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RESUMEN Introducción: La violencia de género representa en la actualidad un grave problema para la humanidad y afecta a todos los países y a millones de personas, sobre todo a mujeres y niñas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las mujeres que sufren violencia intrafamiliar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No. 12 del Policlínico Docente “Ramón López Peñaˮ del municipio Santiago de Cuba, en el período noviembre 2018 a junio 2019. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 378 mujeres de 15 años y más, y la muestra por 43 féminas que sufrían algún tipo de violencia. Se les aplicó un cuestionario. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, escolaridad, nivel ocupacional, estado conyugal, tipo de abuso y familiar perpetrador de la violencia. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencia absolutas y porcentaje. Los datos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11.0. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran en tablas y gráficos, para facilitar su comprensión y análisis. Resultados: Se evidenció que 43,6 % perteneció al grupo de edad de 20 a 35 años; 53,4 % era ama de casa, predominó la unión consensual (55,9 %), el nivel superior medio (48,8 %), la violencia física (41,9 %), perpetrada por el esposo o pareja (44,2 %) y 53,5 % no tuvo percepción del acto. Conclusiones: Fue frecuente la presencia de violencia contra las mujeres, acto que involucraba al resto de la familia. Las féminas no tenían percepción de que eran maltratadas, y eran en su mayoría amas de casa sometidas a la voluntad de su pareja.

Reseña del libro El habitante de su palabra. La poesía de José Manuel Caballero Bonald (1952-2015) (Madrid, Visor, 2018), de Juan Carlos Abril

Background: iron deficiency is the most frequent specific micronutrient deficiency in the Cuban population. Anemia in children under five years of age is a health problem that is treated as a priority.Objective: to describe the risk factors associated with iron-deficiency anemia present in children up to five years of age, treated during 2020 at the "Ramón López Peña" University Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba.Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study was carried out with children presenting iron-deficiency anemia during the year and in health district declared in the objective. The universe consisted of 28 children aged six months, as well as two and five years. The sample was made up of the 16 children diagnosed by childcare surveillance, belonging to the Family Doctor’s Office # 5 of the health district. The following variables were studied: age, intensity of anemia, and biological, social and cultural risk factors.Results: half of the diagnosed children were six months old, most of them (75 %) with mild anemia, which was the type present in all children aged two and five years. Maternal anemia (75 %) was the predominant biological factor. Inadequate weaning and no consumption of nutritional supplements (both with 62,5 %) prevailed within the cultural risk factors. Low economic income (50 %) was the most frequent social risk factor.Conclusions: the risk factors associated with iron-deficiency anemia present in these children were described, most of them with mild anemia and a history of maternal anemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a variable clinical evolution, with some patients living treatment-free for decades while others require therapy shortly after diagnosis. In a consecutive series of 217 CLL patients, molecular biomarkers with prognostic value (IGHV status, TP53 mutations, and cytogenetics), whose analysis is recommended prior to treatment start, were studied at diagnosis. Multivariate analyses identified prognostic variables for overall survival (OS) and time to first treatment (TTFT) and validated the CLL-IPI and IPS-E variables for all or early-stage patients (Rai 0–2/Binet A), respectively. Unmutated IGHV was associated with shorter OS and TTFT, even for early-stage patients. Lymphocyte count was not statistically significant for TTFT of early-stage patients in multivariate analysis. Our results validate the prognostic value of IGHV mutational status at diagnosis for OS and TTFT, including for early stages. Our findings suggest a role for molecular and mutational analysis at diagnosis in future prospective studies.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly recurrent tumor after resection and has been closely related to hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) have been shown to contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance in HCC. We evaluated the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HCC patients. Methods: We systematically searched Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) from inception to 1 June 2020 for studies evaluating HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α expression in HCC. Selected articles evaluate at least one factor by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in HCC patients who underwent surgical resection, and its relationship with prognosis and/or clinicopathological features. Study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CDR42020191977). We meta-analyzed the data extracted or estimated according to the Parmar method employing STATA software. We evaluated the overall effect size for the hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), as well as heterogeneity across studies with the I 2 statistic and chi-square-based Q test. Moreover, we conducted subgroup analysis when heterogeneity was substantial. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test. Results: HIF-1α overexpression was correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) and clinicopathological features including Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), capsule infiltration, intrahepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM), tumor differentiation, tumor number, tumor size (3 cm), vascular invasion and vasculogenic mimicry. We also detected a possible correlation of HIF-1α with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cirrhosis, histological grade, tumor size (5 cm) and albumin after subgroup analysis. Initially, only DFS/RFS appeared to be associated with HIF-2α overexpression. Subgroup analysis denoted that HIF-2α overexpression was related to OS and capsule infiltration. Conclusions: HIF-1α and HIF-2α overexpression is related to poor OS, DFS/RFS and some clinicopathological features of HCC patients, suggesting that both factors could be useful HCC biomarkers.

