 en 2020. Ceci s’expliquerait par une dégradation de l’état sanitaire de ses habitants – dont certains souffrent d’une série de comorbidités – suite au passage rapide d’une économie d’autosubsistance fondée sur l’abondance, à une monétarisation de l’économie locale marquée par un phénomène de paupérisation et de restriction alimentaire. L’élaboration, dans la gestion de la COVID-19, de politiques de santé valorisant une automédication en accord avec les représentations nosologiques locales, principalement fondée sur l’usage de la pharmacopée autochtone, aurait cependant contribué à la revitalisation des liens étroits qui unissent traditionnellement cette société au monde végétal. La présentation de ce corpus thérapeutique en tant que « médecine shipibo » agirait dès lors comme une affirmation identitaire aux prises avec des revendications économiques, culturelles et politiques.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics of the daily work of ophthalmologists in five Peruvian Amazonian departments, including aspects of professional practice, eye health services, and the effectiveness of the strategies implemented in the fight for vision. Materials and Methods: A descriptive case study based on a survey prepared and executed by the clinic's team of ophthalmologists in the teaching and research area. Results: Of the 16 participating ophthalmologists, 56.3% have dual practice in the public and private sectors. The primary pathologies identified from their professional practice include cataracts, glaucoma, and refractive errors. More than 80% indicate that information on visual health in the Peruvian Amazonian departments is unavailable, insufficient, and outdated. Regarding the availability of visual health services, 68.8% agree that such services are accessible, whereas 75% agree that clinical and surgical ophthalmologists are available. However, 81.3% disagree that subspecialty ophthalmologists are readily available. Furthermore, over 80% disagree that visual health services are accessible to all population sectors geographically. In addition, more than 60% disagree that the information provided to patients regarding diagnosis and treatment has a culturally relevant approach. Key criteria for designing and implementing strategies to fight for vision include epidemiological analysis and fieldwork. Among the main strategies employed, there is a notable emphasis on the consultation process and coordination with various stakeholders. Notably, the applied strategies have increased through early detection and prevention actions. Lessons learned from this case study highlight the importance of training medical and nonmedical personnel as good practice while cautioning against the inappropriate handling of patient information. Conclusions: The findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics of ophthalmologists' field of action and shed light on various aspects, such as the focus of professional practice, prevalent pathologies encountered in daily care, dimensions of information, availability, access, and cultural relevance of visual health services. In addition, the study examines the criteria used, strategies implemented, resulting outcomes, and lessons learned in the fight for vision.

Piaractus brachypomus (Pacú) is the main native fish species cultivated in Peru and holds great potential for growth in aquaculture from the Peruvian Amazon. Between October 2021 and January 2022 in two fish producing farms in the Amazon region of San Martín in Peru, P. brachypomus individuals were examined for parasite evaluation. A total of 6366 monogeneans were isolated from the gills of 30 fish, revealing a prevalence of 100%, with an abundance and mean intensity of 212 parasites per fish. Monogeneans were morphologically identified as Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus. The genetic divergence in the 28S rDNA gene found among A. penilabiatus sequences was 0.1% and among Anacanthorus spp. it ranged from 0.9% to 7.5%. The genetic divergence found among the M. viatorum sequences was 0.3%. These finding represents the first molecular data of M. viatorum and A. penilabiatus in Peru using the 28S rDNA gene of these monogeneans. The new sequences obtained will contribute to future studies on the phylogenetic relationships among dactylogyrids. However, further research with a broader range of host-parasite samples and additional genetic markers is needed to clarify these relationships and provide stronger support for the phylogenetic positions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors of the manuscript “Molecular Identification of Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus in Extensive Native Fish Farming Systems of the Peruvian Amazon” declare that this information has not been previously published, has not been submitted to another journal for publication, and the publication of this manuscript is approved by all authors and by the institutions linked in this document. If the manuscript is accepted for publication it will not be considered for republication in any modified version., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies on territory in Latin America have noted that the trend of state recognition and devolution of Indigenous territorial rights, known as the territorial turn, has created new spatial