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spatuliger Perrier, 1875, Astropecten Astropecten spatuliger Perrier, 1875: 376. Astropecten regalis ‒ Clark 1989: 269. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten regalis Gray, 1840. TYPE MATERIAL. — Nicaragua • holotype; Michelin leg.; MNHN- IE-2014-10., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 318, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

intermedius Perrier, 1891, Dytaster Dytaster intermedius Perrier, 1891a: 271 ‒ Perrier 1896: 48, pl. 3, fig. 2b; Clark 1989: 278. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster intermedius Perrier, 1891. TYPE MATERIAL. — Azores • 1 syntype; station 248; L’Hirondelle campaign; 2870 m; Prince Albert of Monaco leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-128. REMARK Various syntypes in the MONA (Belloc 1950)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 292, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1891. - Echinodermes. 1. Stellerides. Mission scientifique du cap Horn 6: 1 - 168. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34634322","PERRIER E. 1891 a. - Stellerides nouveaux provenant des campagnes du yacht L'Hirondelle. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France 4: 258 - 271.","PERRIER E. 1896. - Contributions a l'etude des stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord. Resultats des Campagnes scientifiques du Prince de Monaco 11: 1 - 57.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","BELLOC G. 1950. - Catalogue des types d'echinodermes du musee oceanographique de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique (Monaco) 976: 1 - 43."]}

michaelseni Koehler, 1914, Astropecten Astropecten michaelseni Koehler, 1914: 144, pl. 4, figs 3-6, 8-11, pl. 5, figs 1-2, 13, 15-17. Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 38. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus (Sladen, 1883). TYPE MATERIAL. — West Africa • 2 syntypes; MNHN-IE-2014-19. REMARK Koehler (1914) reports 48 specimens from thirteen different localities (from Liberia to Angola)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 299, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1914. - Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafikas 1 (2): 129 - 303.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

patagonicum Perrier, 1891, Astrogonium Astrogonium patagonicum Perrier, 1891: 125, pl. 13, fig. 2a, b. Pseudarchaster discus ‒ Clark 1993: 278. CURRENT STATUS. — Pseudarchaster discus Sladen, 1889. TYPE MATERIAL. — Tierra del Fuego Archipelago • holotype; Beagle Channel; Cape Horn expedition (1882-1883); depth 283 m; MNHN-IE-2014-77., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 306, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1891. - Echinodermes. 1. Stellerides. Mission scientifique du cap Horn 6: 1 - 168. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34634322","CLARK A. M. 1993. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 2: Valvatida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 4, Balkema, Rotterdam: 187 - 366."]}

* valencienni Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten Astropecten valencienni Müller & Troschel, 1842: 68. Astropecten duplicatus ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 34. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840. REMARK A. valencienni type material could not be found in the MNHN. Three syntypes of the species were formerly referenced under number ECAS-53 (Vera Cruz, Mexico)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 322, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

mollis Perrier, 1885, Crenaster Crenaster mollis Perrier, 1885: 71; 1894: 310, pl. 18, fig. 3a, b. Dytaster mollis ‒ Clark & Downey 1992: 55. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster mollis (Perrier, 1869). TYPE MATERIAL. — Azores • holotype (fragments); station 131; Talisman expedition; 1883; 38°38’N, 27°26’W; depth 2995 m., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 301, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1885. - Premiere note preliminaire sur les echinodermes recueillis durant les campagnes de dragages sous-marins du Travailleur et du Talisman. Annales des Sciences naturelles (6) 19 (8): 1 - 72.","PERRIER E. 1894. - Stellerides. Resultats des Expeditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. G. Masson, Paris 3: 1 - 431.","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","PERRIER E. 1869. - Recherches sur les Pedicellaires et les Ambulacres des Asteries et des Oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 p. (the part on asteroids was also published in: Annales des Sciences naturelles 13 [1]: 1 - 81). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144"]}

barbadensis Perrier, 1881, Luidia Luidia barbadensis Perrier, 1881: 29. — Clark & Downey 1992: 11. CURRENT STATUS. — Luidia barbadensis Perrier, 1881. TYPE MATERIAL. — Caribbean Sea • 1 syntype; Barbados; BLAKE expedition (1878-1879); MNHN-IE-2014-724. REMARKS According to Clark (1989), L. barbadensis Perrier, 1881 is a valid species.She reports, however, that the illustrated specimen identified L. barbadensis by Perrier (1884: 267, pl. 10, figs 7, 8) belongs to the subspecies Luidia sarsi elegans Perrier, 1875. Various syntypes in the MCZ (MCZ 316) (Clark & Downey 1992)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 269, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1881. - Description sommaire des nouvelles especes d'asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology 9 (1): 1 - 31. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6353244","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","PERRIER E. 1884. - Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelles de Paris (2) 6: 127 - 276. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 44579946","PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104)."]}

accrescens Koehler, 1920, Leptoptychaster Leptoptychaster accrescens Koehler, 1920: 246, pl. 47, fig. 7-10, pl. 48, fig. 1-7, pl. 49, fig. 5. Macroptychaster accrescens ‒ Clark 1989: 283. CURRENT STATUS. — Macroptychaster accrescens (Koehler, 1920). TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctic • 1 syntype; station 12; Australasian Antarctic expedition (1911-1914); 64°32’S, 97°20’E; depth 201 m; MNHN-IE-2014-439. REMARK Additional syntypes are kept in the Australian Museum, Sydney (ref. J3639 [2 syntypes] & J3640 [4 syntypes]) (Rowe & Pawson 1977)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 262, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["KOEHLER R. 1920. - Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Scientific Report of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914 8 (1): 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347.","ROWE F. W. & PAWSON D. L. 1977. - A catalogue of echinoderm type-specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of the Australian Museum 30: 337 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.385 3 / j. 0067 - 1975.30.1977.392"]}

serratus Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten Astropecten serratus Müller & Troschel, 1842: 72. Astropecten irregularis ‒ Clark 1989: 268. CURRENT STATUS. — Astropecten irregularis (Pennant, 1777). TYPE MATERIAL. — Mediterranea • 2 syntypes; MNHN-IE-2014-13., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 315, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL H. 1842. - System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 134 p.","CLARK A. M. 1989. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 1: Paxillosida and Notomyotida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 3, Balkema, Rotterdam: 225 - 347."]}

* insignis Perrier, 1884, Archaster Archaster insignis Perrier, 1884: 256, pl. 9, fig. 5. Dytaster insignis ‒ Clark & Downey, 1992: 54. CURRENT STATUS. — Dytaster insignis (Perrier, 1884). REMARK Individual of the species was formerly referenced under number ECAH 3161 ( Holotype; station 31; BLAKE expedition [1877-1878]; SE Gulf of Mexico; 24°33’N, 84°23’W; 3530 m)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 292, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1884. - Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelles de Paris (2) 6: 127 - 276. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 44579946","CLARK A. M. & DOWNEY M. E. 1992. - Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 565 p."]}

Luidia atlantidea Madsen, 1950 Figures 2–3, Table 1 Luidia sarsi Studer, 1884: 43. Luidia africana Koehler, 1911:19; Doderlein, 1920: 288–289. Luidia atlantidea Madsen, 1950: 192–198, fig. 5, pl. 16, figs 1, 2; Nataf & Cherbonnier, 1973: 76–80; pl. I, B, pl. II, A, B, pl. VII, 1–5, pl. IX, E, F; Clark & Downey, 1992: 10–11, figs 5b, 6b, 7p, pl. 2A; Clark, 1953: 393, 394; 1955: 22, 32; 1982: 168, fig. 3p. Material examined. LPVCMRMS2019.401, LPVCMRMS2019.402, Mostaganem, Algeria, 36°0.032’N, 0°1.456’E, 53 m, February 2019, 2 specs. Description. Two specimens, minor radius “r” 42.83 and 34.51 mm, wet weight 185.22 and 128.92 g respectively. Flat body, five slender arms from base to tip. Major radius “R max” 230.30 and 180.40 mm and average width 25.83 and 24.98 mm respectively. Abactinal side (Figure 2A) gray, paxillae white, marginal paxillae show white bands. Superomarginal paxillae squarish (Figure 2C 1 & 2E 1), larger with 4 rows of spinelets, abactinal paxillae small and rounded (Figure 2C2 & 2E2) with 3 rows of short and thick spinelets. Central paxillar spinelets larger and shorter than the peripheral ones. Actinal side beige (Figure 2B). Dorsolateral Inferomarginal plates with 3 rows of needle-like spines (Figure 2F 1) black at the base and white at the tips, the central spines significantly larger than the peripheral ones. Ventrolateral inferomarginal plates with 3 alternating rows of white spines (Figure 2F2) that decrease in size from the abactinal surface to the actinal surface. Adambulacral plates (Figure 2G 1) with 3–4 smaller spines arranged perpendicular to the ambulacral groove with the spine adjacent to the ambulacral groove longer than the peripheral spines. Two long spines at the mouth plate (Figure 2D) directed toward the mouth followed by pedicellariae and shorter spines. Pedicellariae with two valves, numerous especially on the inferomarginal and adambulacral plates. Two rows of large podia. Madreporite small. Gonad description. The largest specimen male (LPVCMRMS2019.401) and the smallest one female (LPVCMRMS2019.402). The gonads extend into the coelomic cavity, forming two rows of tufts on each side of the arm (ten in total), above the caeca pyloric. Color beige to cream for both sexes. Microscopically, gonads enclosed in two sacs (inner and outer) separated by the genital coelom. Testes (Figure 3A) composed of spermatogenic columns, spermatids attached to the top of the columns and the lumen where the spermatozoa accumulate. Ovaries (Figure 3B) with an elongated tubular shape. Oocytes of the same size (synchronous growth). Centric circular nuclei. Distribution, abundance and habitat. Luidia atlantidea was first recorded from the western and northwestern African Atlantic coast from Morocco to Zaire including the Cape Verde Islands (Clark 1953; Clark 1982; Clark & Downey 1992; Entrambasaguas 2008). It occurs between 10 and 80 m deep (Clark 1982) and frequents rocky bottoms with gray mud, sand and calcareous algae, muddy sand, fragments of gastropod shells, mud with stones, sand with stones, fine sand (Clark & Downey 1992). Recently, L. atlantidea has been reported in the Canary Islands (Osaer & Narváez 2017) and in the Mediterranean Sea [northern Alboran Sea (Gallardo-Roldán et al. 2015) and the Golf of Gabes (Chammem et al. 2019)]. In the Mediterranean, studies on the ecology and biology of L. atlantidea are practically very few, even anecdotal. In fact, only Gallardo et al. (2015) and Chammem et al. (2019) recorded it at the Spanish and Tunisian water respectively, these authors affirmed the very low abundance of this species (generally L. atlantidea were found at a greater depth range in the Mediterranean (0.9 – 95 m) (Gallardo et al. 2015; Chammem et al. 2019) than that reported by Clark (1982) in the Atlantic. No conclusion can be taken on the invasive status of this species, in fact, according to Makhlouf & Shakman (2021), it is very difficult to identify invasive species in any country or region, because the species and their interactions with ecosystems are very complex. Remarks. In the Mediterranean Sea, two species of the genus Luidia are documented, Luidia sarsii sarsii Düben & Koren in Düben, 1844 and Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837). The differences that exist between the three species present in the Mediterranean Sea are summarized in the table 1., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Khodja, Ihcene, Benarous, Ahlam, Lebouazda, Zineb & Soualili, Dina Lila, 2022, First record of Luidia atlantidea Madsen, 1950 (Echinodermata: Asteroidea Paxillosida: Luidiidae) in the Sidi-Medjdoub area-Mostaganem (West Algerian coast, Mediterranean Sea), pp. 88-94 in Zootaxa 5124 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6404820, {"references":["Madsen, F. J. (1950) The echinoderms collected by the Atlantide Expedition, 1945 - 46. 1. Asteroidea. Atlantide Reports, 1, 167 - 222.","Studer, T. (1884) Verzeichniss dcr wahrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um die Erd 1874 - 76 gesammelten Asteriden und Euryaliden. Pltys. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Bert., 1883, 1884, (3), 1 - 64","Koehler, R. (1911) Mission en Mauritanie occidentale: Echinodermes. Bulletin de la Socieitei linneienne de Bordeaux, 65, 19 - 20.","Doderlein, L. (1920) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 2. Die Gattung Luidia und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46, 193 - 291.","Nataf, G. & Cherbonnier, G. (1973) Les asterides d'Afrique occidentale, utilisation du microscope electronique a balayage pour une etude systematique des Luidia. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 81, 69 - 101.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1953) Notes on Asteroids in the British Museum (Natural History). III. Luidia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, I, 12, 379 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 21637","Clark, A. M. (1982) Notes on Atlantic Asteroidea. 2. Luidiidae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 42, 157 - 184.","Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio faunistico y ecologico de los equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Ph. D. thesis. Universidad de Murcia, Spain, 301 pp.","Osaer, F. & Narvaez, K. (2017) First record of the starfish Luidia atlantidea in the Canary Islands. Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences, 35, 19 - 21.","Gallardo-Roldan, H., Urra, J., Garcia, T., Lozano, M., Antit, M., Baro, J. & Rueda, J. L. (2015) First record of the starfish Luidia atlantidea (Madsen, 1950) in the Mediterranean Sea, with evidence of persistent populations. C ahiers de biologie marine, 56, 263 - 270.","Chammem, H., Ben Souissi, J. & Perez-Ruzafa, A. (2019) Checklist with first records for the Echinoderms of northern Tunisia (central Mediterranean Sea). Scientia Marina, 83. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 04899.19 A","Makhlouf, M. H. & Shakman, E. A. (2021) Invasive Alien Species in Libya. In: Pullaiah, T. & Ielmini, M. R. (Eds), Invasive Alien Species: Observations and Issues from Around the World, Volume 1: Issues and Invasions in Africa, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 173 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / 9781119607045. ch 6","Duben, M. W. (1844) Norriges Hafs-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar, (1) pp. 110 - 116.","Philippi, R. A. (1837) Ueber die mit Asterias auranciaca verwandten und verweschselton Asterien der Sicilianschen Kuste. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 3, 193 - 194."]}

A relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP) in starfish was the first identified invertebrate gonadotropin responsible for final gamete maturation. An RGP ortholog was newly identified from Astropecten scoparius of the order Paxillosida. The A. scoparius RGP (AscRGP) precursor is encoded by a 354 base pair open reading frame and is a 118 amino acid (aa) protein consisting of a signal peptide (26 aa), B-chain (21 aa), C-peptide (47 aa), and A-chain (24 aa). There are three putative processing sites (Lys-Arg) between the B-chain and C-peptide, between the C-peptide and A-chain, and within the C-peptide. This structural organization revealed that the mature AscRGP is composed of A- and B-chains with two interchain disulfide bonds and one intrachain disulfide bond. The C-terminal residues of the B-chain are Gln-Gly-Arg, which is a potential substrate for formation of an amidated C-terminal Gln residue. Non-amidated (AscRGP-GR) and amidated (AscRGP-NH2 ) peptides were chemically synthesized and their effect on gamete shedding activity was examined using A. scoparius ovaries. Both AscRGP-GR and AscRGP-NH2 induced oocyte maturation and ovulation in similar dose-dependent manners. This is the first report on a C-terminally amidated functional RGP. Collectively, these results suggest that AscRGP-GR and AscRGP-NH2 act as a natural gonadotropic hormone in A. scoparius.

Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998 Figs 16A–C, 17B–E, H, K Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998: 529, fig. 9/1–14. Alkaidia sumralli – Ewin & Gale 2020: 13, figs 10.1–10.2, 13.3, 13.8, 13.11–13.12. Diagnosis Alkaidia in which the primary radial ossicles are elongated and the terminal ossicle is not deeply notched on its proximal margin. Material examined The holotype (Texas Memorial Museum, number 1786 TX1) is from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) at the Waco shale pit (Waco, Mclennan County, Texas, USA).Additional material comprises a magnificent individual (NHMUK PI EE 15225), collected by Frank Holterhoff from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) of Dottie Lynn, Fort Worth, Texas and illustrated here (Fig. 16A–C), as well as numerous dissociated ossicles from the same locality (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18007, 18009). Remarks The affinities of A. sumralli have recently been discussed in some detail by Ewin & Gale (2020) and the evidence for its inclusion in the Forcipulatida (Zorocallina) and the family Terminasteridae can be summarised briefly as follows: the presence of abundant, straight ‘duck-billed’ forcipulate pedicellariae is a characteristic of the Zorocallina (Fig. 16D); the construction of the abactinal surface is closely similar to that of zoroasterids and terminasterids, which also have large, Y-shaped first superomarginals and a row of robust, lobed, quadrangular radial ossicles which imbricate proximally and each carry a centrally placed conical spine (Ewin & Gale 2020). Additionally, the morphology of the adambulacrals and ambulacrals, and the nature of their articulation is similar in zoroasterids, Terminaster and Alkaidia (Fig. 17). Ada1a and ada2 are concave on the adamulacrals (Fig. 17A–C) and positioned on a process on the ambulacrals (Fig. 17G–H, J–K). The dadam and padam facets are subequal in size, broad and short (Fig. 17A–C). The abactinal construction is never seen in extant benthopectinids, in which the abactinal ossicles in the arms are small and parapaxilliform or very small, and never imbricate. Additionally, in benthopectinids the abactinal surface is invariably flat, and the arm section is not subcylindrical.

Jurapecten dhondtae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3CEF9EA0-184A-4352-87FA-CC5F76FED11A Fig. 8A–H, J–V benthopectinid sp. 1 (? spp.) – Jagt 2000: 393, pl. 6 figs 1–4. Cheiraster ? sp. – Blake & Jagt 2005: 190, pl. 5 figs 1–7. Diagnosis Jurapecten in which the marginal ossicles possess a coarsely rugose sculpture and the inferomarginals bear a single, large, laterally directed spine base. Etymology Named after Annie V. Dhondt (1942–2006), specialist of Cretaceous bivalves and close friend. Material examined The inferomarginal illustrated here (Fig. 8F) is the holotype (NHMM JJ 10490a), while the other figured ossicles in lot NHMM JJ 10490 are paratypes. Additional material includes around 50 isolated ossicles (lot NHMM JJ 9591). All material is from the upper Maastrichtian (Maastricht Formation, Emael Member, Lava Horizon) at the CBR-Romontbos Quarry, Eben Emael (Liège, northeast Belgium). Description Superomarginals (Fig. 8A–D) block-like, nearly equidimensional, elongating distally. Outer face with sculpture of dense rugosities of similar size and single, crater-rimmed spine base positioned towards abactinal-distal margin. Inferomarginals (Fig. 8E–H, J–K) asymmetrical, proximal margins broader than distal margins; inter-inferomarginal articulation facet close to actinal surface of plate (Fig. 8J), forming short projection. External face of inferomarginal with sculpture of coarse, rounded rugosities and single, large crater-rimmed spine base, positioned centrally, or slightly towards abactinal margin. Ambulacrals (Fig. 8Q–V) with elongated, bar-like ambh, broad, flat ambb, with large, flat surface for dadam and ada3, padam on short wing.Abactinal ridge and inferomarginal articulation absent (Fig. 8V). Adambulacrals (Fig. 8L–M) with concave abactinal face, actinal face with single subambulacral spine base. Enlargement of dadam (Fig. 8P) shows irregularly ridged region, similar to that seen on extant Pectinaster filholi (Perrier, 1885) (Fig. 8I). Remarks The marginal ossicles (Fig. 8A–H, J–K) are closely similar to those of Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846) (compare with Fig. 4J–M, O–Q) in shape, sculpture and spine base development, but the ambulacrals (Fig. 8Q–V) possess elongated heads and lack abactinal ridges and inferomarginal articulation structures, and compare better with those of Jurapecten hessi and J. infrajurensis sp. nov. (see Figs 6J–M, 7M–O). The partially preserved specimen (NHMM MD 4105), described and illustrated by Blake & Jagt (2005), may be conspecific, but recrystallisation of all ossicle types precludes detailed comparison of the sculpture of infero- and superomarginal ossicles and ambulacral ossicles are too poorly preserved. The type material of J. dhondtae sp. nov., from the middle Emael Member, is ca 200 000 years younger than NHMM MD 4105, from the basal Gronsveld Member (compare Keutgen 2018)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 166-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium - Part 5: Asteroids. Scripta Geologica 121: 377 - 503.","Blake D. B. & Jagt J. W. M. 2005. New latest Cretaceous and earliest Paleogene asteroids (Echinodermata) from The Netherlands and Denmark and their palaeobiological significance. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 75: 183 - 200.","Keutgen N. 2018. A bioclast-based astronomical timescale for the Maastrichtian in the type area (southeast Netherlands, northeast Belgium) and stratigraphic implications: the legacy of P. J. Felder. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 97: 229 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / njg. 2018.15"]}

Chrispaulia wrightorum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DC13434F-62E3-47A9-9F62-327F77141670 Fig. 13F–G ? Benthopecten sp. – Spencer & Wright in Moore 1966: U48. Diagnosis Chrispaulia with smooth marginal ossicles, in which the distal superomarginals possess a single large spine pit close to their distal, abactinolateral border. Etymology After the late brothers C.W. and E.V. Wright, who collected the specimen. Material examined The arm fragment (NHMUK PI EE 17997) from the Albian Red Chalk (Hunstanton Formation) at Speeton, Yorkshire (United Kingdom) is the holotype and single specimen known to date. The specimen was originally articulated; it was subsequently reconstructed on plasticene by the Wright brothers. Description Arm elongated, narrow; supero- and inferomarginals opposed, shortening rapidly distally (Fig. 13F–G). Superomarginals bearing single, distally directed, crater-like spine base on distal, abactinolateral margin. Supero- and inferomarginals smooth, grooves for cribriform organs between infero-/superomarginal pairs poorly defined. Remarks Chrispaulia wrightorum sp. nov. differs from all congeners in the smooth marginal ossicles, lacking rugosities., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 175, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970

Genus Jurapecten Gale, 2011 Jurapecten Gale, 2011a: 84, pl. 19. Type species Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011, by original designation. Diagnosis Benthopectinids which possess strongly rugose marginals; rugosities conjoined by thin radiating strips of imperforate stereom; ambulacrals lack abactinal ridges and inferomarginal articulation. Assigned species In addition to the type species, J. infrajurensis sp. nov. and J. dhondtae sp. nov., both described below. Remarks Jurassic–Cretaceous benthopectinids are locally common among isolated ossicles in washed residues. All share the same distinctive sculpture type of prominent imperforate rugosities, conjoined by radiating strips of stereom (e.g., Figs 6N–O, 7G, I–J), absent on extant genera. In the extant genera Pontaster and Cheiraster, the rugosities on the superomarginals are smaller and more widely spaced (e.g., Fig. 4J–M, Q), although the inferomarginal sculpture is similar to that seen in Jurapecten (Fig. 6C–E). Jurapecten also lacks a number of characters seen in all extant taxa, including an abactinal ridge on the ambulacrals (compare Fig. 7N–O with Fig. 5I, K–L, Q), and there is no ambulacral articulation surface with the inferomarginal (compare Fig. 7N–O with Fig. 5I, K, Q). Additionally, the ambulacral heads are more elongated in Jurapecten (e.g., Figs 6J, L, 8Q–U). The absence of the abactinal ridge, to which the longitudinal arm muscles attach in all living genera (Clark 1981), is a plesiomorphic feature of Jurapecten., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 161, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Clark A. M. 1981. Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 1. Family Benthopectinidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 41: 91 - 135."]}

Alkaidia Blake & Reid, 1998 Alkaidia Blake & Reid, 1998: 529, fig. 8. Type species Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998, by original designation. Diagnosis Terminasteridae with elongated rhombic superomarginals directed obliquely towards radials; inferomarginals with tall, distally swollen central spine bases and prominent groove for spine attachment; radials (except primary radial) rhombic in outline. Assigned species In addition to the type species, A. megaungula Ewin & Gale, 2020. Remarks Alkaidia ranges from the Barremian to Cenomanian and appears to be restricted to the western Tethys.

Chrispaulia spinosa sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4C003A9F-1F91-44BC-91AB-2910B8EA756A Fig. 13D–E, H–O Diagnosis Chrispaulia in which distal inferomarginals bear an oblique row of large, bifid spine attachment sites, which carried long, flattened spines. Etymology Latin for ‘bearing spines’, in reference to the row of spine attachment sites on distal inferomarginals. Material examined A distal arm fragment (Nds LH 105.107), comprising five marginal pairs, with articulating spines preserved, is the holotype; it is from the lower Hauterivian (Endemoceras amblygonium ammonite Zone) at Engelbostel near Hannover (northern Germany). Paratypes (NHMUK PI EE 17998–18004) are 35 marginal ossicles and a single oral ossicle from the upper 3 metres of the Tealby Clay (Hauterivian) at Nettleton, Lincolnshire (United Kingdom). Description Arms elongated, narrow, tapering slowly (Fig. 13D–E); proximal superomarginals tall, block-like, bearing a single, abactinally directed, crater-like spine base. Central region of external face narrow, poorly defined, lateral surfaces broad with small rugosities for attachment of tiny cribriform spines (Fig. 13H–I, N; spines still articulated in Fig. 13D). Distal superomarginals with or without an abactinally situated, distally directed large spine base (Fig. 13I–J), rugose (Fig. 13D) or smooth (Fig. 13I–J). Distal infero- and superomarginals thin, imbricating proximally; distal inferomarginals with oblique row of large, bifid spine bases, which bore flattened, lanceolate spines (Fig. 13D). Sharply defined grooves for cribriform organs between each infero-/superomarginal pair. Oral ossicle (Fig. 13O) with broad actinal face, bearing large rugosities for attachment of sos; large elongate oradm, low, broad apophyse. Remarks Chrispaulia spinosa sp. nov. differs from its congeners in its possession of 3–4 bifid spine pits on distal inferomarginals.

Genus Chrispaulia Gale, 2005 Chrispaulia Gale, 2005: 2, fig. 4a–c. Type species Nymphaster radiatus Spencer, 1905, by original designation (see Fig. 13A–C). Diagnosis Arms long, narrow; disc small, with rounded interbrachial arcs; superomarginals meeting over radius along length of arm; distal marginals imbricate (emended from Gale 2005). Assigned species In addition to the type species, Chrispaulia jurassica Gale, 2011 (Gale 2011a), C. wrightorum sp. nov. and C. spinosa sp. nov. Remarks The record in the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology (Part U; Spencer & Wright 1966) of a benthopectinid from the “Albian of England ” is based on an arm fragment from the Albian Red Chalk of Yorkshire, United Kingdom (C.W. Wright, pers. comm. to ASG, 1978). We have examined this specimen (NHMUK PI EE 17997), which comprises five marginal ossicles reconstructed on plasticene. The shape of the ossicles indicates that this specimen belongs to the genus Chrispaulia; it is here described as a new species, C. wrightorum sp. nov. (see below). In addition, we record another species from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of northeast England and northern Germany., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2005. Chrispaulia, a new genus of mud star (Asteroidea, Goniopectinidae) from the Cretaceous of England. Geological Journal 40: 383 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / gj. 1019","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Spencer W. K. & Wright C. W. 1966. Asterozoans. In: Moore R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3: U 4 - U 107. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Boulder, CO and Lawrence, KS."]}

Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944 Fig. 14 Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944: 320, pls 7–8. Plesiastropecten hallovensis – Blake 1984: 633, fig. 1a–h. Diagnosis As for genus. Material examined The holotype (MZA L13a) is a complete asteroid in a claystone matrix, comprising part and counterpart, from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, liasicus ammonite Zone) of Hallau, Canton Schaffhausen, Switzerland (Peyer1944). It is contained in the collections of the Museum zu Aller Heiligen, Schaffhausen, and has suffered from considerable over-preparation. Additional material includes a suite of specimens from the same locality and horizon, most notably, specimen MZA L 13b/32a-e, which is a partially dissociated individual of which one arm is well preserved (Blake 1984: fig. 1a–g). This specimen is coated with a glue-like substance which obscures much detail and requires specialist preparation. The present description is based on these two individuals. Description The overall form is well shown by the type specimen (Fig. 14A); the arms are moderately long and tapering, the interbrachial angles acute (R:r = approximately 6:1). The arms bear an even fringe of closely spaced marginal spines. The marginals are numerous, narrow and short with a three-tiered structure, resembling tiny ‘cottage loaves’ of bread (Fig. 14F). They are clearly visible in MZA L 13b/32a-e, and are robustly paxilliform, bearing a single large spine pit centrally. The abactinal ossicles are conspicuous and relatively large, convex to flat and carry four to six, lobe-like lateral projections. Each abactinal has a single, large and centrally placed crater-like spine pit (Fig. 14B, D). The ossicles imbricate, and the lobes are notched on their inside (actinal) surfaces for contact with adjacent ossicles. These ossicles are more or less radially symmetrical in the disc, but elongated in the arm, where the abactinal ossicles are arranged in three rows comprising radials and two adradials (Fig. 14B). In the distal arm, the large radial and adradials are separated from adjacent ossicles of the same row by smaller inset ossicles. The adambulacrals were prepared in a small part of specimen MZA L 13b/32b. They are very broad and short (3:1), and carry 5–6 large, horseshoe-shaped spine bases arranged in a single transverse row (Fig. 14E). The adambulacrals of opposing rows are slightly angled (150°) in a proximal direction. The ambulacrals are only seen in abactinal view, and the ambh forms a conspicuous, elongated triangular proximal wing which overlaps the more proximal adjacent ambulacral (Fig. 14D). The ambb is oval and symmetrical. The marginal spines are conspicuous, forming an even comb-like fringe to the starfish. Each marginal plate carries a single tapering spine with a unique construction. The cross section is a shallow U-shape, and the abactinal surface bears a groove. The rounded actinal surface is made up of 4–6, length-parallel coalescing rods of trabecular stereom. The lateral margins of the spines carry outwardly directed short barbs, probably lost on the holotype through over-preparation. The base of the spine is swollen and rounded, and a simple socket on the base articulates with a boss on the marginal. The abactinal spines are shorter, and round in cross section; these are also composed of elongated trabeculae. The 5–6 adambulacral spines articulate with horseshoe-shaped bases, and are long and gently curved. Remarks The robust paxilliform construction of the marginals is not found in any benthopectinid asteroid, but is characteristic of modern solasterids and the Jurassic genus Plumaster, and each marginal carries only a single spine. We cannot agree with Blake (1984) that these resemble marginals of benthopectinids, other than in that they carry large spines. The large, oval or rounded, imbricating abactinal ossicles which are alternately large and spine-bearing and small and spineless in the arm are quite different from the parapaxillae of benthopectinids. The construction of the marginal and abactinal spines, with elongated trabeculae running along the length of the spines and a semicircular, concavo-convex cross section bearing two rows of lateral thorns, are dissimilar to benthopectinid spines, which are conical, cylindrical and carry numerous, irregular, distally directed thorns. The concavo-convex construction is otherwise seen only in the multi-armed Early Jurassic Plumaster ophiuroides (Wright, 1863). The transversely broad, short adambulacrals, carrying 5–6 large curved adambulacral spines, are quite unlike adambulacrals of benthopectinids which are narrow and rather elongated, but are similar to those of Plumaster (Gale 2011b: figs 13–14). The elongated, imbricating proximal flanges of the ambulacral heads are not found in any benthopectinid, where the ambulacral heads are short, upright and do not imbricate, as in all paxillosidans (Gale 2011a), but are similar to those of Plumaster (Gale 2011b: fig. 14b–c). Other than a superficial similarity in shape and the presence of elongated marginal and abactinal spines (also found in other asteroids), Plesiastropecten hallovensis does not show any of the characteristics of the Benthopectinidae, but bears a close similarity to the Pliensbachian–Aalenian multiarmed genus Plumaster, with which it shares broad, short adambulacrals with 5–6 large transversely arranged, hyaline spines and the flanged, imbricating abactinal ossicles (Gale 2011b)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Peyer B. 1944. Beitrage zur Kenntnis von Rhat und Lias. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 36: 303 - 326.","Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647.","Gale A. S. 2011 b. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Department [sic] du Jura, France. In: Meyer C. A. & Costeur L. (eds) Special Issue: Echinoderms - from the early","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112."]}

