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Periodontitis is commonly observed and is an important concern in dental health. It is characterized by a multifactorial etiology, including imbalance of oral microbiota, mechanical stress, and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The current standard treatments for periodontitis include elimination of the microbial pathogen and application of biomaterials for treating bone defects. However, the periodontal tissue regeneration via a process consistent with the natural tissue formation process has not yet been achieved. Developmental biology studies state that periodontal tissue is composed of neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. To elucidate the process of periodontal regeneration, it is essential to understand the developmental background and intercellular cross-talk. Several recent studies have reported the efficacy of transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells for periodontal tissue regeneration. In this review, we discuss the basic knowledge of periodontal tissue regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and highlight the potential of stem cell-based periodontal regenerative medicine.

This systematic review aims to investigate the possibilities of ultrasound imaging in the field of periodontal tissues exploration to visualize periodontal anatomical structures and to assess reliability in clinical evaluation using the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search through the MEDLINE database was realized to identify studies that have explored ultrasonography in the field of periodontal imaging published from 2000 to March 2022. The search resulted in 245 records; after exclusions, a total of 15 papers were included in the present review. Various publications have shown the possibility of using intraoral ultrasound for a precise exploration of intraoral tissues and to perform measurements of periodontal structures. Studies argue that ultrasounds open the prospect of a complete paradigm shift on the diagnosis and follow-up of periodontal disease. However, there is currently no clinical device dedicated to periodontal ultrasound. This field is still under-studied, and studies are needed to explore the large field of applications from periodontal assessment to treatment reassessment, including surgery. Researchers should focus their efforts to develop special intraoral ultrasound device and explore the possibilities of clinical periodontal applications.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been demonstrated as a non-invasive and painless technique with great potential to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, there is a great inconsistency among PBM protocols and reported outcomes, probably due to the poor translatability of preclinical knowledge into early clinical practice. Hence, this review aims to fill this gap by establishing the state-of-the-art on both preclinical and clinical applications of PBM, and by comprehensively discussing the most suitable stimulation protocols described in the literature. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases using a combination of keywords. Only studies written in English were eligible and no time limit was applied. A total of 69 studies were selected for this review. The revised literature describes that PBM can effectively reduce orthodontic treatment time and produce analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. We found that PBM of 640 ± 25, 830 ± 20 and 960 ± 20 nm, delivered at a minimum energy density per irradiation point of 5 J/cm 2 daily or every other day sessions is robustly associated with increased tooth movement rate. Pain relief seems to be achieved with lower irradiation doses compared to those required for OTM acceleration. For the first time, the bioeffects induced by PBM for the acceleration of OTM are comprehensively discussed from a translational point of view. Collectively, the evidence from preclinical and clinical trials supports the use of PBM as a coadjuvant in orthodontics for enhancing tooth movement and managing treatment-associated discomfort. Overall, the revised studies indicate that optimal PBM parameters to stimulate tissue remodelling are wavelengths of 830 ± 20 nm and energy densities of 5-70 J/cm 2 applied daily or every other day can maximize the OTM rate, while lower doses (up to 16 J/cm 2 per session) delivered in non-consecutive days seem to be optimal for inducing analgesic effects. Future research should focus on optimizing laser parameters and treatment protocols customized for tooth and movement type. By fine-tuning laser parameters, clinicians can potentially reduce treatment times, improve patient comfort and achieve more predictable outcomes, making orthodontic care more efficient and patient-friendly, thus consolidating PBM usage in orthodontics., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The periodontal ligaments (PDLs) with specific orientations to tooth-root surfaces play a key role in generating biomechanical responses between the alveolar bone and cementum as a tooth-supporting tissue. However, control of angulations and regeneration of the ligamentous tissues within micron-scaled interfaces remains challenging. To overcome this limitation, this study investigated surface fabrications with microgroove patterns to control orientations of rat PDL cells in vitro and fibrous tissues in vivo. After being harvested, rat PDL cells were cultured and three different microgroove patterns (∠PDL groove = 0°, ∠PDL groove = 45°, and ∠PDL groove = 90°) were created by the digital slicing step in 3D printing. Cell-seeded scaffolds were subcutaneously transplanted at 3 and 6 weeks. In histology images, rat PDL cells were spatially controlled to angularly organize following the microgroove patterns and fibrous tissues were formed in scaffolds with specific angulations, which were reflected by additively manufactured microgroove topographies. Based on the results, specifically characterized surface topographies were significant to directly/indirectly organizing rat PDL cell alignments and fibrous tissue orientations. Therefore, interactions between surface topographies and tissue organizations could be one of the key moderators for the multiple tissue complex (bone-ligament-cementum) neogenesis in periodontal tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate Mask R-CNN and U-Net convolutional neural network models for pixel-level classification in order to perform the automatic segmentation of bi-dimensional images of US dental arches, identifying anatomical elements required for periodontal diagnosis. A secondary aim was to evaluate the efficiency of a correction method of the ground truth masks segmented by an operator, for improving the quality of the datasets used for training the neural network models, by 3D ultrasound reconstructions of the examined periodontal tissue. Methods: Ultrasound periodontal investigations were performed for 52 teeth of 11 patients using a 3D ultrasound scanner prototype. The original ultrasound images were segmented by a low experienced operator using region growing-based segmentation algorithms. Three-dimensional ultrasound reconstructions were used for the quality check and correction of the segmentation. Mask R-CNN and U-NET were trained and used for prediction of periodontal tissue’s elements identification. Results: The average Intersection over Union ranged between 10% for the periodontal pocket and 75.6% for gingiva. Even though the original dataset contained 3417 images from 11 patients, and the corrected dataset only 2135 images from 5 patients, the prediction’s accuracy is significantly better for the models trained with the corrected dataset. Conclusions: The proposed quality check and correction method by evaluating in the 3D space the operator’s ground truth segmentation had a positive impact on the quality of the datasets demonstrated through higher IoU after retraining the models using the corrected dataset.