configurations that are compatible within neoliberal governance, rather than promoting compensatory justice and decolonization. Using a case study of the Awajún of Peru, we argue that Latin American Indigenous movements do not simply respond to or align with neoliberalism. Rather, territorial autonomy is forged through negotiations with the state and other parties at different scales, beyond recognized territorial rights. This study suggests that to assess the effects of territorial turn on Indigenous struggles, we need to elucidate the significance and role of territory in the construction of autonomy as a negotiated strategy within the context of the state and beyond. Based on ethnographic methods and critical literature on territory with a decolonial lens, we examine Awajún territorial practices and territorio as a lived and a conceived space. In a context of limited recognition, material disparity, and external threats, territorial autonomy is historically constructed through territorial practices and embodied and daily experiences. Awajún territoriality thus resonates with a broad impetus in Latin American Indigenous movements, which challenges and complicates official territorial organization under singular nation-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Other Modernities / Altre Modernita / Otras Modernidades / Autres Modernités is the property of Altre Modernita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMEN: Tomando como punto de partida las reflexiones de estudiosos como Philippe Descola o Boaventura de Sousa Santos sobre la necesidad de repensar las relaciones entre humanos y no-humanos, con el fin de buscar alternativas al proceso autodestructivo conocido con el controvertido nombre de Antropoceno, parece oportuno dirigir la mirada hacia la selva amazónica. En efecto, el espacio amazónico es “altamente transformacional” (Rivière) y se vive en él una frecuente inestabilidad ontológica que difumina las fronteras entre las especies. Las narraciones de las vivencias de los animales, por ejemplo, no son usadas solo como simbolización de algún antagonismo o desequilibrio social, sino que son frecuentemente percibidas como realidades. En el artículo, enmarcado en el ámbito de los estudios ecocríticos, se creará un diálogo entre algunos relatos orales –cuyos protagonistas son animales– y la novela del pintor y escritor peruano César Calvo de Araújo titulada Paiche (1963), nombre que es, además, el de uno de los mayores peces de los ríos amazónicos. A través de estas creaciones de literatura oral y escrita se reflexionará sobre el tema de los desequilibrios sociales y de la conciencia de clase como medio para repensar cómo habitar la Tierra. ABSTRACT: Taking as a starting point the considerations of scholars such as Philippe Descola and Boaventura de Sousa Santos on the need to rethink the relations between humans and non-humans in order to seek alternatives to the self-destructive process known by the controversial label of the Anthropocene, it seems appropriate to look at the Amazon rainforest. Indeed, the Amazonian space is “highly transformational” (Rivière), and there is a frequent ontological instability that blurs the boundaries between species. Narratives of animal experiences, for example, are not only used as a symbolisation of some antagonism or social inequality, but are often perceived as realities. In this article, framed in the field of ecocritical studies, a dialogue will be created between some oral stories whose protagonists are animals and the novel by the Peruvian painter and writer César Calvo de Araújo entitled Paiche (1963), which is also the name of one of the largest fish in the Amazonian rivers. Through these creations of oral and written literature, we will reflect on the theme of social inequalities and class consciousness as a means of rethinking how to inhabit the Earth.

Diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) visualizes soft tissue from micro‐CT (µCT) scans of specimens to uncover internal features and natural history information without incurring physical damage via dissection. Unlike hard‐tissue imaging, taxonomic sampling within diceCT datasets is currently limited. To initiate best practices for diceCT in a nonmodel group, we outline a guide for staining and high‐throughput µCT scanning in snakes. We scanned the entire body and one region of interest (i.e., head) for 23 specimens representing 23 species from the clades Aniliidae, Dipsadinae, Colubrinae, Elapidae, Lamprophiidae, and Viperidae. We generated 82 scans that include 1.25% Lugol's iodine stained (soft tissue) and unstained (skeletal) data for each specimen. We found that duration of optimal staining time increased linearly with body size; head radius was the best indicator. Postreconstruction of scans, optimal staining was evident by evenly distributed grayscale values and clear differentiation among soft‐tissue anatomy. Under and over stained specimens produced poor contrast among soft tissues, which was often exacerbated by user bias during "digital dissections" (i.e., segmentation). Regardless, all scans produced usable data from which we assessed a range of downstream analytical applications within ecology and evolution (e.g., predator‐prey interactions, life history, and morphological evolution). Ethanol destaining reversed