Plesiastropecten Peyer, 1944 Plesiastropecten Peyer, 1944: 320, pls 7–8. Type species Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944, by monotypy. Diagnosis Five-rayed plumasterid, in which the abactinal ossicles are stellate and which bears a fringe of elongated marginal spines., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 178, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Peyer B. 1944. Beitrage zur Kenntnis von Rhat und Lias. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 36: 303 - 326."]}

Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011 Figs 6C, G, 7K–Y Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011a: 84, pl. 19 figs 1–6, 8–12, pl. 20 figs 6–10, 12–14, 19. Jurapecten hessi – Gale 2011b: 76, fig. 6a–h. Diagnosis Jurapecten in which the marginals bear a sculpture of discrete, rounded rugosities and 1–3 larger spine bases on inferomarginals. Ambulacral base short. Material examined The type specimen, NHMUK EE 13594, consists of a set of associated ossicles from the upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone) at Savigna, near Orgelet (Département du Jura, France; see Gale 2011 a, 2011b). Additional material comprises several hundred ossicles and groups of associated ossicles from the type locality (NHMUK collections). Remarks There is little new information or material since the original description by Gale (2011 a, 2011b); differences with J. infrajurensis sp. nov. are discussed under that species (see below)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Gale A. S. 2011 b. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Department [sic] du Jura, France. In: Meyer C. A. & Costeur L. (eds) Special Issue: Echinoderms - from the early"]}

Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984 Fig. 15A–C Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984: 638, figs 2a–i, 3. Material examined The single specimen available (NMB M9683) comprises fragments of three arms and dissociated ossicles, intimately entwined with an isocrinid crinoid on a single slab, from the Bajocian of Reigoldswil (Canton Baselland, Switzerland). The specimen is very fragmentary and is not easy to interpret, because pressure solution has welded scraps of calcite onto most ossicles, making discrimination of features difficult. Description The ossicles of the ambulacral groove are the best preserved and most distinctive part of this specimen (Fig. 15A). The ambh imbricate strongly proximally, and are elongated and triangular. The ambulacrals are waisted, and the ambb carry short asymmetrical flanges for padam and dadam, and articulation surfaces ada1 and ada2. The adambulacrals are rectangular and very elongated, being approximately three times longer than broad; half to two-thirds of the actinal face is occupied by a V-shaped depression for the adadm (Fig. 15B–C). An oblique ridge runs from the proximal part of the V to the distal abradial margin. Proximal adambs carry two large swollen spine bases set obliquely on the proximal face of the ossicle, and more distal adamb have a single spine base. Several oral ossicles are visible. These are very broad and gently convex on the external surface, and an adambulacral articulation ridge and deep V-shaped concavity for the oradm muscle are present. The abactinal ossicles are of even, small size, have a lobed base and carry a large centrally placed, rounded spine boss. Possible marginals are elongated-rectangular and imbricate distally, with a very large round spine base on the proximal part of the external face. The abactinal and marginal spines are conical and moderately long, and have swollen bases. They are made up of elongated trabeculae of stereom. Remarks The ambulacral/adambulacral articulation of X. hessi is utterly dissimilar to that of benthopectinids. The ambh is broad and short in X. hessi, with a strong, short transverse actinal ridge. In benthopectinids, the ambb is triangular and elongated. Xandarosaster hessi has short, oval and nearly symmetrical facets for padam and dadam, which are triangular and strongly asymmetrical in benthopectinids. In X. hessi ada2 and adada are fused and ada3 is absent. In benthopectinids, all three facets are discrete, and ada2 and adada are placed on a ridge adjacent to a concavity on both ambulacrals and adambulacrals. The construction of the spines, with elongated hyaline trabeculae, is unlike that of benthopectinids in which the spines are made of thorny stereom with distally directed barbs. Moreover, the elongated, strongly imbricating, asymmetrical ambh are not present in benthopectinids, where the heads are short and do not imbricate. In summary, X. hessi does not possess a single character of the Benthopectinidae, but has features unique to the Spinulosida (sensu Gale 2011a), including spines constructed of elongated hyaline trabeculae and elongated, triangular proximal ambh which strongly imbricate proximally. Its affinity with other spinulosidans is uncertain, although some aspects of the ambulacrals and adambulacrals are broadly comparable with those of solasterids. The very elongated rectangular adambulacrals are unique to X. hessi. Adambulacrals of this type, currently indeterminate (Fig. 15D), are also found uncommonly in Jurassic sedimentary rocks such as the lower Oxfordian of Andelot-Morval, France., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647.","Gale A. S. 2018. Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea) - new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 137: 279 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0155 - z","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112."]}

Zoologist Peron and artist Lesueur, both members of the scientific staff of the Baudin expedition to the Southern Lands (September 1800-March 1804), collected during their voyage 36 different species of asteroids. This is what wrote Lamarck in a report made in June 1804. This number was clearly reduced by Lamarck himself who, in his 1816 publication, listed only 15 species from the South Seas in the Paris Museum collection. However, the different asteroids collected during the expedition were drawn by Lesueur (water colours and pencil drawings) who thus realised a real pictorial register. Lesueur's drawings are housed in the Le Havre Museum. Due to their realism and precision, the drawings make it easy to identify the species. Confrontation of Lamarck's report (1804) and publication (1816) with Lesueur's drawings (done between 1802 and 1804) gives a new, more precise idea of the importance of the collection of South Seas asteroids brought back to France and allows to reliably count the number of new species that it contained. Also, this makes it possible to complete the often too brief descriptions of some Lamarckian species and to clarify their status. Eleven taxonomic changes are thus proposed here: Asterias calcar var. quinqueangula is synonymized with Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias calcitrapa var. 1 with Bollonaster pectinatus (Sladen, 1883), Asterias calcitrapa var. 2 with Astropecten vappaMuller & Troschel, 1843, Asterias nodosa var. 3 with Protoreaster lincki (Blainville, 1830), Asterias pentagonula with Tosia australisGray, 1840, Asterias pleyadella with Protoreaster sp., Asterias punctata with Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias rosacea var. lobis senis with Anseropoda sp., Asteriscus setaceus with Paranepanthia grandis (H. L. Clark, 1928), Astrogonium lamarckiiMuller & Troschel, 1842 with Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816) and Asterias cuspidata is moved to the genus Mediaster Stimpson, 1857 as Mediaster cuspidatus (Lamarck, 1816) n. comb.

Genus Luidia Forbes, 1839 Type species. Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837) (type by monotypy). Remarks. The genus Luidia contains 49 species. Of the 12 Atlantic species, six occur in Brazil — L. alternata (Say, 1825), L. barbadensis Perrier, 1881, L. clathrata (Say, 1825), L. ludwigi Bell, 1917, L. sarsi Düben & Koren, 1845 and L. senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) — L. patriae Bernasconi, 1941 occurs in Argentina and Uruguay, and five other species are restricted to the North Atlantic and Southeast Atlantic— L. atlantidea Madsen, 1950, L. ciliaris (Philippi, 1837), L. heterozona Fisher, 1940, L. lawrencei Hopkins & Knott, 2010, and L. sagamina Döderlein, 1920., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Forbes, E. (1839) On the Asteriadae of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Socierty of Edinburgh, 8, 114 - 129.","Philippi, R. A. (1837) Uber die mit Asterias auranciaca verwanten und verwechselten Asterien der sicilanschen Kuste. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 3, 193 - 194.","Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1 (5), 151 - 154.","Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31.","Bell, F. J. (1917) Echinoderma, Part I. Actinogonidiata. Natural History Reports of the British Antarctic \" Terra Nova \" Expedition, Zoology, 4 (1), 1 - 10.","Duben, M. W. V. & Koren, J. (1845) Nya skandinaviska fiskar. Ofversigt af Kongl. Veterskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 2 (1), 9 - 12.","Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Meline, Bruxelles, 568 pp.","Bernasconi, I. (1941) Los equinodermos de la expedicion del buque oceanografico comodoro rivadavia A. R. A. Physis, 19, 37 - 49.","Madsen, F. J. (1950) The Echinoderms Collected by the Atlantide Expedition 1945 - 46. I. Asteroidea. With Remarks on Other Sea-Stars from Tropical and Northern West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 1, 167 - 222.","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Hopkins, T. S. & Knott, K. E. (2010) The establishment of a neotype for Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) and a new species within the genus Luidia (Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Luidiidae). In: Harris, L. G., Bottger, S. A., Walker, C. W. & Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, 7 - 11 August 2006, Durham, New Hampshire. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 207 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203869543 - c 32"]}

Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883: 266–267. Astropecten cingulatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 9; Clark & Downey 1992: 33, figs. 9d, 11e–g, pl. 6E, F; De Léo & Pires-Vanin 2006: 273; Ventura et al. 2007: 231; Xavier 2010: 75; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 217; Sandino et al. 2017: S293; Lawrence & Cobb 2017; Lawrence et al. 2018a: 130, figs. 2–3, 6, 8–10, 12–14, 17; Lawrence et al. 2018b: figs. 1–2, 4a–b, 6, 9–10, 13a; Cobb et al. 2019: figs. 7, 15c, 16; 17c, f; Cunha et al. 2020: 50. Distribution. U.S.A. (NC, SC, FL), The The Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Guyana, French Guyana, Uruguay, Argentina (Bernasconi 1941; Downey 1973; Walenkamp 1979; Clark & Downey 1992; Benavidez-Serrato et al. 2011; Sandino et al. 2017; Lawrence et al. 2018a; Mah 2020a). BRAZIL: Pernambuco, Bahia, Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Martin Vaz Archipelago, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Vitória Island-SP, São Paulo, Santa Catarina (Brito 1962, 1968; Tommasi 1970, 1985; Carrera-Rodríguez & Tommasi 1977; Tommasi & Aron 1987; Manso, 1989; Clark & Downey 1992; De Léo & Pires-Vanin 2006; Ventura et al. 2007; Alvarado et al. 2008; Xavier 2010; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 11 to 1350 m (Lawrence et al. 2018a). Biological notes. Lives on soft substrates, feeding on gastropods, bivalves, crustaceans and cirripeds (Ventura et al. 2007), and exhibits an annual reproductive cycle (Ventura et al. 1998). This species is classified as “Least Concern” by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). Holotype. NHM-UK 1890.5.7.304 (Lawrence et al. 2018a). Type locality. Pernambuco, Brazil. Remarks. To our knowledge, only the EQMN has specimens from Bahia and we were unable to obtain specimens for examination. Records from this region are scarce and often dubious. For example, the specimen of A. cingulatus depicted by Queiroz (2006, fig. 3) is most likely an A. marginatus, and the specimens depicted by Pelaes (2008, fig. 3b) is possibly a smaller specimen of A. brasiliensis brasiliensis because of the presence of superomarginal spines (but note that the quality of the image is poor). The specimen of A. cingulatus depicted by Gondim et al. (2014, fig. 5e–h) also have spines on the superomarginal plates (some of these have fallen but spine scar is visible) and represents another species. Lawrence et al. (2018a) found some specimens of A. cingulatus with small spinelets on the proximal superomarginal plates, but these were never prominent. Ontogenetic variation in A. cingulatus have not been fully studied. Lawrence et al. (2018b) noted that specimens with R A. cingulatus, see Lawrence & Cobb (2017) and Lawrence et al. (2018a; b)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S Challenger Expedition. (Preliminary notices). 2. Astropectinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","De Leo, F. C. & Pires-Vanin, A. M. S. (2006) Benthic megafauna communities under the influence of the South Atlantic Central Water intrusion onto the Brazilian SE shelf: a comparison between an upwelling and a non-upwelling ecosystem. Journal of Marine Systems, 60, 268 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2006.02.002","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Lawrence, J. M. & Cobb, J. (2017) Validation of Astropecten jarli Madsen, 1950 and implications for A. cingulatus Sladen, 1883 (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae). Zootaxa, 4269 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4269.1.4","Lawrence, J. M., Cobb, J. C. & Herrera, J. C. (2018 a) Synonymy of Astropecten nitidus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 and Astropecten comptus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 59 (2), 127 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.059.0203","Lawrence, J. M., Cobb, J. C., Herrera, J. C., Duran-Gonzalez, A. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2018 b) Morphological comparison of Astropecten cingulatus and a new species of Astropecten (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa, 4407 (1), 86 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4407.1.5","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Bernasconi, I. (1941) Los equinodermos de la expedicion del buque oceanografico comodoro rivadavia A. R. A. Physis, 19, 37 - 49.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Tommasi, L. R. (1985) Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP). Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13, 1 - 5.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Manso, C. L. C. (1989) Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 355 - 359.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Ventura, C. R. R., Santos, J. S., Falcao, A. P. C. & Fiori, C. S. (1998) Reproduction and food intake in Astropecten cingulatus (Asteroidea: Paxillosid) in the upwelling environment of Cabo Frio (Brazil). In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference, San Francisco, California, 5 - 9 August 1996. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 313 - 318.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Queiroz, A. C. M. (2006) Dinamica populacional das estrelas do mar Astropecten brasiliensis Muller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1889 e Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) presentes na fauna acompanhante da pesca do camarao no litoral de Ilheus (Bahia). Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, 92 pp.","Pelaes, M. A. L. (2008) Composicao, distribuicao espacial e temporal das especies de Echinodermata na plataforma rasa do sul da Bahia num trecho entre Itacare e Canavieiras. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 97 pp.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x"]}

Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Figure 8 Asterias alternata Say, 1825: 144–145. Luidia alternata — Brito 1968: 12–13, pl. 3, fig. 4; Tommasi & Aron 1987: 5; Tommasi et al. 1988: 6; Ventura et al. 2007: 236; Miranda et al. 2012: 9; Miranda 2018: 14, fig. 10B; Torres & Torres 2019: 413. Luidia alternata alternata — Clark & Downey 1992: 8–9, figs. 4b, c, 5d, 6f, 7a–g, q, 8a, b, pl. 1B; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 45, fig. 1A; Entrambasaguas 2003: 68–71, fig. 1; Magalhães et al. 2005: 63; Entrambasaguas 2008: 41–43; Gondim et al. 2014: 7, 9, figs. 3a–d; Alitto et al. 2016: 10, figs. 7c–d; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 4; Cunha et al. 2020: 47, fig. 4F. Material examined (1 spec, 45 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Porto Seguro (16°20’S; 38°14’W)— 40 m, 30.vi.2001, 1 spec (EQMN 2007). Comparative material. U.S.A. Florida, Dry Tortugas, 1 spec, R 170 mm (NHM-UK 1937.5.9.6, neotype). Description (R 45 mm). Flat disc (Fig. 8A). Five robust arms. Abactinal plates covered by paxillae of varied sizes (Fig. 8C). Larger paxillae with a prominent central spine (~ 1.5 mm) and two rows of peripheral spinelets with denticulate tips: first row with few short spinelets; second row with many long, denticulate spinelets. Smaller paxillae with small and robust central spinelets, and one row of long and denticulate peripheral spinelets. Madreporite inconspicuous, hidden by paxillae. Superomarginal plates paxilliform, inconspicuous. Inferomarginal plates elongated and separated by a gap. Marginal region of plates with two long spines arranged horizontally; actinal surface of inferomarginal plates densely covered by flat spines of varying shapes and sizes and three long located centrally. Three large, curved adambulacral spines arranged in a row along center of plate, perpendicular to furrow. One curved, marginal subambulacral spine larger than surrounding spines, but smaller than spines on center of plate (Fig. 8F). Oral plate prominent, with slender and unequal spines (Fig. 8D). Tube feet in two rows, sucking disc lacking (Fig. 8B). Pedicellariae short, with four hyaline valves, inconspicuous and placed adjacent to ambulacral furrow (likely in development). Coloration. No record of coloration of in vivo specimens from this region but live specimens from Trindade Island (Cunha et al. 2020) display the same coloration pattern as the fixed specimen described here: abactinal region with dark scarlet red to brown transverse bands, actinal region yellow beige, spines white. H.L. Clark (1933) noticed that the coloration of this species is not affected by alcohol or other preservation fluids. Distribution. U.S.A. (NC, FL), Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, The The Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Uruguay, Argentina, Cape Verde (Clark & Downey 1992; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999; Entrambasaguas 2003, 2008; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019; Mah 2020a). BRAZIL: Amapá, Pará, Paraíba, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul (Verrill 1915; Brito 1962, 1968; Tommasi 1970; Carrera-Rodríguez & Tommasi 1977; Walenkamp 1979; Tommasi & Aron 1987; Magalhães et al. 2005; Ventura et al. 2007; Miranda et al. 2012; Gondim et al. 2014; Alitto et al. 2016; Miranda 2018; Torres & Torres 2019; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 1–200 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. Luidia alternata alternata inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms, and it is also found in coral reefs and mangroves, often associated with shells and calcareous algae (Clark & Downey 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; Cunha et al. 2020; present paper). Although this subspecies occurs in shallow water, it is rarely encountered in shallow habitats from Bahia when compared to L. clathrata and L. senegalensis. Its diet is carnivorous, mostly limited to epifaunal organisms including other sea stars such as A. articulatus and L. clathrata (Schwartz & Porter 1977; Ventura et al. 2007). Luidia alternata alternata is classified as “Least Concern” by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). According to Gurjão & Lotufo (2018), its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited. Neotype. NHM-UK 1937.5.9.6. Type locality. Dry Tortugas, FL, U.S.A. Remarks. The only specimen examined has a total length of 60 mm, with an r of 7 mm. Because all arms are regenerating or damaged, we did not include the R/r ratio. Gondim et al. (2014) found pedicellariae with 2–4 valves in the specimens from Paraíba (north of Bahia). The pedicellariae from the specimen described here are short and seem to be in a formation state, but they all have four valves; and the pedicellariae from the neotype are long, formed by 3–4 valves and placed around the mouth and adjacent to the ambulacral furrow. With regards to the number of inferomarginal spines, the neotype (R 170 mm) has 2–3 spines, the specimen described here has two spines, and Gondim et al. ’s (2014) specimens (R 3–20 mm) have 1–2 spines. This variation is most likely ontogenetic, with the number of inferomarginal spines increasing over time up to three. According to H.L. Clark (1933), adult specimens of L. alternata alternata have R 120–130 mm, and the largest specimen known until that date had R 175 mm. Luidia alternata alternata differs from Luidia alternata numidica Koehler, 1911 by having only single central spinelets on many of the smaller paxillae (vs. more numerous central spinelets on many of the smaller paxillae)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1 (5), 151 - 154.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258.","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Torres, V. S. & Torres, F. S. S. (2019) Inventario preliminar dos invertebrados marinhos observados na praia da Pinheira, Palhoca, SC, Brasil. UNISANTA Bioscience, 8 (4), 408 - 422.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Entrambasaguas, L. (2003) Estudio de la fauna de equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde: escalas de variabilidad espacial y factores que explican su distribucion. Tesis de licenciatura no publicada. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. [unknown pagination]","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 9 (1), 61 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio fauniistico y ecoloigico de los equinodermos del archipieilago de Cabo Verde. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 315 pp.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Alitto, R. A. S., Bueno, M. L., Domenico, M. & Borges, M. (2016) Annotated checklist of Echinoderms from Araca Bay, South- eastern Brazil. Check List, 12 (1), 1 - 15.","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Clark, H. L. (1933) A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico, 16, 1 - 147.","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier, P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Schwartz, F. J. & Porter, H. J. 1977. Fishes, macroinvertebrates, and their ecological interrelationships with a calico scallop bed off North Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, 75 (2), 427 - 446.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387"]}

Luidia senegalensis (Lamark, 1816) Figures 11–12 Asterias senegalensis Lamarck, 1816: 567. Luidia senegalensis — Tommasi 1958: 9, fig. 1, pl. 2; 1985: 3; Brito 1968: 10–11, fig. 1, pl. 3; Lima-Verde 1969: 10; Nomura & Fausto Filho 1966: 19; Nunes 1975: 183, figs. 3–4; Clark & Downey 1992: 21–22, pl. 4A; Hendler et al. 1995: 69–71, fig. 15; Fernandes et al. 2002: 422; Magalhães et al. 2005: 63; Manso et al. 2008: 185, fig. 8c–e; Lima & Fernandes 2009: 58; Magris & Deìstro 2010: 59, 61; Xavier 2010: 75; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 107–108; Gondim et al. 2014: 14–15, figs. 4e–h, 12a; Nisperuza et al. 2016: 115; Alvarado et al. 2017: S276; Alitto et al. 2016: 10, figs. 7e–f; Sandino et al. 2017: S294; Bueno et al. 2018: 180, fig. 10; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 11; Miranda 2018: 14, fig. 10A; Rubio-Polania et al. 2018: 190; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 4; Torres & Torres 2019: 413; Turra et al. 2019; Magris & Giarrizzo 2020: 3. Material examined (2 specs, 19–146 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Todos os Santos Bay (12°46’– 12°51’S; 38°33’– 38°39’W)— 48 m, 29.iv.1997, 1 spec, R 19 mm (UFBA 592); 3 m, 22.v.1997, 1 spec, R 146 mm (UFBA 496). Description (R 146 mm). Nine long, flattened and slender arms (Fig. 11A–C); R/r 6.1. Abactinal surface covered by paxillae. Disc and central region of arm with small paxillae (Fig. 11D). Paxillae covered by 10–15 small, central granules and a fringe of fine peripheral spinelets. Paxillae in disc interradius are larger than others. Arm margins with two rows of rectangular paxillae (Fig. 11F). Madreporite irregularly shaped, often hidden by paxillae (Fig. 11E). Superomarginal plates paxilliform. Inferomarginal plates elongated and separated by a gap. Marginal region of plates with 1–2 short and pointed spines; below these, a fringe of fine, minute spines. Actinal surface of inferomarginal plates densely covered by flat spines, large in central region and minute in marginal region (Fig. 11G). Four adambulacral spines. Two curved spines, innermost spine smallest; two flattened spines of same size, side by side (Fig. 11H). Oral plate narrow, armed with a tuft of strong, long, slender spines (Fig. 11I). Tube feet in two rows, sucking disc lacking. Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 19 mm). R/r 3.8 (Fig. 12A–B); 1–3 central granules in paxillae (Fig. 12C). Central paxillae spaced out and not tightly packed as in large specimen (Fig. 12E). Inferomarginal plate with only one spine (Fig. 12G). Three adambulacral spines, the innermost curved. Coloration. Specimen in vivo has greyish abactinal region, yellow beige marginal and actinal regions; specimens in ethanol are faded but generally maintain the same pattern. Distribution. U.S.A. (FL), Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, The The Bahamas, the Caribbean, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana (Nisperuza et al. 2016; Alvarado et al. 2017; Sandino et al. 2017; Rubio-Polania et al. 2018; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019; Mah 2020a). BRAZIL: Amapá, Pará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina (Rathbun 1879; Brito 1960, 1968; Walenkamp 1976; 1979; Clark & Downey 1992; Manso et al. 2008; Gondim et al. 2008; 2014; Magris & Deìstro 2010; Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013; Alitto et al. 2016; Bueno et al. 2018; Miranda 2018; Torres & Torres 2019; Turra et al. 2019). Depth. 1–64 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. Specimens from Bahia live in calm waters, on sandy or muddy bottoms (Manso et al. 2008; present paper), sometimes in regions of low salinity (21 ppt), such as the delta of the Paraguaçu River. Astropecten and Luidia species often live in sympatry, partitioning food resources (Ventura 1991; Queiroz 2006; Fernandez et al. 2017); however, populations from Ilhéus, Bahia, live in allopatry, with L. senegalensis mainly at around 15 m of depth and A. marginatus mainly at around 35 m (Pelaes 2008). None of the specimens of Astropecten and Luidia reported in this paper were collected in the same locality. Separation of resources may also occur within populations of L. senegalensis. Turra et al. (2019) noticed that adult individuals seem to migrate to deeper regions, possibly to use different resources. Interestingly, the specimens reported here have a different pattern, in which the smaller specimen was found in a deeper region than that of the large specimen. Luidia senegalensis is not an abundant species. It has a yearly reproductive cycle in Southeastern Brazil, with spawning happening mainly during the rainy season (Turra et al. 2019). This species predates mainly on bivalves, but also feed on other invertebrates such as polychaetes and crustaceans (Monteiro & Pardo 1994), and it is preyed upon by other species of sea stars and sea shorebirds (Brites et al. 2008). With regards to behavior, Tagliafico et al. (2017) observed specimens from Cubagua Island, Venezuela, moving with only four arms in contact with the substrate, while the other five arms were held upright. Luidia senegalensis is used for medicinal purposes in Brazil to treat asthma, cough and metrorrhagia (Costa-Neto & Marques 2000; Alves & Rosa 2007; Alves & Alves 2011). Tangerina et al. (2018) presented a preliminary description of the chemical composition of specimens from São Paulo, but nothing related to pharmaceutical uses so far. Luidia senegalensis is affected by shrimp fisheries, which collects this species as bycatch (Tangerina et al. 2018). In addition to this threat, Magris & Giarrizzo (2020) estimated that L. senegalensis is one of the most vulnerable species impacted by the oil spill recorded in the Brazilian coast in 2019. This species is classified as “Vulnerable” (baseline data indicates that the population size has been reduced by at least 30%) by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018), and its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited (Gurjão & Lotufo 2018). Syntypes. MNHN 2014-651, 2014-655, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Type locality. Probably West Indies (Clark & Downey 1992). Remarks. Walenkamp (1979) identified a specimen of L. senegalensis from Guyana with only six arms; Clark & Downey (1992) suggested this specimen could belong to L. barbadensis, but because of the presence of a dark stripe along the central region of the arm (vs. stripes in arms) and the depth that the specimen was collected (32 m vs. above 73 m in L. barbadensis), they confirmed Walenkamp’s identification. This specimen should certainly be re-examined since it is the only record of a L. senegalensis with six arms., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Meline, Bruxelles, 568 pp.","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos equinodermas do Nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13.","Nomura, H. & Fausto Filho, J. (1966) Shrimp survey in coastal and offshore waters of northeastern Brazil. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, 6, 15 - 29.","Nunes, T. B. (1975) Echinoderma da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Memories of the second Latin American Symposium of Oceanographic Biology, Universidad de Oriente, 1975, 179 - 189.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier, P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 9 (1), 61 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Manso, C. L. C., Alves, O. F. S. & Martins, L. R. (2008) Echinodermata da Baia de Todos os Santos e da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8 (3), 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300017","Lima, E. J. B. & Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11, 55 - 63.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Nisperuza, P. C., Padilla, C. J. & Quiros, R. J. (2016) Current status of the study of the caribbean cordobes echinoderms, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal, 8 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.24188 / recia. v 8. n 1.2016.234","Alvarado, J. J., Chacon-Monge, J. L., Solis-Marin, F. A., Pineda-Enriquez, T., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Rivera, S. S. & Chaves, R. R. (2017) Equinodermos del Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, 65 (1), S 272 - S 287. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31695","Alitto, R. A. S., Bueno, M. L., Domenico, M. & Borges, M. (2016) Annotated checklist of Echinoderms from Araca Bay, South- eastern Brazil. Check List, 12 (1), 1 - 15.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Bueno, M. L., Alitto, R. A. S., Guilherme P. D. B., Domenico, M. D. & Borges, M. (2018) Guia ilustrado dos Echinodermata da porcao sul do Embaiamento Sul Brasileiro. Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciencias Exatas e da Natureza, 2 (2), 169 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.29215 / pecen. v 2 i 2.1071","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Rubio-Polania, J. C., Torruco-Gomez, D., Gonzalez-Solis, A., Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y. (2018) Benthic megafauna of outer margins of the continental shelf of Yucatan Peninsula. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 184 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.08.014","Torres, V. S. & Torres, F. S. S. (2019) Inventario preliminar dos invertebrados marinhos observados na praia da Pinheira, Palhoca, SC, Brasil. UNISANTA Bioscience, 8 (4), 408 - 422.","Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Fernandez, W. S., Majer, A. P., Delboni, C. G., Denadai, M. R. & Dias, G. M. (2019) The importance of embayed coastal areas for the life cycle of two sympatric starfish species (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 128 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2019.01.028","Magris, R. A & Giarrizzo, T. (2020) Mysterious oil spill in the Atlantic Ocean threatens marine biodiversity and local people in Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 153, 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2020.110961","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)","Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5 (3), 139 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16126","Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13.","Walenkamp. J. H. C. (1976) The asteroids of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Gondim, A., Lacouth, P., Alonso, C. & Manso, C. (2008) Echinodermata da praia do Cabo Branco, JoaTo Pessoa, Paraiiba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8, 151 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000200016","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Ventura, C. R. R. (1991) Distribuicao, abundancia e habito alimentar de Asteroidea (Echinodermata) de fundos inconsolidados da plataforma continental do Cabo Frio, RJ. Unpublished Master Thesis, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 101 pp.","Queiroz, A. C. M. (2006) Dinamica populacional das estrelas do mar Astropecten brasiliensis Muller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1889 e Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) presentes na fauna acompanhante da pesca do camarao no litoral de Ilheus (Bahia). Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, 92 pp.","Fernandez, W. S., Dias, G. M., Majer, A., Delboni, C., Denadai, M. R. & Turra, A. (2017) Resource partitioning between sympatric starfish from tropical unconsolidated substrate: implications for coexistence and top-down control on benthic prey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 196, 141 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2017.06.039","Pelaes, M. A. L. (2008) Composicao, distribuicao espacial e temporal das especies de Echinodermata na plataforma rasa do sul da Bahia num trecho entre Itacare e Canavieiras. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 97 pp.","Tagliafico, A., Matt, J. N. & Rangel, M. S. (2017) Observations of novel locomotion in the sea star Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) (Asteroidea: Paxillosida). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 50 (3), 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10236244.2017.1353883","Costa-Neto, E. M. & Marques, J. G. W. (2000) Faunistic resources used as medicines by artisanal fishermen from Siribinha Beach, State of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology, 20 (1), 93 - 109.","Alves, R. R. N. & Rosa, I. L. (2007) Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: where do they meet? Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3, 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 3 - 14","Alves R. R. & Alves H. N. (2011) The faunal drugstore: animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10, 1746 - 4269. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 7 - 9","Tangerina, M. M. P., Cesario, J. P., Pereira, G. R. R., Costa, T. M., Valenti, W. C. & Vilegas, W. (2018) Chemical Profile of the Sulphated Saponins from the Starfish Luidia senegalensis Collected as by-Catch Fauna in Brazilian Coast. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 8 (2), 83 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13659 - 018 - 0153 - 2","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp."]}