Fundamento: un indicador que mide la calidad de la educación y refleja la eficiencia y eficacia de los modelos académicos en las instituciones educativas es la satisfacción de los educandos respecto a la enseñanza aprendizaje. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de satisfacción de los médicos especialistas en Medicina General Integral con el curso de superación en inglés. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional transversal en la Facultad Preparatoria de Santiago de Cuba en el periodo enero-julio 2019. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos para la recogida de información y fundamentación de la investigación, y empíricos: un cuestionario formado por 15 ítems, relacionados con la labor docente, la motivación del estudiante e infraestructura de la unidad. Resultados:la mayoría de los cursistas se sintieron satisfechos con la labor del profesor, la infraestructura de la instalación y se motivaron por el curso, aunque señalaron dificultades con el uso de algunos métodos de participación que entorpecieron el intercambio con el docente y entre ellos. Conclusiones: según la percepción de los cursistas, el curso impartido tuvo buenos resultados aunque se evidenciaron algunas insatisfacciones sobre las cuales se debe accionar, ya que el punto de partida de toda gestión de calidad en el proceso formativo consiste en captar las exigencias de los estudiantes como los principales actores del proceso, y analizar la forma de ofrecer soluciones que respondan a sus necesidades.

Introducción: El control de vectores constituye una estrategia indispensable para disminuir o erradicar organismos portadores de enfermedades y su riesgo de propagación. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento del Programa de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial en un área de salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal de los indicadores de lucha antivectorial en los 3 Consejos Populares del área de salud del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña, de Santiago de Cuba, durante el periodo enero - junio del 2019. Resultados: El índice de infestación fue superior a 0,05 en los 3 consejos populares, pero el de Flores resultó el de mayor focalidad. El 44% de las manzanas fueron positivas y el 77,7%, reiterativas.El número de febriles, ingresos, monosueros realizados y la reactividad aumentaron en el Consejo Popular Veguita de Galo, sin descontar que hubo señalamientos en la evaluación de la calidad de las historias epidemiológicas, además de seguimientos de los casos febriles y viajeros, pesquisa de incidentes febriles y realización del instructivo 06 por el Equipo Básico de Salud. Conclusiones: Las dificultades detectadas pudieran incidir en los resultados negativos del Programa de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial en el área de salud. Palabras clave: indicadores, Programa de Vigilancia y Lucha Antivectorial, arbovirosis.

Summary: Background: Maternal infections are an important cause of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity. We report the main findings of the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study, which aimed to assess the frequency of maternal infections in health facilities, according to maternal characteristics and outcomes, and coverage of core practices for early identification and management. Methods: We did a facility-based, prospective, 1-week inception cohort study in 713 health facilities providing obstetric, midwifery, or abortion care, or where women could be admitted because of complications of pregnancy, childbirth, post-partum, or post-abortion, in 52 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). We obtained data from hospital records for all pregnant or recently pregnant women hospitalised with suspected or confirmed infection. We calculated ratios of infection and infection-related severe maternal outcomes (ie, death or near-miss) per 1000 livebirths and the proportion of intrahospital fatalities across country income groups, as well as the distribution of demographic, obstetric, clinical characteristics and outcomes, and coverage of a set of core practices for identification and management across infection severity groups. Findings: Between Nov 28, 2017, and Dec 4, 2017, of 2965 women assessed for eligibility, 2850 pregnant or recently pregnant women with suspected or confirmed infection were included. 70·4 (95% CI 67·7–73·1) hospitalised women per 1000 livebirths had a maternal infection, and 10·9 (9·8–12·0) women per 1000 livebirths presented with infection-related (underlying or contributing cause) severe maternal outcomes. Highest ratios were observed in LMICs and the lowest in HICs. The proportion of intrahospital fatalities was 6·8% among women with severe maternal outcomes, with the highest proportion in low-income countries. Infection-related maternal deaths represented more than half of the intrahospital deaths. Around two-thirds (63·9%, n=1821) of the women had a complete set of vital signs recorded, or received antimicrobials the day of suspicion or diagnosis of the infection (70·2%, n=1875), without marked differences across severity groups. Interpretation: The frequency of maternal infections requiring management in health facilities is high. Our results suggest that contribution of direct (obstetric) and indirect (non-obstetric) infections to overall maternal deaths is greater than previously thought. Improvement of early identification is urgently needed, as well as prompt management of women with infections in health facilities by implementing effective evidence-based practices. Funding: UNDP–UNFPA–UNICEF–WHO–World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, WHO, Merck for Mothers, and United States Agency for International Development.