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of autophagy-related factors microtubule-associated protein l light chain 3 (LC3) and the apoptosis-related factors BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the periodontal tissue of experimental diabetic rats. These data were used to explore the potential mechanism in diabetes-induced periodontal tissue lesions. Methods A total of 32 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into diabetes (group D, n = 16) and control groups (group N, n = 16). The diabetic group was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) and the control group was injected with citrate buffer (0.1mol/L). Rats were sacrificed after 4 and 8 weeks of feeding and collected as D1, N1 groups and D2, N2 groups, and the maxilla were retained for analysis. The changes in periodontal tissue structure were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression and distribution of LC3, Bax and Bcl-2 in the periodontium of the rats was detected by immunohistochemical (SP) staining. Results Diabetic rats showed several changes compared to control animals including sparse alveolar bone trabecular structure, loss of the lamina dura and absorption of the local alveolar bone. The positive expression level of LC3 in the gingival epithelial, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone of group D1 was significantly higher than in the N1, N2 and D2 groups (P < 0.05). The level of Bax expression in the group D2 rats was significantly higher than those in the N1, N2 and D1 groups (P < 0.05), while the positive degree of Bcl-2 was significantly lower than those of other groups (P < 0.001). LC3 was negatively correlated with Bax and was irrelevant with Bcl-2; Bcl-2 was not correlated with Bax. Conclusions The expression of LC3, Bax and Bcl-2 changes in the periodontal tissue of diabetic rats may indicate that autophagy and apoptotic are involved in the process of periodontal tissue damage in diabetic rats. These changes may be one of the mechanisms of periodontal tissue lesions.

Purpose: To investigate the risk of debonding of resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis frameworks and the effects on the periodontal tissue in patients with reduced alveolar bone levels. Materials and methods: The abutment teeth were the upper central incisor and the canine. Resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis framework fabricated using zirconia was set to models with five different alveolar bone levels. A 200‐N load (the maximum clenching force of the anterior teeth) was applied to the center of the pontic to analyze the internal stress on the framework, adhesive cement, and periodontal tissue using finite element analysis. Results: The mean maximum principal stress generated in the framework was 25.33 and 29.35 MPa in the models with the normal and the lowest alveolar bone level, respectively. Regarding shear stress on the adhesive cement, stress concentration was observed on the connector side in all models, and it increased on the cervical side of the central incisor as the alveolar bone level decreased. In addition, the mean maximum and minimum principal strains generated on the periodontal ligament of the central incisor and canine tended to increase as alveolar bone loss progressed. Furthermore, the mean maximum principal stress on the cortical bone was the greatest in the model with the most significant bone loss at 5.10 MPa. Conclusions: This study suggested that the risk of debonding and periodontal tissue damage might be higher when resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis frameworks were used in patients with reduced alveolar bone levels compared to those in a healthy state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate and compare the effect of zirconia all-ceramic restoration and metal-ceramic restoration on tooth defect and the influence on periodontal tissue. Methods: From May 2017 to March 2019, 112 patients with dental defects were selected for diagnosis and treatment in our hospital. According to the principle of random envelope drawing, the patients were divided into observation group and control group, with 56 cases in each group. The observation group was repaired with zirconia all-ceramics, and the control group was treated with metal-ceramic repair, and the repair effect and the influence on the periodontal tissue were recorded. Results: 6 months after restoration, the evaluation pass rates of the edge fit, color and morphology of the observation group were 98.2%, 100.0% and 94.6%, which were significantly higher than those of the control group of 87.5%, 89.3% and 76.8% (P <0.05). The probing depth (Pocket depths, PD) and gingival index (Gingi valindex, GI) values ​​of the two groups were higher than that before the restoration at 6 months, and the observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 values ​​in gingival crevicular fluid 6 months after repair in the two groups were lower than those before treatment, while the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications such as gingivitis, broken restorations, and secondary caries in the observation group 6 months after restoration was 7.1%, which was significantly lower than 25.0% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with metal porcelain, zirconia all-ceramic restoration of tooth defects can reduce the impact on periodontal tissues and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, thereby improving the repair effect and reducing the occurrence of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small lipid-enclosed particles containing biological molecules such as RNA and proteins that have emerged as vital modulators of intercellular communication. Increasingly, studies have shown that EVs play an essential role in the occurrence and prognosis of oral diseases. EVs are increasingly considered a research hotspot of oral diseases. In addition, the characteristics of carrying active molecules have also been studied in oral tissue regeneration. Evidence has shown that EVs regulate the homeostasis of the inflammatory microenvironment, promote angiogenesis, and repair damaged tissues. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of EVs and highlighted the role of EVs in oral tissue regeneration, including dental pulp, periodontal tissue, cartilage, and bone. We also discussed their deficiencies and prospects as a potential therapeutic role in the regeneration treatment of oral disease.