the known effects of iodine on the exterior appearance of physical specimens, but required substantially more time than reported for other destaining methods. We discuss the feasibility of implementing diceCT techniques for a new user, including approximate financial and temporal commitments, required facilities, and potential effects of staining on specimens. We present the first high‐throughput workflow for full‐body skeletal and diceCT scanning in snakes, which can be generalized to any elongate vertebrates, and increases publicly available diceCT scans for reptiles by an order of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender is poorly understood in rural Amazonia. There remains limited understanding of how livelihoods are gendered or how labour is divided within the household. In this paper, I offer a conceptual framework for understanding gendered division of labour and gendered livelihoods in rural Amazonia. I draw on ethnographic data collected in two riverine mestizo villages located on the floodplains of the Ucayali River, Peru. I disaggregate riverine agro-fishing livelihoods by introducing the gendered and seasonal divisions of livelihood activities, highlighting how gender roles and livelihood seasonality need to be understood as co-produced. I suggest that rather than the annual flood being a 'miserable' period as previously suggested in the literature, the flood season and flood recession represent two socially distinct periods, with livelihoods rotationally focused within and beyond the household respectively. Gendered livelihoods are further complicated by household composition and life-stage, with single-headed households, particularly female-headed households, often over-burdened with productive and reproductive labour. This paper begins a necessary conversation of gender and social difference in Peruvian Amazonia, while questioning the relationship between gendered livelihoods and seasonality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Letras (Lima) is the property of Letras, Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are dietary surveys widely used in studies of nutritional epidemiology because they are inexpensive, easy to complete and provide significant information on dietary intake over a long period of time. FFQs should be written specifically for each study group since diet may be influenced by ethnicity, culture, economic status and environmental factors. The aim of the authors on this work was to design and validate a food frequency questionnaire for the Peruvian Amazon population. Methods Three hundred three individuals were selected and completed three 24-h recalls (R24). Two FFQs were conducted on two different occasions (FFQ.1 and FFQ.2). The validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing the relationship between the average daily nutrient intake estimated by the FFQs and that obtained by the three R24. The reproducibility was measured by comparing the mean nutrient intake of the two FFQs carried out. The correlations were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the Lin correlation coefficient (CCC) and the Bland–Altman plot. Results The results obtained to establish the validity showed a high correlation, with an average Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.70, a CCI of 0.65 and a CCC of 0.60. Approximately 60% of the nutrients had a CCC above 0.60. In terms of reproducibility, better results were obtained, with an average Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.67, 0.64 for CCI and 0.58 for CCC. Conclusions The correlation coefficients show good validity and reproducibility, and therefore, the FFQ we have developed may be considered a useful and valid tool to estimate the dietary intake of the Peruvian Amazon population.

Based on the analysis of a protected buffer zone located in the Amazonian department of Madre de Dios (Peru), which has been experiencing a gold rush since the mid-2000s, this article explores the power relations between farmers and artisanal miners, by describing mining territorialization processes on agricultural lands, actor dynamics, as well as mechanisms of access to land and its resources. Taking a different point of view than previous analyses about the conflictual nature of their relations, the article highlights a distinct but equally significant phenomenon: the negotiated nature of Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASM) and the mutual arrangements between actors for access to and use of natural resources.

In view of the global agenda of food security politics since the 1990s, this article examines arrangements of a school food programme, Qaliwarma—“vigorous child” in Quechua—with local representations of what “eating well” means. On the basis of an ethnographic survey carried out by the Maijuna and the Napuruna in the Peruvian Amazon, the reflection starts from the analysis of the local conceptions of “eating well,” and more generally of “living well,” to understand the nature of the relationships woven between the Peruvian government and the Amazonian indigenous communities through this food intervention. Although this aid is subject to uncertainty or rumours, its general acceptance highlights the desire to maintain a peaceful relationship with the State and, as a result, a certain dependency.

Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) are among the most important pollinators of tropical forests. Peru is considered a hotspot of biodiversity of Meliponini, but many areas of this country (e.g., Peruvian Amazon) remain unexplored. We aimed to produce a first inventory of stingless bee species dwelling in humid and seasonally dry forests of northern Peru by combining traditional (morphologically-based) taxonomy and DNA barcoding. Specimens were collected in 2020 at five sites located in San Martin and Piura regions. We identified 12 genera of Meliponini. Among those, Trigona and Plebeia were the most abundant (45.9% and 12.8% respectively), whereas Nannotrigona and Scaura were the least represented ones (2.3%). We assigned a reliable species identification to about 30% of specimens (Trigona amazonensis, T. muzoensis, T. williana, Partamona testacea, Scaura tenuis, Tetragona goettei, and Tetragonisca angustula). Yet, more than a half of the specimens received a provisional identification (e.g., Geotrigona cf. fulvohirta, T. cf. amalthea, T. cf. fuscipennis, T. cf. hypogea, Melipona cf. cramptoni, Partamona cf. epiphytophila, Ptilotrigona cf. perenae, Scaura cf. latitarsis, Tetragona cf. clavipes, Trigonisca cf. atomaria). We also highlighted an extensive polyphyly that affected a number of currently recognized species (e.g., T. fulviventris, T. guianae, Plebeia franki, P. frontalis, M. eburnea, M. illota), whose members were split into various clades. Finally, 16% of individuals failed to be identified at the species level (Trigona sp. 1, T. sp. 2, Nannotrigona sp., Partamona sp., Scaptotrigona sp. 1, S. sp. 2, Trigonisca sp. 1, and Trigonisca sp. 2). We discuss our findings according to the current faunistic and biogeographic knowledge of Meliponini in Peru and the Neotropical region. We also remark on the importance of conducting a taxonomic revision of stingless bees and improving both their morphology-based identification keys and BOLD repository. Finally, we claim that integrative taxonomy shall be strongly implemented to truly assess the biodiversity of Neotropical stingless bees, allowing conserving these important pollinators and the associated traditional meliponiculture in an effective manner.

We provide an analytical contrast of the dynamics of secondary forest regeneration in Nepal and Peru framed by a set of common themes: land access, boundaries, territories, and rights, seemingly more secure in Nepal than Peru; processes of agrarian change and their consequences for forest-agriculture interactions and the role of secondary forest in the landscape, more marked in Peru, where San Martín is experiencing apparent agricultural intensification, than in Nepal; and finally processes of social differentiation that have consequences for different social groups, livelihood construction and their engagement with trees, common to both countries. These themes address the broader issue of the necessary conditions for secondary forest regeneration and the extent to which the rights and livelihood benefits of those actively managing it are secured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awajun, Wampis, and other Amazonian indigenous peoples in Peru have acquired title to the collective property of their native communities as a legal strategy for the defense of their ancestral territory. This strategy, however, has failed to stop the expansion of extractive industries and the degradation of their livelihoods. In response, indigenous peoples in the northern Amazon are proposing the legal recognition of their "integral territory" under a politics of buen vivir. This new model for territorial governance is aimed at transforming indigenous peoples from ethnic communities with property entitlements to nations with territorial rights. Los awajun, wampis y otros pueblos indígenas amazónicos en Perú han adquirido el título de propiedad colectiva de sus comunidades nativas como estrategia legal para la defensa de su territorio ancestral. Esta estrategia, sin embargo, no ha logrado detener la expansión de las industrias extractivas y la degradación de sus medios de vida. En respuesta, los pueblos indígenas del norte de la Amazonía proponen el reconocimiento legal de su "territorio integral" bajo una política de buen vivir. Este nuevo modelo de gobierno territorial tiene por objeto transformar a los pueblos indígenas de comunidades étnicas con derechos de propiedad a naciones con derechos territoriales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals in nature use many strategies to evade or deter their predators. Within venomous snake mimicry, stereotyped anti-predator behaviours are hypothesized to be effective warning signals under strong selection for independent convergence across species. However, no studies have systematically quantified snake anti-predator displays across taxonomically broad clades to examine how these behaviours evolve within a comparative methods framework. Here we describe a new high-throughput approach for collecting and quantifying anti-predator displays in snakes that demonstrates both low observer bias and infinite extension. Then, we show this method's utility by comparing 20 species spanning six taxonomic families from Peru. We found that a simple experimental set-up varying simulated predator cues was successful in eliciting displays across species and that high-speed videography captured a great diversity of anti-predator responses. Although display components show complicated patterns of covariance, we found support for behavioural convergence in anti-predator displays among elapid coral snakes and their distantly related mimics. Our approach provides new analytical opportunities for both behaviour and kinematics, especially macroevolutionary analyses across clades with similar difficulty in observing or comparing trait diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblios is the property of University of Pittsburgh, University Library System and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contributes to the literature by testing the effect of a household's relative position on its subjective well‐being. Our results show that both self‐perceived status and relative income have significant effects on the subjective well‐being of households located in the Peruvian Amazon. The paper also considers negative random shocks and shows that non‐agricultural shocks have a negative effect on subjective well‐being. These results imply that public policies aimed toward the improvement of rural households' well‐being in the Peruvian Amazon should look beyond poverty reduction and consider also the positive effects that inequality reduction can have on subjective well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REDD+ was conceived as a system of incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. While this could include many different types of interventions to reduce deforestation and degradation, a consensus has emerged that they should safeguard and “do no harm” to the forest-based livelihoods of local people. Many REDD+ projects have been designed to incentivize forest conservation and support local livelihoods by promoting sustainable use of the forest, hence increasing the revenues earned by local households from forest products. We examine two such projects in the Peruvian Amazon, using panel survey data from over 400 households gathered in 2011 and 2014. In the 3 years between surveys, we observed a severe decline in forest revenue. However, by using a BACI study design and matching, we show that this decrease was not caused by the REDD+ interventions. Thus, REDD+ “did no harm” to local people, at least in terms of forest revenues in the early phases of these two projects in the Peruvian Amazon.

Chirikyacu, Chunchiwi, and Chirik Sacha, located in the San Martin region (Peru), are indigenous communities affiliated with the National Program of Forest Conservation for Climate Change Mitigation. The three communities approved the implementation of the Conditional Direct Transfer Mechanism (TDC, acronym in Spanish) as a financial tool for primary forest conservation. This research characterizes the participation of the beneficiaries from the type of involvement and participation size along the TDC execution, identifying drivers that facilitate and limit the participation of the beneficiaries' minority. Minorities, as in any society, have access to fewer opportunities. In the three communities, I found larger minority groups (such as women) than others with less population (such as monolingual), as well as gender norms accepted in the communities, which limit the minority groups from personally growing and learning. With the inputs of 86% of the Program's beneficiary families, I identified a non-complimentary gender system in most of the program's activities, which is also dominant in the most favored group in the communities. In conclusion, the major minority group can increase the participants size, from the opportunities that allow the gender complementarity current in each community (internal driver) and the gender approach that the Program incorporates (external driver). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Urarina of the Chambira River (Peruvian Amazon), like other indigenous groups and communities in the region, are once again facing a potentially catastrophic epidemic event. Despite the lack of knowledge about the effects or the way the new disease is spreading, and using the little information available, they responded promptly to the spread of Covid-19 by arranging for the closure of access to the basin and adopting measures of self-isolation. This article is a reflection on the experience of the last few months, and arises from several conversations that took place between the two authors throughout the quarantine period. The text raises a discussion about the coronavirus (kurunabirus), its origin and spread, using an unpublished Urarina myth that tells the creation of the diseases. Finally, it highlights how the mythical discourse, by contradicting the merely biological interpretations, confers a social origin to the infectious diseases, whose vaccine becomes effective through autonomy and organization, the only virtuous strategies to face the current emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazonian painter Rember Yahuarcani recounts his experience of spending the first months of the pandemic in Pebas, working in his parent's garden, and shows the paintings and pictures he made during 2020. His testimony brings us closer to his family daily life and to the detailed observation of the luminosity, colours and shapes of the Amazonian beings that feed his creativity as a visual artist. Combining word and image, he expresses his firm criticism of social abandonment and relentless environmental destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation corridors are an interesting strategy considering the increasing forest conversion by agricultural areas. We used Bayesian multispecies occupancy model in order to assess the occupancy of mammal species along the Manu-Tambopata conservation corridor (4 164.06 km²), located in the southern Peruvian Amazon. We installed 102 camera traps between May and October of 2017 (8 104 camera days), in four management regimes: Río Los Amigos conservation concession, forestry concessions (ACOMAT), Tambopata National Reserve and agricultural lands. Twenty-seven species of terrestrial mammals were recorded; however, models did not reveal significant differences in species richness among management regimes, although an effect of edge density on community-level occupancy was evident. Non-significant relationships were found between commonly hunted species