Objective To evaluate changes in awareness of maternal sepsis among healthcare providers resulting from the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) awareness campaign.Design Independent sample precampaign/postcampaign through online and paper-based surveys available for over 30 days before campaign roll-out (pre) and after study data collection (post). Descriptive statistics were used for campaign recognition and exposure, and odds ratio (OR) and percentage change were calculated for differences in awareness, adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression.Setting and participants Healthcare providers from 398 participating facilities in 46 low, middle and high-income countries.Intervention An awareness campaign to accompany GLOSS launched 3 weeks prior to data collection and lasting the entire study period (28 November 2017 to 15 January 2018) and beyond.Main outcome measures Campaign recognition and exposure, and changes in awareness.Results A total of 2188 surveys were analysed: 1155 at baseline and 1033 at postcampaign. Most survey respondents found the campaign materials helpful (94%), that they helped increase awareness (90%) and that they helped motivate to act differently (88%). There were significant changes with regard to: not having heard of maternal sepsis (−63.4% change, pre-OR/post-OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.68) and perception of confidence in making the right decisions with regard to maternal sepsis identification and management (7.3% change, pre-OR/post-OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.06).Conclusions Awareness raising campaigns can contribute to an increase in having heard of maternal sepsis and an increase in provider perception of confidence in making correct decisions. Offering the information to make accurate and timely decisions while promoting environments that enable self-confidence and support could improve maternal sepsis identification and management.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with as yet no efficient therapies, the pathophysiology of which is still largely unclear. Many drugs and therapies have been designed and developed in the past decade to stop or slow down this neurodegenerative process, although none has successfully terminated a phase-III clinical trial in humans. Most therapies have been inspired by the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which has more recently come under question due to the almost complete failure of clinical trials of anti-amyloid/tau therapies to date. To shift the perspective for the design of new AD therapies, membrane lipid therapy has been tested, which assumes that brain lipid alterations lie upstream in the pathophysiology of AD. A hydroxylated derivative of docosahexaenoic acid was used, 2-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-H), which has been tested in a number of animal models and has shown efficacy against hallmarks of AD pathology. Here, for the first time, DHA-H is shown to undergo α-oxidation to generate the heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA, C21:5, n-3) metabolite, an odd-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that accumulates in cell cultures, mouse blood plasma and brain tissue upon DHA-H treatment, reaching higher concentrations than those of DHA-H itself. Interestingly, DHA-H does not share metabolic routes with its natural analog DHA (C22:6, n-3) but rather, DHA-H and DHA accumulate distinctly, both having different effects on cell fatty acid composition. This is partly explained because DHA-H α-hydroxyl group provokes steric hindrance on fatty acid carbon 1, which in turn leads to diminished incorporation into cell lipids and accumulation as free fatty acid in cell membranes. Finally, DHA-H administration to mice elevated the brain HPA levels, which was directly and positively correlated with cognitive spatial scores in AD mice, apparently in the absence of DHA-H and without any significant change in brain DHA levels. Thus, the evidence presented in this work suggest that the metabolic conversion of DHA-H into HPA could represent a key event in the therapeutic effects of DHA-H against AD.