Family Astropectinidae Gray, 1840 Genus Astropecten Gray, 1840 Type species. Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758) (by subsequent designation by Fisher, 1908). Remarks. With more than 105 species described, Astropecten is one of the most diverse sea star genera (Zulliger & Lessios 2010). Of these species, 25 occur in the Atlantic Ocean and eight occur in Brazil: Astropecten acutiradiatus, A. alligator Perrier, 1881, A. antillensis, A. articulatus (Say, 1825), A. brasiliensis brasiliensis, A. cingulatus, A. duplicatus Gray, 1840 and A. marginatus. In the molecular phylogeny of the genus Astropecten proposed by Zulliger & Lessios (2010), the West Atlantic species form a clade with the East Pacific species, most likely separated by the Isthmus of Panama as suggested by Tortonese (1956). Sister to this clade is a clade composed of East Atlantic and Mediterranean species. Diet of this genus is generally composed of bivalves, gastropods and small crustaceans (Christensen 1970; Ribi et al. 1977; Ventura 1991). Species of the genus Astropecten are used for medicinal purposes in the northeastern Brazil, where the tea of the whole specimen is drunk to treat asthma and cough, to prevent abortion and to reduce menstrual bleeding (Alves & Rosa 2006)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Impensis Direct, Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Fisher, W. K. (1908) Necessary changes in the nomenclature of starfishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections (Quaterly), 52, 87 - 93.","Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1","Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31.","Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1 (5), 151 - 154.","Tortonese, E. (1956) Su alcune specie di Astropectinidae, con descrizone di una nuovo Astropecten (Asteroidea). Annali Museo Storia Naturale Genova, 68, 319 - 334.","Christensen, A. M. (1970) Feeding biology of the sea star Astropecten irregularis Pennant. Ophelia, 8, 1 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1970.10429554","Ribi, G., Scharer, R. & Ochsner, P. (1977) Stomach contents and size frequency distribution of two co-existing seastar species Astropecten aranciacus and A. bispinosus with reference to competition. Marine Biology, 43, 181 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00391266","Ventura, C. R. R. (1991) Distribuicao, abundancia e habito alimentar de Asteroidea (Echinodermata) de fundos inconsolidados da plataforma continental do Cabo Frio, RJ. Unpublished Master Thesis, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 101 pp."]}

Astropecten acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956 Astropecten acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956: 323–324, pl.8. Astropecten acutiradiatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 8; Tommasi 1970: 6, fig. 18; Clark & Downey 1992: 26–27, fig. 9b, pls. 5C, D. Distribution. Curaçao, Venezuela (Clark & Downey 1992). BRAZIL: Bahia, Rio de Janeiro (Tortonese 1956; Brito 1968; Tommasi 1970; Clark & Downey 1992; Ventura et al. 2007). Depth. 35–66 (475?) m (Clark & Downey 1992; Ventura et al. 2007). Biological notes. Specimens of A. acutiradiatus live on sandy bottoms and feed mainly on crustaceans and gastropods (Ventura et al. 2007). Holotype. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, C.E. 36017 (Clark & Downey 1992). Type locality. Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Brito 1968). Remarks. Despite four years of collection in Baía de Guanabara, Brito and his team never found additional specimens of A. acutiradiatus (Brito 1968). Ventura et al. (2007) recorded the species for Bahia, but unfortunately, we did not have access to this material to make any further observations. Astropecten acutiradiatus is poorly known and ontogenetic variation has not been documented. The arms of the holotype are long and narrow, unlike any other Brazilian Astropecten. Clark & Downey (1992) suggested that this species should be considered a subspecies of Astropecten articulatus. Although Tortonese (1956) mentioned the similarity between A. acutiradiatus and A. articulatus, he did not mention characters used to separate these species. A revision with the examination of more specimens is necessary to elucidate this question., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Tortonese, E. (1956) Su alcune specie di Astropectinidae, con descrizone di una nuovo Astropecten (Asteroidea). Annali Museo Storia Naturale Genova, 68, 319 - 334.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258."]}

Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) Figures 9–10 Asterias clathrata Say, 1825: 142. Luidia clathrata — Tommasi 1958: 9, fig. 1, pl. 2; Brito 1962: 4; 1968: 11–12, fig. 2, pl. 2; Tommasi & Aron 1987: 3; Tommasi et al. 1988: 6; Clark & Downey 1992: 13, figs. 4d, 5e–g, 6g, i, 8g, pl. 4B; Magalhães et al. 2005: 63; Ventura et al. 2007: 237; Manso et al. 2008: 185, fig. 7a–e; Lima & Fernandes 2009: 58; Magris & Deìstro 2010: 59; Xavier 2010: 75; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 99–100; Gondim et al. 2014: 10–11, figs. 3e–h; Sandino et al. 2017: S294; Bueno et al. 2018: 178–179, fig. 8; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 11; Miranda 2018: 14, fig. 10C; Patrizzi & Dobrovolski 2018: 182; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 4; Torres & Torres 2019: 413. Material examined (1 spec, 57 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Todos os Santos Bay (13°10’S; 38°45’W)— 15 m, 15.iii.1997, 1 spec, R 57 mm (UFBA 330). Comparative material. U.S.A., North Carolina, Cape Hatteras, 26 m, 19.x.1884, 1 spec, R 70 mm (NMNH 8507, neotype). Description (R 57 mm). Flat disc (Fig. 9A); R/r 5.2. Five tapering arms. Abactinal plates covered by paxillae (Fig. 10A) with robust granules (3–7) in center and a fringe of small peripheral spinelets. Paxillae of disc and arms smaller, irregularly arranged (Fig. 10F). Paxillae from periphery of arms in five regular rows, square to rectangular in abactinal view (Fig. 10D); paxillae from three outer rows equal to or larger than those from inner rows. Madreporite often with irregular outline and hidden by paxillae (Fig. 10H). Superomarginal plates paxilliform. Inferomarginal plates elongated and separated by a gap. Marginal region of plates with two unequal, denticulate spines (Fig. 10B); around these, several small spines. Actinal surface of plate densely covered by flat spines, large in central region and minute in marginal region (Fig. 10G). Four adambulacral spines. Two curved spines, innermost spine smallest; two flattened, truncated spines of same size, side by side above (Fig. 10C, E). Oral plate with long spines, apical ones larger (Fig. 10I). Tube feet in two rows, sucking disc lacking. Pedicellariae absent. Coloration. No record of coloration of in vivo specimens from this region. In ethanol, specimens are pale beige to white. Specimens from the Gulf of Mexico have a noticeable grey band on the dorsal surface of the inferomarginal plates, above the fringe spines that is retained for years even in alcohol (Janessa Fletcher, pers. comm. on 4 Dec 20, “Picture Guide to the SEAMAP specimens of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico ”, unpublished). The dry specimen in Hopkins & Knott (2010) has greyish upper arm surface, white ocular tips, white inferomarginal spines and off-white actinal surface. Frequently shows darker grey dorsal central arm stripe, but it is not encountered in the neotype. Distribution. U.S.A. (NC, FL), Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, The The Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana (Sandino et al. 2017; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019; Mah 2020a). BRAZIL: Amapá, Pará, Paraíba, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina (Rathbun 1879; Bernasconi 1943; Tommasi 1958, 1970; Brito 1960, 1968; Downey 1973; Walenkamp 1976; 1979; Clark & Downey 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2005; Mag- alhães et al. 2005; Alvarado et al. 2008; Manso et al. 2008; Lima & Fernandes 2009; Xavier 2010; Gondim et al. 2014; Bueno et al. 2018; Miranda 2018; Torres & Torres 2019). Depth. 0–175 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. The specimen described here was found on a silty soft bottom environment, just outside Todos os Santos Bay; additional specimens have been found in sandy and muddy sediments inside of the Bay. Hendler et al. (1995) also reported L. clathrata ’s preference for protected environments with fine sediments, sometimes in estuarine conditions. This species has a generalized diet, feeding on foraminifera and small to medium-sized invertebrates, including polychaetes, crustaceans and ophiuroids (Lawrence et al. 1974; Pechaszadeh & Lera 1983; Tararam et al. 1993), but Schwartz & Porter (1977) reported a strong preference for scallops in North Carolina. Caribbean populations of L. clathrata have seasonal reproduction (Lawrence 1973; Dehn 1980a, b; Watt & Lawrence 1990; Pomory & Lares 2000). Luidia clathrata is classified as “Least Concern” by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). According to Gurjão & Lotufo (2018), its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited. Neotype. NMNH 8507, designated by Hopkins & Knott (2010) because the holotype has never been found. Type locality. Cape Hatteras, NC, U.S.A. Remarks. The specimen described differs from the neotype by having two inferomarginal spines (vs. 3) and 3–7 granules in central region of paxillae (vs. 7–11). Walenkamp (1976) reported that ontogenetic changes in this species include an increase in the number of large lateral spines (1–2 in smaller specimens; 3 in adults), and the drawing of L. clathara ’s paxilla in Clark & Downey (1992, fig. 6g) indicates that larger specimens have more than 10 central granules (not quantified, but described as being numerous). Also, the specimens analyzed by Gondim et al. (2014), measuring 26–42 mm R (R/r 6.32–6.48), have two inferomarginal spines and 1–6 granules. Adults of L. clathara may reach 160 mm of R and the average R/r for adults is between 7–8. According to H.L. Clark (1933), adult specimens have R 100 mm or more., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1 (5), 151 - 154.","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 9 (1), 61 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258.","Manso, C. L. C., Alves, O. F. S. & Martins, L. R. (2008) Echinodermata da Baia de Todos os Santos e da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8 (3), 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300017","Lima, E. J. B. & Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11, 55 - 63.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Bueno, M. L., Alitto, R. A. S., Guilherme P. D. B., Domenico, M. D. & Borges, M. (2018) Guia ilustrado dos Echinodermata da porcao sul do Embaiamento Sul Brasileiro. Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciencias Exatas e da Natureza, 2 (2), 169 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.29215 / pecen. v 2 i 2.1071","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Patrizzi, N. & Dobrovolski, R. (2018) Integrating climate change and human impacts into marine spatial planning: a case study of threatened starfish species in Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 161, 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2018.05.003","Torres, V. S. & Torres, F. S. S. (2019) Inventario preliminar dos invertebrados marinhos observados na praia da Pinheira, Palhoca, SC, Brasil. UNISANTA Bioscience, 8 (4), 408 - 422.","Hopkins, T. S. & Knott, K. E. (2010) The establishment of a neotype for Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) and a new species within the genus Luidia (Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Luidiidae). In: Harris, L. G., Bottger, S. A., Walker, C. W. & Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, 7 - 11 August 2006, Durham, New Hampshire. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 207 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203869543 - c 32","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)","Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5 (3), 139 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16126","Bernasconi, I. (1943) Los Asteroideos sulamericanos de la familia Luidiidae. Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7, 1 - 20.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Walenkamp. J. H. C. (1976) The asteroids of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier, P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Navas, G. R. & Solano, O. D. (2005) Listado taxonomico de los asteroideos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) de la plataforma y el talud superior del caribe colombiano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (13), 171 - 194.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Lawrence, J. M., Erwin, K. & Turner, R. L. (1974) Stomach contents of Luidia clathrata (Asteroidea). Florida Scientist, 37, 8.","Pechaszadeh, P. E. & Lera, M. E. (1983) Alimentacion de tres especies tropicles de Luidia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) en Golfo Triste, Venezuela. Caribbean Journal of Science, 19, 1 - 6.","Tararam, A. S., Wakabara, Y. & Equi, M. B. (1993) Habitos alimentares de onze especies de megafauna bentica da plataforma continental de Ubatuba, SP. Publicacao Especial Instituto Oceanografico, 10, 159 - 167.","Schwartz, F. J. & Porter, H. J. 1977. Fishes, macroinvertebrates, and their ecological interrelationships with a calico scallop bed off North Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, 75 (2), 427 - 446.","Lawrence, J. M. (1973) Level, content, and caloric equivalents of the lipid, carbohydrate, and protein in the body components of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Platyasterida) in Tampa Bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 11, 263 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (73) 90026 - 9","Dehn, P. F. (1980 a) Growth and reproduction in Luidia clathrata (Say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 183 pp.","Pomory, C. M. & Lares, M. T. (2000) Rate of regeneration of two arms in the field and its effect on body components in Luidia clathrata. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 254, 211 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0022 - 0981 (00) 00281 - 1","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1933) A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico, 16, 1 - 147."]}