and management regimes, apart from the white-lipped peccary; however, short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) and jaguar (Panthera onca) occupancy were significantly lower on agricultural lands. Our results suggested that, in general, the management regimes and covariables (edge density and distance toroads) did not have an effect at the community level but did have species-specific effects for some species (e.g., A. microtis). MAT corridor is still a space where it is feasible to maintain healthy populations of mammals, although its long-term viability requires ensuring connectivity at both a functional and structural levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The white-sands forests or varillales of the Peruvian Amazon are characterized by their distinct physical characteristics, patchy distribution, and endemism [1, 2]. Much research has been conducted on the specialized plant and animal communities that inhabit these ecosystems, yet their soil microbiomes have yet to be studied. Here we provide metagenomic 16S rDNA amplicon data of soil microbiomes from three types of varillales in Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve near Iquitos, Peru. Composite soil samples were collected from very low varillal, high-dry varillal, and high-wet varillal. Purified metagenomic DNA was used to prepare and sequence 16S rDNA metagenomic libraries on the Illumina MiqSeq platform. Raw paired-endsequences were analyzed using the Metagenomics RAST server (MG-RAST) and Parallel-Meta3 software and revealed the existence of a high percentage of undiscovered sequences, potentially indicating specialized bacterial communities in these forests. Also, were predicted several metabolic functions in this dataset. The raw sequence data in fastq format is available in the public repository Discover Mendeley Data (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/syktzxcnp6/2). Also, is available at NCBI's Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with accession numbers SRX7891206 (very low varillal), SRX7891207 (high-dry varillal), and SRX7891208 (high-wet varillal).

We report ecological observations of Bolitoglossa altamazonica and B. peruviana in the Peruvian Amazon with suggestions on their conservation. Two localities are provided for both species in one protected area, Allpahuyo-Mishana National Reserve and in Puerto Almendra near the city of Iquitos, northern Peru. A different type of B. altamazonica was also discovered in Allpahuyo-Mishana. It is similar to B. madeira with a reddish coloration on the dorsal parts. Another «grey» type was also reported living between Puno and Madre de Dios departments at higher elevations. However, all the specimens found through their range in Peru have shown colour variation which complicates species identification. New taxonomic studies are needed to confirm their status. The Peruvian salamanders appear to be semi-arboreal species living in primary unflooded terra firme rainforests near water bodies where humidity is high at lower elevations as previously reported (96–118 m a.s.l.). Despite most of the Bolitoglossa species occur in protected areas, a deadly threat was recently reported in frogs (Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis) that may cause loss of salamanders in Peru. For example during our field surveys we were unable to observe B. digitigrada. New assessments are urgently needed for the protection and conservation of Peruvian salamanders. Data on biology, ecology and environmental parameters are also lacking to really protect their microhabitats, and to establish suitable ex situ keeping and breeding programs with the difficult perspective of subsequent reintroduction.

Abstract Background Insects are known to be able to provide valuable nutrients to indigenous populations across the Amazon. However, studies on traditional insect use in the Peruvian Amazon are scarce. This study documents edible insect diversity and characterizes their food and collection patterns in eight Awajún communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Additionally, we reviewed what has been known to date about the nutrient composition of the documented species. Methods The survey was conducted among the Awajún populations living in the Huampami, Paisa, Achu, and Tseasim communities in the Cenepa district and the Shijap, San Mateo, Kusu, and Listra communities in the Imaza district. Data collection was conducted through a freelisting exercise complemented by a semi-structured inquiry form in the Awajún language. In total, 104 informants (72 men and 32 women) aged between 16 to 73 years were interviewed. Results The Awajún people use at least 12 insect species, with Rhynchophorus palmarum, Atta cephalotes, and Rhinostomus barbirostris being the most important ones. Beetles of the family Curculionidae represent the culturally most salient taxon. In the more accessible and developed Imaza district, the Awajún tend to eat almost exclusively R. palmarum, while in the more isolated and preserved Cenepa district, the community’s preferences are linked with more species. Although men are the main insect collectors, women cited more edible insects on average. The insects are eaten mainly roasted or raw. Further use patterns and differences between the districts are discussed. Conclusion Traditional knowledge related to edible insects and the ecosystems they occur in is widespread among the Awajún populations, and insects still represent an important part of the indigenous food system. This ethnobiological survey discovered five species that are newly recorded as edible insects. Chemical composition of insects deemed edible by the Awajún ought to be analyzed in the future and awareness about their nutritional importance should be raised to harness the potential of this underutilized yet nutrient-rich traditional food.