Objetivo: Valorar la utilidad de la Activación Conductual para el afrontamiento del cáncer. Método: 18 pacientes con cáncer de mama de reciente diagnóstico siguieron 6 sesiones protocolarizadas dirigidas a recuperar actividades relevantes, eliminar conductas de enfermedad y modificar patrón de evitación experiencial. El análisis funcional determinó objetivos concretos de intervención y la estimación del cambio clínico en cada caso. Se evaluó el cambio pre-post-seguimiento (trimestral). Resultados: Se observa recuperación de las actividades, en particular, domésticas (p = 0,005) y ocio (p = 0,05). Es escasa la presencia de patrones de evitación, aunque se logra su reconocimiento. Las conductas de enfermedad se reconocen y reducen (p = 0,03). No hay casos de ansiedad ni depresión (HAD), pero sí sintomatología que mejora durante la intervención. Conclusiones: La orientación de los pacientes oncológicos hacia el mantenimiento de actividades de la vida cotidiana relevantes durante la quimioterapia, parece mejorar el afrontamiento de la enfermedad.

Este artículo de revisión examina la importancia que tienen las comunidades microbianas que colonizan los ambien­tes y equipos de procesado de alimentos formando biopelículas o biofilms en la persistencia microbiana en la industria alimen­taria y consecuentemente, en la seguridad y la calidad de los alimentos. La atención se centra especialmente en biopelículas formadas por microorganismos no deseados, es decir, microor­ganismos alterantes y patógenos. Se presenta información so­bre la variabilidad intraespecífica en la formación, la ecología y la arquitectura de las biopelículas, y los factores que influyen en su formación. Asimismo, se resume la información disponible sobre nuevos agentes o estrategias para el control de la forma­ción o eliminación de biopelículas.

This study evaluated the relation between rind colour and the internal physicochemical and sensory qualities of ‘Sanguinelli’ blood oranges, one of the main blood orange cultivars grown in the Mediterranean region. To this end, 400 fruits were harvested in three different orchards and classified according to rind pigmentation intensity (slight, medium, intense, very intense). All fruits were individually evaluated by determining rind and pulp colour, total soluble solids, acidity, maturity index, juice yield, firmness, and size. Moreover, 71 consumers performed a triangle test to evaluate if fruit sensory properties depended on rind pigmentation. Our results revealed (for the first time) that pulp pigmentation and total soluble solid (TSS) content strongly depend on rind colouration. Among the fruit from the same orchard, the redder the pigmented fruit was (externally) the deeper the red pulp, and the higher the TSS became. This pattern was corroborated in the three orchards under study. Other characteristics, such as acidity, juice yield, firmness, and fruit size, did not depend on external pigmentation. Sensory studies showed that the more coloured the fruit, the higher the accumulated sugar content; consumers perceive these fruits as being sweeter than slightly pigmented ones. This information can be very useful for the citrus industry as external colour may become a quality index for blood oranges, as well as for consumers to make purchase decisions.

Growing consumer awareness about the environmental impact of their food purchase decisions means having to create labels that better communicate sustainability aspects. The aim of this study is to explore consumers’ responses to “sustainable irrigation” (SI)-labeled wine. To this end, the effect of two label factors, SI claims (no SI info, logo, and text), and their position (front- vs. back-labels) on consumer choice, reasons for choice, perceived sustainability, and willingness-to-pay is determined. Moreover, we determine, for the first time, for SI claims, the relationship between consumer choice and paid attention. Our results reveal that almost 90% of the 408 consumers participating in this study show an interest in the SI-labeled wines. The main reason for choosing the SI-labeled wines rather than the control (no SI info-label) was the following: ‘I think it’s more environmentally friendly’, with an increase of two points on a nine-point sustainability perception scale. Consumers prefer the logo-label to the text-label, mainly because they find it more attractive, and a close relationship between paid attention and product choice probability is determined. The vast majority of consumers are willing to pay an extra cost of 15% or more for SI-labeled wine vs. the control. These results have relevant implications for the industry because they show that the SI logo is a useful way to draw consumers’ attention to the sustainability of irrigation practices and positively affect their choice. Our findings indicate that this way of differentiating the product in the market can contribute to compensating the economic cost of implanting SI practices.