Astropecten antillensis Lu ̈tken, 1860 Figures 2–3 Astropecten antillensis Lu ̈tken, 1860: 47. Astropecten antillensis — Clark & Downey 1992: 29–30, figs. 9c, 11c, d, pls 9C, D; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 114; Williams et al. 2013: 456; Nisperuza et al. 2016: 115; Soaréz 2016: 78; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 4; Cunha et al. 2020: 47, fig. 9. Material examined (3 specs, 20–43 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia (12°52’– 12°56’S; 38°12’– 38°30’W)— Busca Vida beach, Guarajuba, 45 m, ii.2008, 1 spec, R 20 mm (UFBA 949). Salvador: Plataforma beach, 16 m, 27.ix.2010, 1 spec, R 21 mm (UFBA 1183); Porto beach, 13 m, vi.2012, 1 spec, R 43 mm (UFBA 1620). Comparative material. VIRGIN ISLAND. St. Thomas, 4 specs, R 10–56 mm (NHMD 76172, syntypes). Description (R 43 mm). Disc half size of arms; R/r 2.5; 22 SM plates; R/SM# 1.95. Arms long and narrow (Fig. 2A–C). Abactinal region covered by paxillae with 1–5 central and 10–12 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 2D). Number of paxillae spinelets increases toward center of disc. Madreporite small, partially hidden among paxillae (Fig. 2D). Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates organized in one row each; inferomarginal plates not projected beyond superomarginal plates. Superomarginal plates covered by spines, fine granules and spinelets. First superomarginal plate with one spine, others with two spines (Fig. 2E). Spine on first plate twice as large as spines from other plates. In plates with two spines, inner spine smaller than outer spine. Inferomarginal plates separated by a gap. Fringe with two layers of flattened and pointed spines, oblique, top layer with two large spines of equal size and another thinner and smaller spine (Fig. 2F), bottom layer with three small spines. Actinal surface of inferomarginal plates lacks squamules (short, flat, scalelike spines; from Cobb et al. 2019); central region naked, sometimes with long spines similar to lateral fringe spines (Fig. 2H). Three equal-sized adambulacral spines forming a single row. Subambulacral row with three spines, central spine larger than adjacent ones (Fig. 2I); sometimes a second row with 1–3 spines present. Oral spines with broad, blunt tip (Fig. 2G). Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 20–21 mm). Average R/r 4.1; 19 SM plates (R 20 mm); R/SM# 1.0. Paxillae with 1–3 central and 5–9 peripheral spines (Fig. 3D). Inferomarginal plates project beyond superomarginal plates (Fig. 3E). Superomarginal plates with only one spine; spine on first superomarginal plate relatively larger than that of larger specimen (Fig. 3A, F). Actinal region of inferomarginal plates with fewer squamules than those of larger specimens. Coloration. Yellowish body with white inferomarginal fringe; Caribbean specimens are yellowish, reddish and orange in situ (Clark & Downey 1992; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2005); white or pale brown in ethanol. Distribution. Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Antilles, Puerto Rico, Colombia (Sladen 1889; Bayer et al. 1970; Clark & Downey 1992; Abreu-Pérez et al. 2005; Williams et al. 2013; Nisperuza et al. 2016; Soaréz 2016; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019). BRAZIL: Bahia and possibly Trindade Island (John 1948; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 3–278 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. In Bahia, Astropecten antillensis lives in nutrient-poor regions with sandy and muddy bottoms. This species can also be found in rubble bottoms (Zoppi de Roa 1967; Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013). Syntype. NHMD 76172 [previously as ZMUC AST 4], 76371 (Tom Schiøtte, per. comm). Type locality. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Remarks. John (1948) noticed that some of the specimens identified as A. brasiliensis by Sladen (1889) were actually A. antillensis; John’s publication was the first record of this species in Brazil. H.L. Clark (1901) most likely misidentified the Astropecten specimens collected in Puerto Rico because in his identification key, he reported that specimens of A. antillensis do not have spines on marginal plates (given that Clark mentioned in the description following the key that the specimens had inferomarginal spines, “marginal” probably referred to the superomarginal plates)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Williams, S. M., Benavides-Serrato, M., Garcia-Arraras, J. E., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A. & Rodriguez-Barreras, R. (2013) Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico, with the Focus on Biological and Ecological Aspects. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, pp. 437 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 14","Nisperuza, P. C., Padilla, C. J. & Quiros, R. J. (2016) Current status of the study of the caribbean cordobes echinoderms, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal, 8 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.24188 / recia. v 8. n 1.2016.234","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Navas, G. R. & Solano, O. D. (2005) Listado taxonomico de los asteroideos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) de la plataforma y el talud superior del caribe colombiano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (13), 171 - 194.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x","Bayer, F., Voss, G. & Robin, R. (1970) Bioenvironmental and radiological safety feasibility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic canal. In: Report on the marine fauna and benthic shelf slope communities of the isthmian region. Vol. 1. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Florida, pp. 99.","Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52.","John, D. D. (1948) Notes on the asteroids in the British Museum (Natural History). I. The species of Astropecten. Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 485 - 508.","Zoppi De Roa, E. (1967) Contribucion al estudio de los equinodermos de Venezuela. Acta Biologica de Venezuela, 5, 267 - 333.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Clark, H. L. (1901) The echinoderms of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 20, 233 - 263, 4 pls."]}

Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 Figures 6–7 Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840: 181. Astropecten marginatus — Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 7, pl. 4, fig. 1; Nomura & Fausto Filho 1966: 19; Lima-Verde 1969: 11; Carrera- Rodriguez & Tommasi 1977: 88–89; Tommasi et al. 1988: 5; Clark & Downey 1992: 41–42, fig. 10e, pl. 11A–B; Gondim et al. 2008: 155; Ventura et al. 2008: 177–178; Lima & Fernandes 2009: 58; Magris & Deìstro 2010: 59; Xavier 2010: 75; Gondim et al. 2014: 22–24, figs. 6a–e, 12b; Guilherme & Rosa 2014; Fernandez et al. 2017; Bueno et al. 2018: 177, fig. 6; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 10; Miranda 2018: 14; Patrizzi & Dobrovolski 2018: 182; Torres & Torres 2019: 412; Turra et al. 2019. Astropecten richardi — Perrier 1875: 372. Material examined (21 specs, 10–50 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Santa Cruz de Cabrália (16°14’– 16°15’S; 38°00’– 38°58’W)— 7 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 11–25 mm (MZUSP 2100); 6 m, 16.xi.2010, 6 specs, R 10–28 mm (MZUSP 2101); 7 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 30–50 mm (MZUSP 2100); 6 m, 16.xi.2010, 5 specs, R 30–40 mm (MZUSP 2101). Description (R 30–50 mm). Disc broad and flattened, arms short and flattened (Fig. 6A–C); R/r 3.3; 39 SM plates (R 50 mm); R/SM# 1.3. Abactinal region covered by paxillae as follows: proximal region of arms and disc with 10–12 central and 15 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 6D), midline region of arms with 5–8 central and nine peripheral spinelets, and distal region of arms with 1–3 central and seven peripheral spinelets. Madreporite large, not hidden by paxillae (Fig. 6E). Marginal plates horizontal and elongated. Superomarginal plates without spines and covered by granules: central granules robust, peripheral granules elongated, hyaline and thin. Inferomarginal plates projected beyond superomarginal plates. Fringe with two layers of spines, parallel, top layer with two spines of equal size, and a third proximal 3x smaller and thinner (Fig. 6G); bottom layer with 4–5 small spines, proximal spine smaller and thinner (Fig. 6I). Actinal region of inferomarginal plates lacking squamules; central region naked, sometimes with long spines similar to lateral fringe spines (Fig. 6J). Three adambulacral spines forming single line, central spine longer than adjacent ones (Fig. 6K). One large subambulacral spine in center of plate, largest spine in adambulacral plate, surrounded by acicular spinelets; spinelets between large spine and furrow spines. Oral spines flattened with blunt tip (Fig. 6F). Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 10–28 mm). Average R/r 3.0; 22 SM plates (R 20 mm); R/SM# 1.1. Proximal paxillae with 3–5 central and 8–10 peripheral spinelets (Fig. 7C), distal paxillae with 0–1 central and 4–5 peripheral spinelets. Inferomarginal fringe with two layers as in larger specimen, but proximal spine in top layer 5x smaller than adjacent spines, and bottom layer with 3–4 small spines, proximal spine smallest (Fig. 7F). Three adambulacral spines forming single line, central spine largest in adambulacral plate (Fig. 7E). Second subambulacral row as in larger specimen, with central spine largest than adjacent spines, but not largest in adambulacral plate; third row with 2–4 sub-equal spines. Coloration. Abactinal surface greyish in center of disc and arms, margins orangish to creamy; inferomarginal spines fade from a bluish-grey base to creamy tips. Specimens in ethanol are pale brown. Distribution. Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana (Walenkamp 1976; Clark & Downey 1992; Alvarado et al. 2008; Benavides- Serrato et al. 2005, 2011; Pawson et al. 2009, Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013). BRAZIL: Amapá, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul (Bernasconi 1955; Tommasi 1958; Brito 1962; Lima-Verde 1969; Netto 2006; Gondim et al. 2008; Pelaes 2008; Lima & Fernandes 2009; Xavier 2010; Gondim et al. 2014; Bueno et al. 2018; Miranda 2018; Torres & Torres 2019; Turra et al. 2019). Depth. 1–130 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. This species lives in muddy, sandy and rubble bottoms (Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013) and most likely feeds during the day, preferably on gastropods, bivalves and crustaceans (Bitter 1984; Zoldan 2005; Guilherme & Rosa 2014; Fernandez et al. 2017). In Caraguatatuba Bay, São Paulo, A. marginatus lives in sympatry with L. senegalensis, where they partition food resources (Fernandez et al. 2017). The reproductive cycle of A. marginatus in this region is annual and spawning happens mainly during the rainy season (Turra et al. 2019). Netto (2006) found many specimens gathered in shallow pools at night with 2–5 arms facing upwards, possibly engaged in gas exchange as the exposure of the tube feet into the water column should increase its breathing surface (Farmanfarmaian 1966). Astropecten marginatus is classified as “Vulnerable” (baseline data indicate a reduction in population by at least 30% over the next 100 years) by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). According to Gurjão & Lotufo (2018), its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited. Holotype. Gray (1840, p. 178) mentioned that the specimens he described were deposited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London (especially South American specimens collected by Mr. Hugh Cuming) and of the British Museum, where he worked. However, Andrew Cabrinovic told us that the type has not been found at the NHM-UK (pers. comm. on 20 Feb 20). Type locality. Not reported by Gray (1840). Taxonomic remarks of the genus Astropecten As noted by Cobb et al. (2019), telling some of the Astropecten species apart is not trivial. We found several instances of misidentification in prior work from Northeastern Brazil and we hope that the present work will reduce errors in future studies. Phylogenetic relationships between some species of Brazilian Astropecten were addressed by Zulliger & Lessios (2010) and Cobb et al. (2019). Their molecular cladograms indicate that A. antillensis is more closely related to A. articulatus than to A. cingulatus. The relationship between these species and A. marginatus is uncertain as this species could be equally related to A. antillensis, A. articulatus and A. cingulatus or most closely related to A. cingulatus (Zulliger & Lessios, 2010). Astropencten brasiliensis was not included in these studies. Astropecten acutiradiatus differs from A. alligator by having an enlarged spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. three (sub)equal spines); from A. antillensis by having an enlarged distal spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. enlarged central spine); from A. articulatus by having clavate paxillar spinelets (vs. paxillar spinelets granulose); from A. brasiliensis brasiliensis and A. duplicatus by the absence of enlarged spines on the distal superomarginal plates (vs. presence of enlarged spines on the distal superomarginal plates); from A. cingulatus and A. marginatus by having spines on the proximal superomarginal plates (vs. superomarginal spines absent). Astropecten antillensis differs from A. acutiradiatus, A. articulatus, A. brasiliensis brasiliensis and A. duplicatus by having an enlarged central spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. enlarged distal spine); from A. alligator by having an enlarged spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. three (sub)equal spines); from A. cingulatus and A. marginatus by having spines on the superomarginal plates (vs. superomarginal spines absent). Astropecten antillensis also differs from A. brasiliensis brasiliensis because its inner superomarginal (not the first pair) spine is smaller than the outer spine (vs. inner spine larger than outer spine). Astropecten brasiliensis brasiliensis differs from A. marginatus and A. cingulatus by having superomarginal spines (vs. superomarginal spines absent); from A. articulatus and A. duplicatus by having subambulacral spines with blunt tips (vs. spines truncated in two), and inferomarginal fringe spines oblique (vs. inferomarginal fringe spines horizontal); and from A. alligator by having an enlarged distal spine in the first subambulacral row (vs. (sub)equal spines). Astropecten cingulatus differs from A. marginatus by having inferomarginal plates densely covered with overlapping squamules and spines (vs. inferomarginal plates bare or with sparse, widely spaced squamules), and these two species differ from the other Brazilian Astropecten by having no spines on the superomarginal plates (vs. spines present)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Nomura, H. & Fausto Filho, J. (1966) Shrimp survey in coastal and offshore waters of northeastern Brazil. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, 6, 15 - 29.","Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos equinodermas do Nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Gondim, A., Lacouth, P., Alonso, C. & Manso, C. (2008) Echinodermata da praia do Cabo Branco, JoaTo Pessoa, Paraiiba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8, 151 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000200016","Lima, E. J. B. & Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11, 55 - 63.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Guilherme, P. D. & Rosa, L. C. (2014) Seasonal variation in body size and diet of the sea star Astropecten marginatus (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) off coast of Parana, Southern Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 62, 59 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 62 i 1.7888","Fernandez, W. S., Dias, G. M., Majer, A., Delboni, C., Denadai, M. R. & Turra, A. (2017) Resource partitioning between sympatric starfish from tropical unconsolidated substrate: implications for coexistence and top-down control on benthic prey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 196, 141 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2017.06.039","Bueno, M. L., Alitto, R. A. S., Guilherme P. D. B., Domenico, M. D. & Borges, M. (2018) Guia ilustrado dos Echinodermata da porcao sul do Embaiamento Sul Brasileiro. Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciencias Exatas e da Natureza, 2 (2), 169 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.29215 / pecen. v 2 i 2.1071","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Patrizzi, N. & Dobrovolski, R. (2018) Integrating climate change and human impacts into marine spatial planning: a case study of threatened starfish species in Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 161, 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2018.05.003","Torres, V. S. & Torres, F. S. S. (2019) Inventario preliminar dos invertebrados marinhos observados na praia da Pinheira, Palhoca, SC, Brasil. UNISANTA Bioscience, 8 (4), 408 - 422.","Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Fernandez, W. S., Majer, A. P., Delboni, C. G., Denadai, M. R. & Dias, G. M. (2019) The importance of embayed coastal areas for the life cycle of two sympatric starfish species (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 128 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2019.01.028","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generate, 4, 265 - 450.","Walenkamp. J. H. C. (1976) The asteroids of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J., Messing, C. G., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Mah, C. L. (2009) Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 1177 - 1204.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Bernasconi, I. (1955) Equinoideos y asteroideos de la coleccion del instituto oceanografico de la Universidad de San Pablo. Primera contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 6, 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241955000100002","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Netto, L. F. (2006) Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 201 pp.","Pelaes, M. A. L. (2008) Composicao, distribuicao espacial e temporal das especies de Echinodermata na plataforma rasa do sul da Bahia num trecho entre Itacare e Canavieiras. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 97 pp.","Bitter, R. (1984) Composicion de la dieta de Astropecten marginatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Golfo Triste, region Centro- Occidental. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente, 23, 169 - 176.","Zoldan, L. V. (2005) Analise do conteudo estomacal de duas especies de estrela-do-mar: Astropecten marginatus (Gray, 1840) e Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) na enseada de Caraguatatuba, SP, sudeste do Brasil. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Centro Universitario da Fundacao de Ensino Octavio Bastos, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Sao Paulo, 41 pp.","Farmanfarmaian, A. (1966) The respiratory physiology of echinoderms. In: Boolootian, R. A. (Ed.), Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 245 - 265.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1"]}

Describing ontogenetic morphological change is an important part of integrative taxonomy; still, most taxonomic studies are based only on adult characters. Here, we provide illustrations and a morphological description of the sea stars from Bahia, including ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and identify taxonomic issues. A total of 293 specimens from different localities along the Bahia State coastline and comparative material from other localities were examined. Eighteen species (11 genera, eight families) of Asteroidea were identified; Astropectinidae was the most representative family. All species identified also occur in subtropical Brazilian waters and most species are from shallow water habitats with soft bottoms. Most observed ontogenetic variation was quantitative in nature, such as the increase in the number of spines in the furrow and of spinelets in the paxillae with specimen growth. Genera that require further taxonomic studies are Astropecten and Othilia, whose specimens are commonly misidentified in local studies. One third of the species from Bahia are currently classified as “Vulnerable” in the Brazilian Red List, but baseline data on the population biology of these species are scarce. An illustrated identification key to the 65 Brazilian sea star species is also provided. This taxonomic study will facilitate the identification of specimens occurring along the Brazilian coast and help scientists and policy makers to establish the conservation status of the Brazilian species.