Abstract Background In Amazonia, primates are not only an important food source but they also hold significant cultural and symbolic value for many indigenous groups. We document the relationship between primates and community members of the Maijuna indigenous community of Sucusari in the Peruvian Amazon and describe how ethnoprimatological studies provide a better understanding of the significance of primates in people’s lives. Additionally, we explore how ethnoprimatological studies can help inform and enhance primate conservation initiatives. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 residents of the community of Sucusari to assess the classification, cultural significance and traditional uses, beliefs, ceremonies and stories of primates within the Sucusari River basin. Results Primates play an important role in the lives of individuals in the Sucusari community. They are distinguished by their arboreal lifestyle, and among the 11 species reported in the area, seven (Lagothrix lagotricha, Alouatta seniculus, Pithecia monachus, Callicebus spp., Saimiri sciureus, Leontocebus nigricollis) are highly recognized and culturally salient. Primates are used as food, medicine, pets, domestic tools and in the production of handicrafts. They are primarily hunted for local consumption, with larger primates such as L. lagotricha being preferred. Lagothrix lagotricha was also the most commonly reported pet species and the only observed pet primate in the community during surveys. Maijuna traditional beliefs include ancestral dietary taboos for A. seniculus, which are referred to as sorcerer monkeys, but this taboo is no longer fully adhered to. Maijuna traditional stories associated with primates describe the origin of primates found in Sucusari. Conclusion Primates are embedded in the intricate sociocultural system of the community of Sucusari. Better understanding the relationship between primates and people can help to focus conservation efforts on primate species of particularly high sociocultural importance as well as ecological value, such as L. lagotricha. We highly recommend the inclusion of ethnoprimatological studies into primate conservation initiatives to accomplish more effective conservation planning, ultimately integrating the goals of biodiversity conservation with the cultural and economic needs of indigenous and local communities.

Abstract Background In Loreto Department, Peru, a successful 2005–2010 malaria control programme (known as PAMAFRO) included massive distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Additional local distribution of LLINs occurred in individual villages, but not between 2012 and 2015. A 2011–2012 study of the primary regional malaria vector Anopheles darlingi detected a trend of increased exophagy compared with pre-PAMAFRO behaviour. For the present study, An. darlingi were collected in three villages in Loreto in 2013–2015 to test two hypotheses: (1) that between LLIN distributions, An. darlingi reverted to pre-intervention biting behaviour; and, (2) that there are separate sub-populations of An. darlingi in Loreto with distinct biting behaviour. Results In 2013–2015 An. darlingi were collected by human landing catch during the rainy and dry seasons in the villages of Lupuna and Cahuide. The abundance of An. darlingi varied substantially across years, villages and time periods, and there was a twofold decrease in the ratio of exophagic:endophagic An. darlingi over the study period. Unexpectedly, there was evidence of a rainy season population decline in An. darlingi. Plasmodium-infected An. darlingi were detected indoors and outdoors throughout the night, and the monthly An. darlingi human biting rate was correlated with the number of malaria cases. Using nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 162 exophagic and endophagic An. darlingi collected at different times during the night were genotyped at 1021 loci. Based on model-based and non-model-based analyses, all genotyped An. darlingi belonged to a homogeneous population, with no evidence for genetic differentiation by biting location or time. Conclusions This study identified a decreasing proportion of exophagic An. darlingi in two villages in the years between LLIN distributions. As there was no evidence for genetic differentiation between endophagic and exophagic An. darlingi, this shift in biting behaviour may be the result of behavioural plasticity in An. darlingi, which shifted towards increased exophagy due to repellence by insecticides used to impregnate LLINs and subsequently reverted to increased endophagy as the nets aged. This study highlights the need to target vector control interventions to the biting behaviour of local vectors, which, like malaria risk, shows high temporal and spatial heterogeneity.