En la década de 1990, el gobierno cubano dio inicio a una serie transformaciones estructurales que, si bien mantuvieron logros sociales alcanzados desde el comienzo de la Revolución iniciada en 1959, también implicaron modificaciones significativas en las relaciones sociales de producción y los alineamientos internacionales. A partir de 2008, los cambios se profundizaron con la asunción de Raúl Castro como presidente, implicando modificaciones tanto en el ámbito económico interno como en la política exterior cubana. Este artículo se propone examinar críticamente cómo evolucionaron las relaciones económicas internacionales cubanas durante su período presidencial que finalizó el 18 de abril de 2018, cuando fue sucedido por Miguel Díaz-Canel. En este sentido, se trata de una investigación interdisciplinaria que aborda una problemática común a la Historia reciente, la Economía Política, y las Relaciones Internacionales. Asimismo, se han utilizado la triangulación de datos a través de la convergencia de los enfoques cualitativo y cuantitativo, buscando comprender las distintas facetas del fenómeno en cuestión. El análisis realizado nos permite concluir que el ingreso de capitales foráneos al país, principalmente de Venezuela, China y España en el periodo bajo estudio, incide en la reconfiguración de las relaciones internacionales de Cuba (alianzas, cooperación y apertura al comercio de ciertos orígenes) y está generando cambios en las relaciones sociales de producción.

Nanotechnology, and more generally Nanoscience, is a revolution for humanity, for the many applications of all types that can develop, although not without risks; and among the most interesting and important highlights undoubtedly graphene nanomaterials. Regarding both issues the European Union has a line of action for years, particularly on Nanotechnology. This paper briefly discusses the interesting history of birth of Nanotechnology and eu policy on the matter, through its strategic documents.

Today, the ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons undergoing prolonged storage are treated with giberellic acid, which allows the delay of the harvesting to November-December. Although during this period the fruit maintained high commercial firmness, practical experience indicates very different behavior during the posterior cold storage, depending on the harvest moment. To explain what leads to these differences, an in-depth study of the physicochemical and microstructural changes occurring in the fruit during five commercial harvest times from November to December was carried out. During this period, slight variations in firmness occurred, ranging from 48 to 40 N. Nevertheless, the fruit behavior under cold storage was strongly influenced by the harvest date, which was explained by the degradation of cell wall, cell membrane and tonoplast, mainly noted in fruit from the latest harvests. Therefore, the fruit harvested with firmness close to 48 N had a highly structured cell, which maintained firmness during cold storage for up to 90 days. The fruit harvested with 43 N presented a more degraded structure, while the fruit with initial firmness around 40 N underwent major ultrastructure cell wall and membranes modifications, which led to greater firmness loss. Therefore, the fruit firmness at harvest is decisive for its storage potential.

This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of the main macroelements in leaves and fruit grown following organic and conventional practices, and to relate them to physico-chemical parameters during commercial fruit harvests. Three samplings were carried out during fruit maturation. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined in leaves and in two fruit flesh areas: basal and apical. Weight, color, firmness, soluble tannins (ST), and total soluble solids (TSS) were also evaluated in fruit. During the study period, the lowering leaf N concentration was accompanied by its increment in flesh. Leaf P and K lowered but did not imply changes in these concentrations in fruit. N, P, and K concentrations were higher in the apical area than in the basal flesh. No changes in Ca concentration occurred in leaf, but Ca translocation from the basal to the apical area was detected in fruit. Management affected the concentrations of leaf K and Mg and the fruit N, P and Ca. The agronomic efficiency of the macronutrients in the organic crops was superior to that in the conventional crops. The Ca and Mg and the N/Ca and Ca/(K+Mg) ratios were closely related to color, firmness, TSS, and ST content.

Biofilm formation on food-contact surfaces is a matter of major concern causing food safety and spoilage issues to this sector. The aim of this study was to assess the durability of the anti-biofilm capacity of a plasma-polymerized coating composed of a base coating of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and a functional coating of acrylic acid (AcAc). Coated and uncoated AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) plates were subjected to five sanitization cycles with sodium hypochlorite (0.05%) and peracetic acid (0.5%). The effectiveness of the coating for the inhibition of multi-strain Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation was confirmed using a three-strain cocktail, which was grown on the SS plates at 12 °C for 6 days. Compared to the uncoated SS, relative biofilm productions of 14.6% on the non-sanitized coating, 27.9% on the coating after sanitization with sodium hypochlorite, and 82.3% on the coating after sanitization with peracetic acid were obtained. Morphological and physicochemical characterization of the coatings suggested that the greater anti-biofilm effectiveness after sanitization with sodium hypochlorite was due to the high pH of this solution, which caused a deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the functional coating. This fact conferred it a strong hydrophilicity and negatively charged its surface, which was favorable for preventing bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.

Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic widely used for the treatment of schizophrenia and the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of variants in relevant pharmacogenes in the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine and to exploratorily evaluate adverse drug reaction (ADR) incidence based on genetic polymorphism. Specifically, 49 healthy volunteers enrolled in two bioequivalence clinical trials were included in this study. In addition, 80 variants in 19 relevant pharmacogenes were genotyped, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), other enzymes (e.g., UGT1A1 or UGT1A4), and transporters (e.g., SLCO1B1, ABCB1, or ABCG2). The COMT rs13306278 T allele was significantly related to quetiapine-increased exposure. We demonstrated the existence of quetiapine derivatives with a catechol-like structure (7,8-dihydroxi-quetiapine and 7,8-dihydroxi-N-desalkyl-quetiapine), which would be COMT metabolites and would explain quetiapine accumulation through CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 negative feedback. Moreover, CYP3A5 and CYP2B6 phenotypes were related to quetiapine exposure variability, which confirms (for CYP3A5) and suggests (for CYP2B6) that these enzymes play an important role in quetiapine’s metabolism. Finally, the ABCG2 rs2231142 T allele was related to quetiapine accumulation. Further studies are required to confirm the clinical relevance of our findings.

In this paper, we address the classical problem of testing for stationarity in the prices of energy-related commodities. A panel of fourteen time series of monthly prices is analyzed for the 1980–2020 period. Nine of the series are classical nonrenewable, GHG-emissions-intensive resources (coal, crude oil, natural gas), whereas the remaining, low-emission group includes both uranium and four commodities employed in biofuels (rapeseed, palm, and soybean oils, and ethanol). A nonparametric, bootstrap-based stationarity testing framework is employed. The main advantage of this procedure is its asymptotically model-free nature, being less sensitive than parametric tests to the risks of misspecification and detection of spurious unit roots, although it has the potential limitation of typically requiring larger samples than mainstream tools. Results suggest that most of the series analyzed may be trend stationary. The only exception would be crude oil, where different conclusions are obtained depending on whether a seasonal correction is applied or not.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indoleamine with antioxidant, chronobiotic and anti-inflammatory properties; reduced levels of this hormone are associated with higher risk of cancer. Several beneficial effects of melatonin have been described in a broad number of tumors, including liver cancers. In this work we systematically reviewed the publications of the last 15 years that assessed the underlying mechanisms of melatonin activities against liver cancers, and its role as coadjuvant in the treatment of these tumors. Literature research was performed employing PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases and, after screening, 51 articles were included. Results from the selected studies denoted the useful actions of melatonin in preventing carcinogenesis and as a promising treatment option for the primary liver tumors hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), either alone or in combination with other compounds. Different processes were modulated by the indole, such as inhibition of oxidative stress, proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion, promotion of immune system response, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as recovery of circadian rhythms and autophagy modulation. Taken together, the present systematic review highlights the evidence that document the potential role of melatonin in improving the landscape of liver tumor treatment.

Background: Educational Climate (EC) may determine teacher and student behaviour. Our aim was to evaluate EC longitudinally in a period of ‘curricular transition’ from traditional (teacher-centred learning) to Bologna curricula (interactive student-centred learning). Methods: The ‘Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure’ (DREEM) questionnaire was completed by 397 students from a Spanish School of Dentistry. Students’ perception was assessed in different courses and academic years. Results: The overall EC scale average was 115.70 ± 20.20 (57.85%) and all domain values showed a percentage > 52%, which were interpreted as ‘positive and acceptable’. The EC mean was: 118.02 ± 17.37 (59.01%) for 2010–2011; 116.46 ± 19.79 (58.23%) for 2013–2014; 115.60 ± 21.93 (57.80%) for 2014–2015; 112.02 ± 22.28 (56.01%) for 2015–2016, interpreted as ‘more positive than negative EC’. The worst Learning domain scores corresponded to later academic years and may reflect the Bologna curriculum’s more intensive clinical training involving greater responsibility and self-learning. Conclusions: EC and its domains were perceived more positively than negatively. The Social domain was the most positively evaluated, while the Learning domain was the worst.