Introduction: The sea star odontophore is the structure positioned between the paired oral ossicles, with which they articulate through proximal and distal processes. The internal anatomy structures may be used as taxonomic characters for a precise differentiation between species, so it is necessary to describe the structures variation throughout growth. Objective: To describe the odontophore shape and variation of Luidia superba A. H. Clark, 1917 from specimens of the Gulf of California deposited in the Echinoderm National Collection, ICML UNAM. Methods: A total of 735 specimens were examined to describe the external characters, from which 55 selected specimens, within a range of R = 14 mm and R = 210 mm, were dissected to extract the odontophores and analyzed with geometric morphometrics. Results: Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of the odontophores showing the variations in shape throughout growth are presented. Differences in shape between size groups were confirmed with a Canonical Variables Analysis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There are three main groups in this size ranges where specialization of the stereom can be observed through the ontogenetic series; the variation in shape of the odontophore shown here is a precedent for the use of internal anatomy as new taxonomic characters of identification. Resumen Introducción: El odontóforo es la estructura posicionada entre las placas orales pareadas con las que se articula a través de procesos proximales y distales. Las estructuras de la anatomía interna se pueden usar como caracteres taxonómicos para la diferenciación más precisa entre especies, por lo que es necesario describir la variación de las estructuras a lo largo del crecimiento. Objetivo: Describir la forma y la variación del odontóforo de Luidia superba A. H. Clark, 1917 de ejemplares del Golfo de California depositados en la Colección Nacional de Equinodermos, ICML UNAM. Métodos: Se revisaron un total de 735 ejemplares para describir los caracteres externos y de las cuales se seleccionaron 55 ejemplares, dentro de un intervalo de R = 14 mm a R = 210 mm, de los cuales se extrajeron los odontóforos y fueron analizados utilizando morfometría geométrica. Resultados: Se presentan imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) de los odontóforos que muestran las variaciones de la forma durante el crecimiento. Se confirmaron diferencias significativas de la forma entre los grupos de tallas mediante un CVA (p< 0.05). Conclusiones: Se observa especialización del estereoma a lo largo de la serie ontogenética; la variación en la forma del odontóforo aquí mostrada es precedente para el uso de estructuras de la anatomía interna como nuevos caracteres de identificación.

Genus Eoastropecten Gale, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Astropectinid in which the superomarginals carry a sculpture of evenly-spaced, non-aligned fine rugosities on the raised central portion of the external surface. Inferomarginals embayed for articulation with actinal ossicles, externally with fine spine bases set in irregular rows, oblique to breadth of ossicles. Type species. E. sechuanensis sp. nov. Etymology. Formed from Ancient Greek �����&sigmav; &lcaron;(�����s), ���dawn���&lcaron; and the genus name Astropecten, in reference to the new genus being the earlies known representative of the group. Gender. Masculine. Remarks. Most Jurassic to present day astropectinids have a consistent sculpture and spination of the supero- and inferomarginals; superomarginals bear rounded shallow pits which carry short, granular spines (Figs 1A, 2J), and inferomarginals have an oblique to transverse row of large, horseshoe-shaped or round (Fig. 1B) spine bases to which dagger-like spines are attached (e.g., Hess 1955; Jagt 2000; Gale 2011). In contrast, E. sechuanensis gen. et sp. nov. has evenly-sized, fine rugosities on the supero- and inferomarginals, which are aligned into oblique rows on the inferomarginals (Fig. 2C) and which are likely to have carried spines. A similar, but coarser sculpture of rugosities is seen on superomarginals of the Late Cretaceous ��� Lophidiaster ��� pygmaeus Spencer, 1913 (e.g., Jagt 2000, pl. 4: figs 1���7), but these are restricted to the abactinal part of the plate. ��� Lophidiaster ��� Spencer, 1913 is a nomen dubium to which diverse species have been referred, some of which are certainly not astropectinids. Astropectinid superomarginals with a sculpture like that of Eoastropecten gen. nov. are present in the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian; Fig. 2I), but the associated inferomarginals lack the distinctive notch on the actinal margin present in the Triassic genus (Fig. 2C, D). A review and re-description of Mesozoic astropectinid material will be published at a later date., Published as part of Gale, Andrew S., 2020, A new comb-star (Asteroidea, Astropectinidae) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China, pp. 139-144 in Zootaxa 4861 (1) on pages 140-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4414475, {"references":["Blake, D. B. & Reid, R. III. (1998) Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 72, 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X","Hess, H. (1955) Die fossilen Astropectiniden (Asteroidea). Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen, 71, 1 - 113, pls. 1 - 4.","Jagt J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 5: Asteroids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 377 - 503.","Gale, A. S. (2011) Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112.","Spencer, W. K. (1913) The evolution of the Cretaceous Asteroidea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 204, 99 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1914.0004"]}

A new astropectinid asteroid, Eoastropecten sechuanensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Sechuan Province, China, based upon marginal ossicles. This occurrence extends the known fossil record of the family Astropectinidae back by 50 myr from the Lower Jurassic, and indicates that a significant part of the radiation of the neoasteroids probably took place around 240 Ma, only 12 myr after the P–T boundary extinction.

Eoastropecten sechuanensis sp. nov. Figure 2 A���H Diagnosis. As for genus. Type material. The superomarginal figured (Fig. 2A, E) is the holotype (Muschelkalkmuseum, Ingelfingen, Germany, MHI 2183/1), the other figured ossicles are paratypes (MHI 2183/2-6). Additional material. 25 marginal ossicles (MHI). Type locality. Jiancougou, Sechuan Province, China. Type stratum. Maantang Formation (sample C30 of Forel et al. 2019), Carnian (Upper Triassic). Etymology. Named after the Sechuan Province. Description. External surfaces of marginals with well-defined, depressed rim of even width. Sculpture of raised central region consisting of fine, evenly sized rugosities, partly conjoined by narrow, radiating strips of stereom (Fig. 2G). Rugosities non-aligned and evenly spaced on superomarginals, but arranged into irregular, oblique rows on the inferomarginals (Fig. 2C). Interradial superomarginals short, median ossicles wedging slightly towards lateral border (Fig. 2G); distal superomarginals broad, rectangular (Fig. 2A, F, H). In proximal/distal view, external face evenly curved. Inferomarginals (Fig. 2C, D) broad, short, with low profile, strongly convex at abactinolateral margin. Proximal actinal surface embayed for articulation of actinal ossicles. The rectangular abactinal outline of the marginals can be taken as evidence that the interradial arcs were evenly concave., Published as part of Gale, Andrew S., 2020, A new comb-star (Asteroidea, Astropectinidae) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China, pp. 139-144 in Zootaxa 4861 (1) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4414475, {"references":["Gale, A. S. (2011) Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112.","Gale, A. S. (2018) Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids-new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 137, 279 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0155 - z","Forel, M. - B., Thuy, B. & Wisshak, M. (2019) Digging into the ancestral stocks of Jurassic lineages: ostracods (Crustacea) from Carnian (Late Triassic) sponge mounds from the Maantang Formation (South China). BSGF-Earth Science Bulletin, 190 (9), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / bsgf / 2019009"]}

Lane, David J.W., Vimono, Indra B. (2020): Two new species of sea star (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from mesopelagic depths in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 662-669, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0081

Dytaster insignis (Perrier 1884) Figure 4 A���B Dytaster is identified based on the numerous and complete series of sharp spines present on the superomarginal and inferomarginal series. Most characters determining Atlantic Dytaster spp. require a specimen, however Clark and Downey (1992) illustrate the proximity of the madreporite to the superomarginal plates as a diagnostic character for Dytaster grandis and Dytaster insignis, which both occur in the Gulf of Mexico. Dytaster grandis possesses a madreporite in direct contact with the superomarginals versus D. insignis whose madreporite is located well away from the superomarginal plates. Both observations listed below show the latter character, identifying this species as Dytaster insignis. Both individuals appeared to be the same species, but two colors morphs were observed, a deep orange form from the West Florida Escarpment (2987 m) and a white colored form from Period Canyon (2745 m). Based on the laser based scale bars projected by the ROV, the Perdido Canyon specimen was half the size (R=10.0 cm diameter) than the Florida Escarpment specimen (R=~20.0 cm diameter) suggesting that color could be correlated with size. The different localities and available food might also explain the variation in color. Ecological Observations Although well represented in museum collections, in situ video observations of this species, by Okeanos Explorer, are the first of this species from the Gulf of Mexico. Tyler et al. (1990) show a single photo of Dytaster grandis on bottom settings amidst phyotdetritus at 3500 m in the Northeast Atlantic. Tyler et al. (1990) noted that Dytaster grandis was omnivorous, summarizing gut contents of various prey items but also phytodetritus as food. Most Paxillosida have been characterized as burying themselves in the subsurface of weakly consolidated sediment (e.g. Jangoux 1982, Clark & Downey 1992) based primarily on trawled sediment and gut contents as well as comparisons with similar shallow-water taxa. But first hand observations of many deep-sea Paxillosida, especially those at abyssal depths is lacking and suggests a more variable lifestyle than that of consistent, long-term subsurface burial. Video of the individual from Period Canyon suggests at least partial burial with disk and arms emerging from very flocculent sediment. Arms were flush with the sediment with spines projecting upwards and away from the body. The disk was strongly swollen and appeared to be filled with sediment. This is contrasted with the second image showing the individual which was observed moving across the sedimented surface of the West Florida Escarpment with arms lifted well above the bottom by its tube feet. This latter individual had a greatly enlarged disk, apparently filled with sediment and including what appeared to be a discrete turret on top of the disk, which gradually lost shape and seemed to return in shape with the top of the disk. Dytaster and other astropectinids lack an anus and discharge finished, digested sediment back through the mouth back out onto the sea bottom. This could explain one possible role of movement in this species, i.e., the need to discharge inorganic sediment to the environment following digestion. Images Examined white. Perdido Canyon, Gulf of Mexico, 26.1471, 94.86584, 2745 m EX1803_IMG_20180418T171538Z_ROVHD.jpg. orange. West Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico 27.70883, -85.74822, 2987 m. EX1803_IMG_20180427T153915Z_ROVHD.jpg, Published as part of Mah, Christopher L., 2020, New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer, pp. 201-260 in Zootaxa 4766 (2) on pages 210-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3764018, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique: durant les expeditions de dragace faites sous la direction de M. Alexandre Agassiz. Archives (Museum national d'histoire naturelle, France), 2 (6), 127 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82184","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp.","Tyler, P. A., Billett, D. S. M. & Gage, J. D. (1990) Seasonal reproduction in the sea star Dytaster grandis from 4000 m in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 70, 173 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400034299","Jangoux, M. (1982) Food and feeding mechanisms: Asteroidea. In: Jangoux, M. & Lawrence, A. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Nutri- tion. Balkema Rotterdam, pp. 117 - 159."]}

PAXILLOSIDA Members of the Paxillosida are associated with burial in unconsolidated sediment and most families possess pointed tube feet and a number of other morphological adaptations for digging and living in mud or sand. Phylogenetic molecular revision by Mah and Foltz (2011b) has added families, such as the Pseudarchasteridae and the Benthopectinidae with unpointed tube feet to the Paxillosida suggesting a broader morphological range., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L., 2020, New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer, pp. 201-260 in Zootaxa 4766 (2) on page 210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3764018, {"references":["Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x"]}

Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV) is a highly isolated, oceanic volcanic archipelago located approximately 1200 km off the Brazilian coast and about 4200 km away from the nearest African coast. It has been almost 70 years since the first sea star, “Astropecten sp.”, was recorded from Trindade in 1951. In the following years (1955–1971; 2006) six sea star species were added to the archipelago’s fauna. After that period, however, research on shallow water echinoderms has not been conducted in TMV and no further sea star species have been recorded from there since. From 2012 to 2019, 263 daytime SCUBA diving and intertidal samplings conducted at TMV yielded 91 lots of sea stars in 7 species: Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840; Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859; Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948; Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825); Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816); and Ophidiaster guildingi Gray, 1840. The last five species in this list represent new records to the archipelago, with C. lymani also being the first record of the species in the southwestern Atlantic. Five shallow water species previously known from TMV have not been observed in the present survey: Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1860), Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883, Linckia nodosa Perrier, 1875, and Ophidiaster alexandri Verrill, 1915. Twelve sea star species are currently known from shallow waters of TMV. A list of all sea star species known from shallow waters (intertidal down to 100 meters) of the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic archipelagoes and islands (Ascension, Cape Verde, Fernando de Noronha, Gulf of Guinea, Rocas Atoll, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martin Vaz) with their gross distribution in the Atlantic Ocean was compiled in order to explore the existence of patterns of geographic distribution for the shallow water sea star species in the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic islands. It has been found that 44% of the species from TMV are of western Atlantic affinity, 33% amphi-Atlantic, and 22% circumtropical in distribution. No endemic sea star species are known from TMV to date. The even more remote Ascension (ASC) and Saint Helena (STH) are more of a mosaic than TMV. The ASC and STH fauna consist of 8 and 11 sea star species, respectively. Their endemic component totals to 25% and 27%, respectively. STH has more amphi-Atlantic and eastern Atlantic sea star species (27% each) than ASC (25% and 12.5%, respectively). Twenty-five percent of the sea star species in ASC are circumtropical in distribution, whereas no circumtropical species have been found in STH. The western Atlantic (WA) component comparatively to the eastern Atlantic (EA) one is of minor significance in STH (18% versus 27%, respectively), whereas the WA and EA components contribute equally to the taxonomic composition in ASC (12.5% each). However, patterns of faunal affinities in both islands are actually taxon-dependent.

Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883: 266 [type locality: Pernambuco, Brazil, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992); Ventura et al. 2007: 231; Xavier, 2010: 75; Gondim et al. 2014: 21, fig. 5e���h; Lawrence et al. 2018: 130, figs. 2���3, 6, 8���10, 12���14, 17. Distribution. North Carolina, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (Pernambuco, Vit��ria-Trindade Seamount Chain, Martin Vaz Archipelago, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Vit��ria Island-SP, S��o Paulo, Santa Catarina), Uruguay, Argentina, and Africa (Brito 1962; Tommasi, 1970, 1985; Carrera-Rodr��guez & Tommasi, 1977; Tommasi & Aron, 1987; Manso, 1989; Clark & Downey, 1992; Ventura et al. 2007; Alvarado et al. 2008; Xavier, 2010; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 11 to 1350 m (Lawrence et al. 2018). Color in life. Abactinal surface red or orange-red; actinal surface white (Bernasconi, 1957; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011; Clark & Downey, 1992). Disk orange, fading to bright-pink arm tips. Fascioles of superomarginal plates dark red-brown (Cobb et al. 2019). Ventura et al. (2007) referred to Brazilian specimens with abactinal surface cream-color and actinal white (presumably based upon color in life individuals). Habitats. Soft-bottom environments (Ventura et al. 2007). Muddy, sandy and rubble bottom (Alvarado & Solis- Marin, 2013). Comments. Ventura et al. (2006) referred to a ��� Astropectinidae ��� from Martin Vaz in a list of echinoderms amassed during the REVIZEE-Central Program (Evaluation of the Living Resources in the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone, sampling station C5-48R, 23��53���S, 45��26���W, 52 m. See also Lavrado, 2006). Later on, Ventura et al. (2007) recorded A. cingulatus from the Trindade island [sic] on a distribution map without any further details. We had no access to this material and whether the records from Martin Vaz and Trindade are the same or not is yet to be determined., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos & Jr, Joel Braga De Mendon��a, 2020, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes, pp. 31-56 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3674443, {"references":["Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of HMS Challenger Expedition-Part II. Astropectinidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Lawrence, J. M., Cobb, J. C. & Herrera, J. C. (2018) Synonymy of Astropecten nitidus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 and Astropecten comptus Verrill, 1915 with Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 59 (2), 127 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.059.0203","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Tommasi, L. R. (1985) Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP). Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13, 1 - 5.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Tommasi, L. R. & Aron, M. A. (1987) Equinodermes dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade. Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 9.","Manso, C. L. C. (1989) Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 355 - 359.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Ventura, C. R. R., Lima, R. P. N., Nobre, C. C., Verissimo, I. & Zama, P. C. (2006) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Ignacio, B. L. (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 18. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 339 - 389.","Lavrado, H. P. (2006) Caracterizacao do ambiente e da comunidade bentonica. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Ignacio, B. L. (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 18. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 19 - 64."]}

Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Figure 4F Asterias alternata Say, 1825: 144���145 [type locality: Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, Florida, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992]. Luidia alternata alternata ��� Hendler et al., 1995: 66-67, fig. 13; P��rez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 45; Entrambasaguas, 2003: 68���71, fig. 1; Entrambasaguas, 2008: 41; Pawson et al., 2009: 1188; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013: 607; Gondim et al., 2014: 7, figs. 3a���d. Distribution. United States (North Carolina, Bahamas, Florida, Gulf of Mexico), Mexico, Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil (Para��ba, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade Island (present study), Rio de Janeiro, S��o Paulo), Uruguay, Argentina and Cape Verde (Verrill, 1915; Brito 1962, 1968; Tommasi, 1970; Downey, 1973; Walenkamp, 1976; Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al. 1995; P��rez-Ruzafa et al. 1999; Entrambasaguas, 2003; Magalh��es et al. 2005; Ventura et al. 2007; Entrambasaguas, 2008; Pawson et al., 2009; Miranda et al. 2012; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al., 2014). Depth range: 1���200 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Five long arms, tapering distally. One prominent spine at center of some paxillae from abactinal region. One row of adambulacral curved spines. Three unequal subambulacral spines, arranged irregularly. Pedicellariae with four valves on actinal surface (Clark & Downey, 1992; Hendler et al., 1995). Color in life. The Trindade specimen (Figure 4F) mostly matches the color description given by Clark & Downey (1992): upper parts boldly patterned, with a ���dark pentagon on the disc and 3���5 transverse dark bands, brown, black, greenish or purple on each arm, otherwise yellow, white, cream or pink���. Habitats. Sandy mud and muddy bottoms near mangroves (Clark & Downey, 1992). The specimen from Trindade Island was found on the top of a calcareous reef (Figure 4F). Comments. This is the first record of L. alternata alternata from Trindade. One specimen was observed and photographed in situ in Trindade (Ponta da Calheta, 31.vii.2018, at a depth of about 15 m), but escaped after collection. However, its distinctive color pattern, number of arms, and more importantly, the presence of a prominent spine in the center of some paxillae of the abactinal region lead us to identify the Trindade specimen as L. alternata alternata., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos & Jr, Joel Braga De Mendon��a, 2020, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes, pp. 31-56 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3674443, {"references":["Say, T. (1825) On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 151 - 154.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls.","Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Entrambasaguas, L. (2003) Estudio de la fauna de equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde: escalas de variabilidad espacial y factores que explican su distribucion. Tesis de licenciatura no publicada. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. [unknown pagination]","Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio fauniistico y ecoloigico de los equinodermos del archipieilago de Cabo Verde. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 315 pp.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J., Messing, C. G., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Mah, C. L. (2009) Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico-Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 1177 - 1204.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1976) The asteroides of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258.","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12, 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014"]}

Astropecten brasiliensis M��ller & Troschel, 1842 Astropecten brasiliensis Mu ��ller & Troschel, 1842: 68 [type locality: S��o Sebasti��o Island, S��o Paulo, Brazil, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992]; Fernandes et al. 2002: 422; Netto, 2006: 25���26, pl. 2a, fig. 16a; Ventura et al. 2007: 230; Machado et al. 2008: 350; Lima & Fernandes, 2009: 58; Xavier, 2010: 75; Miranda et al. 2012: 143, 144; Gondim et al. 2014: 19. Distribution. Caribbean Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (Cear��, Rio Grande do Norte, Fernando de Noronha, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro, Ubatuba, S��o Sebasti��o, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay and Argentina (Rathbun, 1879; Sladen, 1889; Verrill 1915; Tommasi, 1958, 1970; Brito, 1960, 1962, 1968; Lima- Verde, 1969; Walenkamp, 1976; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi, 1977; Walenkamp, 1979; Clark & Downey, 1992; Fernandes et al., 2002; Netto et al., 2005; Ventura et al. 2007; Miranda et al., 2012; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al., 2014). Eastern Pacific: Peru (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Depth range: 2���66 m (Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Color in life. In situ abactinal region violet and marginals pink; actinal salmon. Fixed: light pink or whitish (Bernasconi, 1957a; Gondim et al. 2014). Habitats. Soft bottoms, including sand-mud (Brogger et al. 2013). Comments. Oliveira (1951) referred to a juvenile specimen of ��� Astropecten sp.��� from the Trindade Island, whose record was repeated by Brito (1962) in a preliminary catalog of the echinoderms of Brazil (as Astropecten armatus brasiliensis). However, this species was not included in the compilation prepared by Brito (1971) of the echinoderm species known at that time from Trindade, and we know of no subsequent records of A. brasiliensis from Trindade nor has it been collected by us there. A note on the topotypes of Astropecten brasiliensis Astropecten brasiliensis was described based on the material collected in ��� Brasilien ��� [Brazil] by the Austrian naturalist and explorer Johann Natterer (1787���1843) (M��ller & Troschel, 1842). Natterer extensively traveled in Brazil from 1817 throughout 1835, collecting natural history specimens for the Imperial Cabinet of Natural History in Vienna. Between the years 1817 and 1821, he made a number of field trips to a coastline strip comprised between Rio de Janeiro and Paran��, from where he probably obtained the specimens described later under the name A. brasiliensis. In 1848, a great fire destroyed the Imperial Cabinet along with parts of Natterer���s collections from Brazil (Papavero, 1971). Clark & Downey (1992) considered the type of A. brasiliensis lost, and selected the neotype E 529 from the USNM collection. The neotype was collected along with three specimens in the S��o Sebasti��o Island, S��o Paulo, in December 1915, by Ernest Garbe (a professional collector working at that time for the MZUSP) and donated to the USNM. Three topotypes remain at the Museum of Zoology in S��o Paulo (MZUSP 2096)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos & Jr, Joel Braga De Mendon��a, 2020, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes, pp. 31-56 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3674443, {"references":["Mu ¨ ller, J. & Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. F. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11715","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls.","Fernandes, M. L. B, Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Netto, L. F. (2006) Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao (SP). Unpublished Master Dissertation, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 201 pp.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258.","Machado, A. B. M., Druond, G. M. & Paglia, A. P. (2008) Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao. Vol. I. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, Serie Biodiversidade 19, 512 pp.","Lima, E. J. B. & Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11, 55 - 63.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12, 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5 (3), 139 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16126","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology, 30, 1 - 935.","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1976) The asteroides of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Netto, L. F., Hadel, V. F. & Tiago, C. G. (2005) Echinodermata from Sao Sebastiao Channel (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (3), 207 - 218.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Bernasconi, I. (1957 a) Equinoideos y asteroideos de la coleccion del instituto oceanografico de la Universidad De San Pablo. Segunda Contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 7, 119 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241956000100008","Brogger, M. I., Gil, D. G., Rubilar, T., Martinez, M. I., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Escolar, M. & Tablado, A. (2013) Echinoderms from Argentina: biodiversity, distribution and current state of knowledge. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. (Eds.), Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, pp. 359 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 11","Oliveira, L. P. H. (1951) Nota previa sobre a fauna e flora marinha bentonica da ilha da Trindade. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 443 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100005","Brito, I. M. (1971) Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos Equinodermas da Ilha da Trindade, Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 54, 261 - 265.","Papavero, N. (1971) Essays on the history of Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. 1. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 216 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101715"]}

Astropecten aff. antillensis L��tken, 1859 Figure 9 Astropecten antillensis Lu ��tken, 1859: 47 [type locality: St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992]; Benavides- Serrato et al. 2011: 114; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013: 605. Trindade specimens. Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta, 20��30���20.29���S, 29��18���32.86���W, 10.viii.2018, 30 m: 1 spm R=40, r=5 (MZUSP 2090). Comparative material. Astropecten brasiliensis M��ller & Troschel, 1842: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Grande, Ponta do Aripeba, 23�� 07���05���S, 44��16���53���W, 21.i.2000, 1 spm R=65, r=11 (MZUSP 2095). S��o Paulo, Ubatuba, 23��31���S, 45��02���W, 25.ix.2002, 9 m: 1 spm R=110, r=15 (MZUSP 2099). Caraguatatuba, 23��45���S, 45��13���W, 16.x.2001, 1 spm R=60, r=15 (MZUSP 116); 19 m: 1 spm R=65, r=15 (MZUSP 2098). S��o Sebasti��o Island, 23��53���S, 45��26���W, 13.ii.2001: 4 spms R=55, r=8; R=53, r=8; R=32, r=6; R=19, r=4 (MZUSP 118); xii.1915: 3 topotypes R=125, r=20; R=105, r=20; R=65, r=13 (MZUSP 2096); 14.xii.2001, 20.3 m: 1 spm R=55, r=10 (MZUSP 2097). Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840: Brazil, S��o Paulo, Ubatuba, 23��31���S, 45��09���W, 16.iv.2002, 14 m: 2 spms R=36, r=24; R=18, r=12 (MZUSP 00002). Distribution. Astropecten antillensis s. str., has been reported from Gulf of Mexico, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Colombia (Sladen, 1889; Bayer et al., 1970; Clark & Downey, 1992; Abreu-P��rez et al., 2005; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Brazil: Bahia (John, 1948). Depth range: 3���278 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Recognition characters. Two prominent spines in first pair of superomarginal plates, spines decreasing in size distally in remaining plates. Inferomarginal plates projecting beyond superomarginal ones. Inferomarginal spines broad, opaque. Two rows of subambulacral spines. First subambulacral row with three spines; middle spine wider and longer than proximal and distal ones, longer than furrow spines. Conspicuous bare area at center of actinal surface of inferomarginal plate. No pedicellariae (Clark & Downey, 1992; Benevides-Serrato et al., 2011; Cobb et al., 2019; present study). Color in life. Pale yellow (L��tken, 1859). The specimen in the photograph given by Benevides-Serrato et al. (2011) had orange body, with darker midline along each arm, and bright-red bands at the base of the inferomarginal fringe spines and superomarginal spines. The Trindade specimen was not photographed alive prior to preservation. Habitats. The Trindade specimen was found on a whitish sandy bottom, around 30 meters depth. Comments. The species in Astropecten can be separated into two groups according to the presence or absence of superomarginal spines. Among the eight species so far recorded from the Brazilian coasts, only A. cingulatus Sladen, 1833 and A. marginatus Gray, 1840, are devoid of superomarginal spines. The six species with superomarginal spines are as follow: A. acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956, A. alligator Perrier, 1881, A. antillensis L��tken, 1859, A. articulatus (Say, 1825), A. brasiliensis M��ller & Troschel, 1842, and A. duplicatus Gray, 1840. Astropecten brasiliensis and A. cingulatus have both been previously recorded from Trindade (Brito, 1962; Ventura et al. 2006; 2007). However, the Trindade specimen can be immediately distinguished from A. cingulatus in having superomarginal spines (Fig. 9A, U), and stands apart from A. brasiliensis in presenting three spines in the first subambulacral row (Fig. 9F) (versus two spines in A. brasiliensis). Astropecten aff. antillensis actually appears to be morphologically more closely related to A. antillensis, a species previously known from the Brazilian coasts only from Bahia (John, 1948). However, the insular specimen differs from A. antillensis s. str. (cf., Clark & Downey, 1992) in having two prominent spines on the inner edge of the first pair of superomarginal plates, and one row of spines decreasing in size distally in the other plates (Fig. 9A) (versus prominent spines present on the inner edge of first 5���6 superomarginal plates, and a much smaller spine on the outer edge of all superomarginals in A. antillensis); and two rows of subambulacral spines (Fig. 9F) (versus one row in A. antillensis). However, the syntype ZMUC-AST-4-22 (R= 29 mm) of A. antillensis s. str. also shows a second row of subambulacral spines in some plates. The Trindade specimen and the Caribbean Colombian specimens assigned to A. antillensis by Benavides-Serrato et al. (2011) agree with one another in having inferomarginal plates projecting beyond the superomarginal ones. Conversely, in A. antillensis sensu Clark & Downey (1992), the inferomarginals plates do not project beyond the superomarginals. According to L��tken (1859), morphology greatly varies over ontogeny in A. antillensis. Astropecten aff. antillensis differs from its Brazilian congeners with superomarginal spines in that it has a large spine in the first subambulacral row. That spine is wider and longer than the proximal and distal spines and longer than the furrow spines (Fig. 9F). It further stands apart in having long, narrow arms and narrow disk; the inferomarginal plates usually have two ambital fringe spines (sometimes a much smaller one in the proximal region) (Fig. 9A). The fringe spines are about equal in length, or the distal spine is slightly longer. Conspicuous bare area in the center of the actinal surface of the inferomarginal plate (Fig. 9G). Paxillae with 1���5 central and about 12 peripherals spinelets. Three ambulacral spines truncated, the middle one larger than the lateral ones. No pedicellariae., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos & Jr, Joel Braga De Mendon��a, 2020, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes, pp. 31-56 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3674443, {"references":["Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Mu ¨ ller, J. & Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. F. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11715","Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology, 30, 1 - 935.","Bayer F., Voss, G. & Robins, R. (1970) Bioenvironmental and radiological safety feasibility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic Canal. Report on the marine fauna and benthic shelf slope communities of the Isthmian Region. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 99 pp.","Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52.","John, D. (1948) Notes on Asteroidea in the British Museum (Natural History) 1. The species of Astropecten. Novitates Zoolicae, 42, 485 - 508.","Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. & Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1","Say, T. (1825) On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 151 - 154.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Ventura, C. R. R., Lima, R. P. N., Nobre, C. C., Verissimo, I. & Zama, P. C. (2006) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Ignacio, B. L. (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 18. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 339 - 389.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp."]}