We describe a new species of Adenomera from southwestern Amazonia. The new species corresponds to one of the acoustic patterns and morphotypes from Tambopata National Reserve (Adenomera "Forest Call II"), which was associated with the candidate species identified via molecular data as Adenomera sp. C in the phylogeny of the genus. The new species is distinguished from all congeners, except A. phonotriccus, by a unique advertisement call: calls are composed of complete pulses, i.e., separated by silent gaps, whereas those of remaining Adenomera species are composed of incomplete pulses (partly fused) or nonpulsed calls. The new species occurs in southeastern Peru and north central Bolivia, with two sympatric records with A. chicomendesi. The taxonomic status of two candidate species (sp. D and sp. T) of the A. andreae clade in southwestern Amazonia still needs to be addressed by the acquisition of additional phenotypic and molecular data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new species of the Dactylogyridae is reported parasitizing the gills of Oxidoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821) from the Peruvian Amazon. Cosmetocleithrum gigas sp. n. does not show any resemblance to other species of the genus and can be morphologically differentiated from other congeneric species by presenting a hammer-shaped accessory piece; a small haptor with small bars and anchors; both anchors presenting developed superficial roots and reduced deep roots; conspicuous folds on both roots and bars hat-shaped, expanded laterally forming two protuberances covered with rough folds. Additionally, C. gigas sp. n. is the largest species of the genus so far reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During April-June 2014 in a malaria-endemic rural community close to the city of Iquitos in Peru, we detected evidence of Guaroa virus (GROV) infection in 14 febrile persons, of whom 6 also had evidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cases were discovered through a long-term febrile illness surveillance network at local participating health facilities. GROV cases were identified by using a combination of seroconversion and virus isolation, and malaria was diagnosed by thick smear and PCR. GROV mono-infections manifested as nonspecific febrile illness and were clinically indistinguishable from GROV and P. vivax co-infections. This cluster of cases highlights the potential for GROV transmission in the rural Peruvian Amazon, particularly in areas where malaria is endemic. Further study of similar areas of the Amazon may provide insights into the extent of GROV transmission in the Amazon basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an ethnographic study among a multi-ethnic society of the Peruvian Amazon composed primarily of Awajún and Wampis, a critical reflection is made of the biocommunicability processes associated with policies to combat anemia. The analysis highlights the insertion of these processes in a pre-existing web of inter- and intra-ethnic tensions. Careful and prolonged accompaniment of these processes enabled the identification of ideological and moral aspects expressed in a medicalizing vision of anemia, as well as the reproduction of a notion of citizenship based on the productivity, individualism, and functionalism of neoliberal logic. Thus, we hope to contribute to the analysis of official health policies for indigenous populations, relevant at a time when there is a clear demand for an intercultural approach and a necessity to be attentive to possible processes of medicalization of indigenous health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times, receiving interest in their healing potential because of their active components. The Amazon rainforest in the east of Peru has great diversity of flora, especially monocotyledons ( Cocos nucifera, Mauritia flexuosa and Coffea spp.) and dicotyledons ( Theobroma cacao L. and Musa spp. The toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of plant leaves from the Peruvian Amazon in Artemia salina was evaluated in this study. Methods: The leaves of the plants Cocos nucifera, Mauritia flexuosa, Theobroma cacao L., Coffea sp, and Musa sp were collected in the district of Cacatachi, San Martín. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves was carried out to identify their active components. The eggs of Artemia salina were provided by the Department of Animal Physiology of Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. The hydro-alcoholic extraction was carried out via the maceration method using 300 g of leaves and 500 mL of 96% ethanol for 15 days in agitation. The solutions were taken to a vertical rotavapor to obtain dry extracts and concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 μL/ml were prepared. To test toxicity, 10 larvae were given the extract for each plant species and concentration in triplicate. The CL 50 toxicity of Artemia salina samples was classified as: ˃ 1000 μL/ml (non-toxic), 500˂CL 50 ≤ 1000 (low toxicity), 100˂CL 50 ≤ 500 (moderate toxicity), CL 50˂100 (high toxicity). Results: It was observed that Mauritia flexuosa and Musa sp. at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 μL/ml have high, medium and low toxicity, respectively. However, only low toxicity was observed in Cocos nucifera, Theobroma cacao L . and Coffea sp . Conclusions: It can be concluded that the obtained results are in accordance with other studies that examined different extracts, indicating that if a sample is non-toxic to Artemia salina, then its effects will also be similar in humans.