In recent decades, packaged fruit has gained market ground over loose fruit, and fruit containers have become a source of information for consumers. This study approaches three objectives related to consumer information needs for decision making when purchasing fruit: (1) Determine if consumers’ choice of packaged fruit rather than loose fruit is motivated by their interest in the information provided on packaging; (2) identify information gaps on fruit packaging labels; (3) identify those sensory attributes that consumers consider to be of major interest to be included in sensory labels of different fruit types. The study was based on an online questionnaire answered by 394 fruit consumers. Ninety percent of the participants stated having an interest in receiving information when purchasing fruit, but their choice between packaged or loose fruit was not conditioned by their information needs. Moreover, a gap between information interest and information use was detected as their final purchase decisions were not always based on the provided information. ‘Harvest date’, ‘production method’, ‘percentage of the price received by the farmer’, ‘applied treatments’, ‘sensory characteristics’, and ‘environmental information’ were identified as the major information gaps, as these labels were unavailable for a high percentage of consumers, who stated their interest in them. According to consumers, sensory labels should include information about ‘sweetness’ and ‘flavor intensity’ irrespectively of fruit type. ‘Sourness’ and ‘juiciness’ attributes were particularly interesting for citrus, as ‘sourness’ and ‘firmness’ were for kiwi. Information about texture properties was required for pome and stone fruit. Other attributes, such as easiness to peel, were important only for citrus fruit.

Este texto tiene por objetivo describir y analizar el accionar de las organizaciones estudiantiles universitarias brasileñas frente al juzgamiento y la prisión del ex presidente Luiz Inácio “Lula” Da Silva. La investigación recoge, como antecedentes significativos para entender este proceso, los cambios en el campo universitario de la última década y media y las relaciones de la União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) con los gobiernos de Lula y Dilma Rousseff, y el Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT).

En este artículo analizaremos los programas de televisión más comentados y emitidos en España basándonos en el número de usuarios de Twitter (y no en el número de comentarios). Planteamos dos objetivos: saber qué pro gramas de televisión son los más tuiteados según su género y su franja ho raria; y observar si los programas de televisión más vistos son también los más tuiteados. Para ello, utilizaremos una metodología cuantitativa basada en la correlación de Spearman y el coeficiente de Kappa a partir de los da tos obtenidos durante 30 días (150 observaciones). Los datos nos permiten concluir que los programas más tuiteados son los talk shows y los magaci nes informativos, los reality shows y los eventos deportivos; y que el 63,3 % de los programas más tuiteados son emitidos entre las 8:30 p.m. y las 12 a.m. También hemos detectado que si un programa de televisión está cla sificado en el primer lugar como el más visto ese día o en su franja, tiene más probabilidades que el resto de estar entre los cinco más comentados en Twitter. Creemos que los resultados hallados en España pueden aplicar se a otros países y mercados audiovisuales.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objeto de diseñar la campaña edu-comunicativa para incentivar la lectura creativa en los estudiantes del programa de Comunicación Social de la Universidad de Pamplona. El estudio se sitúa en una investigación de carácter descriptivo, cualitativo apoyada por un diseño de campo, la población involucrada en el proceso es de 200 estudiantes del programa de comunicación social de la Universidad de Pamplona; para la recolección de información se hizo indispensable la encuesta cómo cuestionario, la entrevista y observación directa, con el fin de determinar las necesidades del objeto estudiado. La investigación se desarrolló con tres estrategias tituladas: EL LIBRO EN LA ACADEMIA primera estrategia cuya ejecución dio como resultado un banco de libro establecido en la casa Águeda Gallardo una segunda estrategia aplicada el LIBRO VIA JERO que dio como resultado el libro abierto consistente en la creación de historias por la población estudiantil de Pamplona; y una última estrategia llamada NA RRATIVAS EN EL SEPTIMO ARTE; estrategia que se ejecutara como proceso final del proyecto. El proyecto ha generado un impacto no solo en los estudiantes de comunicación social en la concientización del proceso lector que como estudiantes y futuros profesionales deben tener asimismo sino que se ha hecho participe los demás estudiantes de la facultad de artes y humanidades; igualmente se espera que pueda institucionalizar la fiesta del libro todos los años. ABSTRACT The present work aims to design the Edu-communicative creative campaign to encourage reading among students of Social Communication program at the University of Pamplona. The studio is located in a descriptive study, supported by qualitative design field. The people involved in the process is 200 students in the program of social communication at the University of Pamplona; initially it planned a sample of 25 students but the impact of the project gave’pie for students from other faculties enter into the process. To collect information how the survey questionnaire, interview and direct observation, in order to determine the needs of the object studied was indispensable. The research was conducted with three strategies entitled: THE BOOK AT THE ACADEMY first strategy whose implementation resulted in a bank book set in the house Agueda Gallardo a second strategy applied BOOK TRAVEL resulting open book consisting of the creation of stories by the student population of Pamplona; and a final strategy called Narratives in cinema; strategy was executed as a final project process. The project has an impact not only on students of social communication in the awareness of the reader as students and future professionals should also have been done but involved other students of the faculty of arts and humanities process; It can also be expected to institutionalize the book fair every year.