Background: The biocompatibility of NeoMTA Plus® (Avlon BioMed Inc., Bradenton, Fl) as a furcal perforation repair material is not fully understood. This study compares the biocompatibility of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA Angelus) and NeoMTA Plus® as delayed furcation perforation repair materials. Methods: Pulpotomy and root canal obturation were performed in 72 premolars in six mongrel dogs and then a standardized furcal perforation was performed. The coronal access was left open for three weeks. After curetting, cleaning and drying of the perforations, these teeth were divided into three equal groups (N = 24 teeth/ 2 dogs each) according to the material used for perforation repair; group I: NeoMTA Plus®, group II: MTA Angelus and group III: no material (positive control). The coronal access cavities were sealed with a filling material. The inflammatory cell count and qualitative pathology (presence of calcific bridge, configuration of fibrous tissue formed, examination of tissue surrounding the furcation area, histology of intraradicular bone and the inflammatory nature of tissues) were carried out after one week (subgroup A, N = 8 teeth), one month (subgroup B, N = 8 teeth) and three months (subgroup C, N = 8 teeth). The inflammatory cell count was expressed as mean ± SD and statistically analyzed. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In all subgroups, the control group exhibited the highest number of inflammatory cell count, followed by MTA Angelus group and the least inflammatory cell count was shown by NeoMTA Plus® group. There was a significant difference in the inflammatory cell count between the NeoMTA Plus® and MTA Angelus after one week (P < 0.05) while no significant differences were recorded between them after one month and three months (P > 0.05). In contrast to group II, there was no significant differences in inflammatory cell count between the subgroups in groups I and III (P > 0.05). NeoMTA Plus® exhibited better qualitative pathological features than MTA Angelus after one week and nearly similar features after one month and three months of repair. Conclusion: NeoMTA Plus® has a better early biocompatibility than MTA Angelus after one week of delayed furcation perforation repair and a similar late biocompatibility after one month and three months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory response of the periodontal tissues, resulting in tissue destruction, bone loss and eventually tooth loss. Determining what dentists know and believe about periodontal tissue properties is important in order to establish prevention practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of general dentists in Birjand about the properties of periodontal tissue around retainable teeth. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 general dentists by the census method. Knowledge, practice and attitude of general dentists about periodontal tissue properties around retainable teeth were assessed by a validated researcher-made questionnaire applied in Birjand city. Data was analyzed using ANOV At-test or nonparametric equivalent, at a significant level of 0.05.Results and discussion: The results showed that the mean score of dentists' attitude, knowledge and practice about the characteristics of periodontal tissue around retainable teeth were 70.7, 88.2 and 77, respectively. The mean score of attitude of male dentists was significantly higher than in female ones (P=0.014), however, in the two other scales, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Also, a significant inverse relationship was observed between dentists' knowledge and their work experience, but no significant difference in the attitude and practice based on work experience (P>0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, although dentists have good attitude and practice regarding the characteristics of periodontal tissue around retainable teeth, their knowledge was insufficient and appeared relatively moderate. So, it is highly recommended that retraining courses should be held to improve their knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The peri-implant tissue is very different from the periodontal tissue of natural teeth, so the response to the mechanical and chemical stimulation during gingival retraction must be different. OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical effects and application status of all kinds of gingival retraction systems, and describe the study prospect of gingival retraction around implants, attempting to help clinicians choose a better gingival retraction method. METHODS: Based on Chinese search terms “gingival retraction; gingival retraction time; gingival displacement effect” and “peri-implant tissue; adhesive; temporary crown; wedge-shaped defect; laser,” the authors searched and matched relevant documents in CNKI, WanFang database, VIP database from 2007 to 2019. And with the English search terms “gingival retraction; gingival; implant; temporary crown,” the authors searched for relevant literature in PubMed database. After reading title, abstract and full-text selection of literature, 60 articles were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gingivlal retraction is a kind of technique that makes gingival tissue retract and produces both horizontal and vertical displacement, which separates free gingival margin from tooth surface. It has a requirement of at least 0.2 mm gingival sulcus width in order to create a clean, dry and clear-view working environment. It is convenient for clinicians to prepare the shoulder, make impression and repair wedge-shaped defect. The clinicians can also improve the edge suitability of restoration and restoration effect, reducing the complications. The gingival retraction process itself is a sort of stimulation to periodontal tissue and it causes a certain degree of damage to periodontal tissue. The damage will not recover to the pre-gingival level and cause slight permanent gingival recession. According to the amount of permanent gingival recession, clinicians can determine the position of abutment shoulder to prevent the exposure of crown edge from affecting the aesthetics. There are many factors that affect the effect of gingival retraction, the dentist needs to select the suitable gingival retraction method for the patient according to the patient’s oral and systemic conditions and in combination with the advantages and disadvantages of gingival retraction methods, in order to minimize the damage to the periodontal tissue. At present, there are many methods of gingival retraction, which can reach the required gingival sulcus width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Nicotine vaping cigarettes (E-cigs) are spreading worldwide. Their popularity came as representing an alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes (T-cigs). Despite the recognition as a tool for smoking cessation and being a safer alternative, latest research showed their negative impact. On periodontal and peri-implant tissues, information on E-cigs effect is scarce. This review updates the available research regarding the different aspects of E-cigs vaping on periodontal and peri-implant tissues at clinical and microbial levels, in addition to periodontal treatment results in individuals using E-cig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the dental and periodontal status of women with breast cancer (BCa) having tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) treatment in comparison with control healthy women. Methods: Fifty‐one women on tamoxifen therapy, 52 women on AIs therapy and 52 systemically healthy controls were included in the study. The total number of teeth, the number of teeth indicated for extraction, the number of decayed teeth, and the duration of medication were recorded. Periodontal status was evaluated with gingival index (GI); plaque index (PI); bleeding on probing (BOP); probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Results: The lowest number of teeth and decayed teeth was found in AIs users (P <.001 and P =.003 respectively). The highest CAL value was seen in AIs users (P =.042) whereas no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of PI, GI, and PD (P =.102, P =.233, and P =.306, respectively). Lower PI was observed in patients using AIs for less than 2 years (P =.048). Conclusions: While tamoxifen did not affect the dental and periodontal condition, AIs medication adversely affected the dental and periodontal condition by more tooth loss and higher CAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the composition and function of cells constituting tissues and organs is vital for unraveling biological processes. Single-cell analysis has allowed us to move beyond traditional methods of categorizing cell types. This innovative technology allows the transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of numerous individual cells, leading to significant insights into the development, homeostasis, and pathology of various organs and tissues in both animal models and human samples. In this review, we delve into the outcomes of major investigations using single-cell transcriptomics to decipher the cellular composition of mammalian teeth and periodontal tissues. The recent single-cell transcriptome-based studies have traced in detail the dental epithelium-ameloblast lineage and dental mesenchyme lineages in the mouse incisors and the tooth germ of both mice and humans; unraveled the microenvironment, the identity of niche cells, and cellular intricacies in the dental pulp; shed light on the molecular mechanisms orchestrating root formation; and characterized cellular dynamics of the periodontal ligament. Additionally, cellular components in dental pulps were compared between healthy and carious teeth at a single-cell level. Each section of this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of tooth biology, offering valuable insights into developmental processes, niche cell identification, and the molecular secrets of the dental environment., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Shinsuke Ohba reports a relationship with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Naito Foundation, and Takeda Science Foundation that include funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

The application of periodontal tissue in regenerative medicine has gained increasing interest since it has a high potential to induce hard-tissue regeneration, and is easy to handle and graft to other areas of the oral cavity or tissues. Additionally, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has a high potential to induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic cells. We previously developed a system for a gene transfer to the periodontal tissues in animal models. In this study, we aimed to reveal the potential and efficiency of periodontal tissue as a biomaterial for hard-tissue regeneration following a bmp-2 gene transfer. A non-viral expression vector carrying bmp-2 was injected into the palate of the periodontal tissues of Wistar rats, followed by electroporation. The periodontal tissues were analyzed through bone morphometric analyses, including mineral apposition rate (MAR) determination and collagen micro-arrangement, which is a bone quality parameter, before and after a gene transfer. The MAR was significantly higher 3–6 d after the gene transfer than that before the gene transfer. Collagen orientation was normally maintained even after the bmp-2 gene transfer, suggesting that the bmp-2 gene transfer has no adverse effects on bone quality. Our results suggest that periodontal tissue electroporated with bmp-2 could be a novel biomaterial candidate for hard-tissue regeneration therapy.

Purpose: The host response to infection differs between peri-implantitis and periodontitis, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are not understood. In this study, the distribution of dendritic cell subpopulations in healthy peri-implant mucosa (HPIM) was compared to that of healthy gingiva (HG). Materials and Methods: HPIM and HG specimens were obtained from nonsmoking, systemically healthy subjects. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) (CD1a+) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) (factor XIIIa+) in the oral epithelium, sulcular/junctional epithelia, and lamina propria without inflammatory infiltration and with inflammatory infiltration. Results: Fourteen HPIM and 13 HG specimens were obtained from subjects aged 29 to 55 years. The lamina propria of the HPIM had fewer LCs than that of the HG (HPIM: 7.99 ± 10.76, HG: 25.68 ± 16.98; P = .003). There was no significant difference in the number of CD1a+ cells in the oral epithelium or the sulcular/junctional epithelia between the HPIM and the HG (P ≥ .23). A greater number of IDCs was observed in the lamina propria with inflammatory infiltration of the HPIM compared to the HG (HPIM: 57.02 ± 35.70, HG: 33.89 ± 26.98; P = .06). Conclusions: In the lamina propria of HPIM, fewer LCs and more IDCs were observed. These differences may be associated with reduced stimulation of the innate and acquired immune responses initiated by LCs and the greater matrix remodeling of peri-implant tissue associated with IDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction, aim: Case report deals with the observation of a less common isolated periodontal damage of a permanent tooth in a young female, the cause of which was an unwanted and unconscious self-implantation of hair particles into the gingival sulcus of the permanent upper central incisor. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of the case report. Results: Causal therapy led to the rapid healing of the periodontal defect and preservation of her own tooth. Conclusion: The necessity of a regular and complex evaluation of every young individual with serious damage of the periodontal tissue including detailed history of the patient that could be rather difficult, was discussed. Correct diagnosis is a prerequisite for the adequate and successful treatment of all less common periodontal diseases.

As a new generation of autologous platelet concentrates, concentrated growth factors (CGF) have demon⁃ strated potential for promoting soft and hard tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo, and this potential has also been demonstrated in clinical trials. CGF may be used alone or with bone graft materials in guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone regeneration, internal sinus elevation, and reconstruction of bone defects after the removal of jaw cysts. As a rich source of growth factors, CGF have performed well in periodontal regeneration.

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium. It begins with the relatively benign gingivitis and becomes more established and destructive depending on the host, genetic, and environmental factors such as long-term plaque and calculus deposition. Subsequently, the connective tissue attachment to the root surface is lost causing bone resorption and formation of a periodontal pocket. We are in a new age of synthesis that demands vision, capabilities, logical reduction, and critical analysis for a constructive progress. In contrast to the conventional approaches of anti-inflammatory periodontal therapy, however, the regenerative procedures aimed at repairing lost periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and root cementum, remain more challenging and rapidly progressive periodontitis is attained.

Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes is a complex chronic disease with many side complications; one of them is periodontitis or periodontal tissue inflammation. The two are linked to each other by a high blood glucose level. The purpose of this research was to discern the efficacy of Stigma maydis extract as a topical medication to decrease hyperglycemia also subdues periodontal tissue inflammation. Fifteen Male Wistar rats were included in this study, and the periodontitis model was induced using ligatures tied in lower first incisors; also, alloxan was used to create a diabetes mellitus model in the study animals. The result showed that blood sugar level in Fa group was unsteady (p >0.05), and there was an increase in the blood glucose level after a decrease, while both Fb and Fc groups showed stable blood glucose decrease (p<0.05). Fc managed to subdue the inflammation with mild inflammation results (p<0.05), while both Fa & Fb showed less effect with only moderate inflammation (p>0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that topically administered corn silk extract is efficient in reducing blood sugar levels and subduing periodontal tissue inflammation in diabetes-induced albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this study was to digitally evaluate the effect of the cervical emergence of restorations in terms of gingival tissue volume. Materials and methods: In this study, 31 upper front teeth (from canine to canine) were selected and prepared using the biologically oriented preparation technique (BOPT). Each tooth had undergone a change in its provisional process with different emergence profile angles: 30° and 60°. Each sample was digitalised (STL file) using an intraoral scanner. By using various pieces of manipulation software for STL files, a volumetric analysis protocol was carried out. Changes in gingival thickness and position were measured at the buccal and the lingual positions. Results: By increasing the angulation of the emergence profile to 60°, the gingival thickness increased by 0.255 ± 0.381 mm (p = 0.001; t-test) at buccal and by 0.038 ± 0.381 mm at lingual (p = 0.600; t-test). In relation to the gingival height, at buccal, there is an apical displacement of 0.262 ± 0.246 mm (p = 0.001; t-test), and at lingual, there is an apical displacement of 0.390 ± 0.279 mm (p = 0.001; t-test). It was shown that an increase in the provisional emergence profile angle significantly diminishes the gingival height while significantly increasing gingival thickness. The Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.636, was moderately high and significant (p = 0.001; Pearson). Conclusions: The soft tissue surrounding the BOPT restored tooth evolved according to the prosthetic emergence angle of the provisional restoration, enabling us to plan for an apico-coronal and bucco-lingual displacement of the gingival tissue prior to the definitive restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-aging effects of coffee intake on oxidative stress in rat periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss. Materials and Methods: Male Fischer 344 rats (8 weeks old) were randomized to four groups; the baseline group immediately sacrificed, the control group fed with normal powdered food for 8 weeks, and the experimental groups fed with powdered food containing 0.62% or 1.36% coffee components for 8 weeks. Results: Alveolar bone loss and gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were significantly lower in the 1.36% coffee group than in the control group. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 translocation to the nucleus was significantly higher in the 1.36% coffee group than in the control group. Conclusion: Continuous intake of 1.36% coffee could prevent age-related oxidative stress in the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss, possibly by up-regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the application of the precision extracoronal attachment based on three-dimensional finite element stress model in the repair of unilateral mandibular dissociation and loss, the stress distribution of the butment and periodontal tissues when the precision extracoronal attachment was used in unilateral mandibular dissociation and loss was analyzed, so as to provide reference for the application of materials in clinical repair. In this study, the biomechanics of oral cavity and its attachment were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for model construction. Because the degree of periodontal tissue absorption and the number of abutment teeth affected the restoration effect of the coronal precision attachment, the models were established from these two perspectives. The results showed that when the periodontal tissue absorption of both abutment teeth exceeded 1/3, the method of double abutment restoration was not recommended. When three abutments were used, there was a significant decrease compared with the absorption of the periodontal tissue of the double abutment. In clinic, the stress distribution of the distal abutment teeth and its periodontal tissues can be improved by increasing the number of abutment tooth. However, since increasing the number of abutments required an increase in the amount of healthy tooth tissue, it couldn't be blindly selected in the clinic. After comprehensive consideration, it is appropriate to choose two abutment teeth for restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodontal ligaments (PDLs) with specific orientations to tooth-root surfaces play a key role in generating biomechanical responses between the alveolar bone and cementum as a tooth-supporting tissue. However, control of angulations and regeneration of the ligamentous tissues within micron-scaled interfaces remains challenging. To overcome this limitation, this study investigated surface fabrications with microgroove patterns to control orientations of rat PDL cells in vitro and fibrous tissues in vivo. After being harvested, rat PDL cells were cultured and three different microgroove patterns (∠PDL groove = 0°, ∠PDL groove = 45°, and ∠PDL groove = 90°) were created by the digital slicing step in 3D printing. Cell-seeded scaffolds were subcutaneously transplanted at 3 and 6 weeks. In histology images, rat PDL cells were spatially controlled to angularly organize following the microgroove patterns and fibrous tissues were formed in scaffolds with specific angulations, which were reflected by additively manufactured microgroove topographies. Based on the results, specifically characterized surface topographies were significant to directly/indirectly organizing rat PDL cell alignments and fibrous tissue orientations. Therefore, interactions between surface topographies and tissue organizations could be one of the key moderators for the multiple tissue complex (bone-ligament-cementum) neogenesis in periodontal tissue engineering.

Background: Normal children had sensing capabilities to do oral health assessments. The inability to hear that was suffered by the deaf children caused obstacles to do oral health assessments. The dental and periodontal conditions were important for healthy life in general. The objective of this research was to know the difference Community Index Periodontal Treatment Needs (CPITN) between normal children in SD N 1 Tegaldowo Sragen with deaf children in SLB-B YPSLB Gemolong. Method: This research used observational method with Cross Sectional strategy. The subject of this research consist of 31 deaf children dan 83 normal children. Periodontal conditions from the two groups were measured by WHO probe. After the measurement, the CPITN index would be determined by looking at the highest score. The research was analyzed by using statistic non-parametric test from Mann-Whitney. Results: The result was 0.0003 (p

The initiation and progression of periodontal disease were reported to be the results of complicated inter⁃ actions between specific subgingival bacteria and host immuno⁃inflammatory response. As a part of the immune and de⁃ fense system mechanisms of the host, leptin may have a protective effect on periodontal tissues. We summarize the lat⁃ est progress in the relationship between leptin and periodontitis.

The prevalence of generalized periodontitis in different countries of the world is quite high. There are various systematizations and clinical and morphological forms of periodontitis, distinguished depending on the etiology, the nature of the process and the immune response. Polymorphic clinical manifestations of this nosology associated with different composition of subgingival microflora. A significant role is also played by factors that influence the antimicrobial response and the new metabolic status of adolescent organisms. The problem of early diagnosis of generalized periodontitis in adolescents, the development of effective measures for its prevention and treatment aimed at achieving positive long-term results, occupies one of the leading places among the priority areas of development of modern dentistry. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies show a relationship between pathology of the cardiovascular system and persistent bacterial infections or clinical conditions with generalized periodontitis. In addition, the current views and concepts do not fully explain the differences in identifying risk factors for the development and progression of periodontitis in adolescents, its course, and mixed results of treatment under the same conditions. The difference in the rate of progression of periodontitis known in the clinic in adolescents who received treatment according to standard generally accepted schemes suggests the biological heterogeneity of this disease and its possible complex causes. In this regard, studies are gaining particular importance, allowing to specify the effect on the possibility of developing periodontitis in healthy individuals and to predict the course in patients with this nosology. Therefore, the study of the relationship of this pathology with genetically determined factors should be attributed to a promising one. The latest data on the problem of metabolic disorders in the development of inflammation in periodontal tissues and, as a consequence, the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis demonstrate the main aspect of this leading form of pathology as an inflammatory disease. Recent large pathomorphological studies suggest that one of the places in atherogenesis is the inflammatory factor. High plasma cholesterol is an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis, makes it possible to consider it as a process associated with the accumulation of fats in the wall. According to some authors, granulocyte defects lead to a number of systemic diseases associated with periodontal tissue pathology: deficiency of adhesion of type 1 leukocytes; Chediak-Higashi syndrome; Down syndrome; PapillonLefebvre syndrome; diabetes; chronic granulomatosis; lazy white blood cell syndrome; Crohn’s disease. For the successful conduct of the surgical phase of treatment, a set of diagnostic methods is necessary, the results of which would allow predicting the final result of surgical interventions in periodontal tissues. However, traditional methods of diagnosing and predicting the development of various forms of rapidly progressive periodontitis in adolescents are not always effective and timely and do not completely solve the tasks set for clinicians due to the cyclical and unpredictable course of the pathological process, rapidly progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, toxic and allergic reactions. There are only a few achievements of foreign scientists regarding genetically determined prognostic risk factors and the clinical course of generalized periodontitis in adolescents. This necessitates the search for new, effective, highly specific techniques that would allow pathogenetic substantiation of the process from the standpoint of molecular genetics.

BACKGROUND: Low level of adiponectin plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of adiponectin injection on diabetic periodontitis model mice and its mechanism. METHODS: Sixty 8-week old Kunming mice (provided by Beijing Weitong Lihua Animal Experimental Technology Co., Ltd.) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, model group and adiponectin group. The mice in the model and adiponectin groups received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotin to establish a mouse model of diabetes mellitus, and then the periodontitis model was established by applying the combined bacterial fluid to the ligation site. The mice in the control and model groups received intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL normal saline once daily, while adiponectin group received intraperitoneal injection of 15 μg/kg adiponectin once daily, for 6 consecutive weeks. The three experimental groups of mice were treated for 6 weeks, after which physiological and biochemical indicators were tested. The levels of adiponectin in serum and periodontal tissue, the blood sugar and plasma insulin levels were then detected by ELISA. The depth of periodontal examination and the vertical absorption of alveolar bone were observed. The pathological changes of periodontal tissue were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The changes of apoptosis level of gingival epithelial cells were detected by TUNEL method. The expression levels of RAGE and reactive oxygen species mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The levels of adiponectin in serum and periodontal tissue in the adiponectin group were significantly higher than those in the control and model groups (P < 0.05). (2) The blood sugar level in the adiponectin group was significantly lower than that in the model group (P < 0.05) and the serum insulin level was significantly increased (P < 0.05). (3) The depth of periodontal examination and vertical absorption of alveolar bone were decreased significantly in the adiponectin group compared with the model group, and the apoptotic rate of gingival epithelial cells was decreased significantly. (4) The expression levels of RAGE and reactive oxygen species mRNA and protein in the adiponectin group were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05). (5) These results suggest that adiponectin can improve the adiponectin level in periodontal tissue and plasma in the diabetic periodontitis model mice and can significantly improve the blood sugar status, and reduce the pathological changes of periodontal tissue and the apoptosis of periodontal cells possibly via regulating RAGE-ROS signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SS-OCT was utilized to visualize human gingival sulcus in vivo for the depth identification. • The quantitative measurement was enhanced by applying the developed OCT image classification algorithm. • Total of 43 sites from the periodontal tissues of five healthy individuals was imaged. • The classification of gingival sulcus was helpful to confirm the depth of maxilla and mandible regions. • The proposed method can be anticipated that provides a powerful tool to the periodontal-OCT applications. We demonstrated a preliminary research to investigate the feasible in vivo utilization of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system with 1310 nm wavelength band to obtain morphological visualizations and human gingival sulcus depth measurements. Apart from the cross-sectional analysis, pixel intensity based OCT image classification algorithm is developed to identify the depth of gingival sulcus quantitatively. A total of 43 sites from the periodontal tissues of five healthy individuals were imaged in vivo by using the OCT system. Two periodontal tissues were right and left maxillary central incisors, while the other four periodontal tissues were left and right mandibular central incisors and later incisors. The developed classification algorithm could measure the gingival sulcus depths, which are 1.15 ± 0.21 mm of the maxilla and 1.06 ± 0.27 mm of the mandible. The averaged total depths obtained by the system was 1.10 ± 0.26 mm. Hence, the gingival sulcus depth could be quantitatively measured by using the swept-source OCT system with the developed image classification algorithm as well as revealing a structural visualization, which ultimately confirmed the potential applicability for gingival sulcus depth real-time assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of different hemostatic agents (including Expasyl) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro. Materials and Methods: HGFs were cultured and exposed to either no medicament treatment or 1:200 dilution of six different hemostatic agents (Hemox‐A, Hemodent, Astringedent, Vicostat, Expasyl, 3M ESPE) for 2, 5, 10 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours. Toxicity to HGFs was determined by lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and colorimetric (WST‐1) assays. Two‐tailed t‐test was used for statistical analyses with α level set at 0.05. Results: The group‐by‐time interactions were significant for the LDH and WST‐1 assays (p < 0.001). Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of different hemostatic agents at different incubation time intervals on the cell membrane damage revealed that Astringedent showed the highest cytotoxic effect on HGFs compared to other agents with regards to untreated negative control cells at all incubation time intervals (p < 0.001). On the other hand, Expasyl showed the least cytotoxic effect with significant differences at 5 minutes and 1 hour (p < 0.001) in comparison to other agents. Conclusions: LDH and WST‐1 assays of hemostatic agents showed significant cytotoxic effect on HGFs at different time intervals. The data suggest that the risk for permanent tissue damage might be less significant when Expasyl is used during final impression procedure compared to when Astringedent is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of gingival recession and related factors in teeth with low occlusal function (open bite and infraversion) after orthodontic treatment.Methods: From January 2014 to December 2017, 403 patients received orthodontic treatment. Their gingival recession and related factors before and after treatment were retrospectively analyzed.Results: The prevalence of gingival recession in patients with infraversion and open bite after orthodontic treatment were 80.6 and 75.0%, respectively; these values were 43.4 and 47.5% before treatment, respectively. Notably, the Miller index of gingival recession increased after orthodontic treatment (P < 0.05). The risk of gingival recession in patients with infraversion or open bite after orthodontic treatment was remarkably higher than the risk in other patients (odds ratio [OR] = 16.712 and 5.073, respectively); the gingival recession rate was related to treatment with tooth extraction (OR = 2.043), as well as gingival biotype (OR = 0.341) and gingival index (GI) before orthodontic treatment (OR = 97.404; P < 0.05).Conclusions: Patients with these two types of low occlusal function are more likely to exhibit gingival recession after orthodontic treatment. Moreover, the prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment is higher among patients who have undergone tooth extraction during orthodontic treatment, and among those who exhibit thin gingival biotype and high gingival index before orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wnt signaling plays a central role in many processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. At least 19 types of Wnt ligands, receptors, transducers, transcription factors, and antagonists have been identified in mammals. Two distinct Wnt signaling pathways, the canonical signaling pathway and the noncanonical signaling pathway, have been described. Some Wnt signaling pathway components are expressed in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme during tooth development in humans and mice. Functional studies and experimental analysis of relevant animal models confirm the effects of Wnt signaling pathway on the regulation of developing tooth formation and adult tooth homeostasis. Mutations in some Wnt signaling pathway components have been identified in syndromic and non-syndromic tooth agenesis. This review provides an overview of progress in elucidating the role of Wnt signaling pathway components in the tooth and the resulting possibilities for therapeutic development.