The endangered Cedrela balansae C.DC. (Meliaceae) is a high-value timber species with great potential for forest plantations that inhabits the tropical forests in Northwestern Argentina.Research on this species is scarce because of the limited genetic and genomic information available. Here, we explored the transcriptome of C. balansae using 454 GS FLX Titanium next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Following de novo assembling, we identified 27,111 non-redundant unigenes longer than 200 bp, and considered these transcripts for further downstream analysis. The functional annotation was performed searching the 27,111 unigenes against the NR-Protein and the Interproscan databases. This analysis revealed 26,977 genes with homology in at least one of the Database analyzed. Furthermore, 7,774 unigenes in 142 different active biological pathways in C. balansae were identified with the KEGG database. Moreover, after in silico analyses, we detected 2,663 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. A subset of 70 SSRs related to important "stress tolerance" traits based on functional annotation evidence, were selected for wet PCR-validation in C. balansae and other Cedrela species inhabiting in northwest and northeast of Argentina (C. fissilis, C. saltensis and C. angustifolia). Successful transferability was between 77% and 93% and thanks to this study, 32 polymorphic functional SSRs for all analyzed Cedrela species are now available. The gene catalog and molecular markers obtained here represent a starting point for further research, which will assist genetic breeding programs in the Cedrela genus and will contribute to identifying key populations for its preservation.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 85 elderly with stable sexual partner, belonging to the Family Doctor´s Office No. 1 of "Ramón López Peña" Teaching Polyclinic was carried out inSantiago de Cuba, from March to December, 2016, aimed at describing some characteristics of sexual health in them. There was a prevalence of the female sex, 60-69 age group and married or consensual union as marital status. In a general way, the members of the series manifested to have desire and satisfaction during their sexual relationships, which considered important, although the frequency and type of sexual activity, as well as the desire and interest for them differed according to the age, gender and marital status. Finally, it could be stated that sexuality remains during this period of life without decreasing sexual satisfaction.

Objetivo: Desde un análisis contextual-funcional de los problemas/limitaciones del paciente oncológico, se valora el efecto en la calidad de vida y estado emocional de una intervención centrada en la Activación Conductual con enfermos de cáncer de pulmón durante el tratamiento oncológico.Método: 90 pacientes de reciente diagnóstico fueron asignados aleatoriamente a una condición experimental (G.E.: N=50) de 4 sesiones individuales orientadas a restablecer actividades relevantes, eliminar conductas de enfermedad y modificar el patrón de evitación experiencial; y a una condición control (G.C.: N=40) que ocupó el mismo número de sesiones en la evaluación de la calidad de vida sin ofrecer asesoramiento o tratamiento psicológico. Todos los participantes completaron, en cada sesión y en seguimiento trimestral, las escalas QLQ-C30, HAD, IK, EG y SP. Se empleó un diseño de medidas parcialmente repetidas. La evolución y tendencia de las variables se realizó mediante MLG y MLM. Resultados: Los participantes resultaron representativos de la población estudiada y no difirieron entre ellos en el pre-tratamiento. En ambos grupos se produjo una pérdida elevada de sujetos por hospitalización/fallecimiento. El G.E. mostró, a lo largo del tiempo, mejoría estadísticamente significativa (pConclusiones: Se aportan evidencias del interés de los objetivos y procedimientos de Activación Conductual para mejorar, durante el tratamiento oncológico, la calidad de vida y estado emocional. Se señala la necesidad de indagar las características de los pacientes y/o de la intervención de las que depende su eficacia y eficiencia.

There are few studies about the feminine emigration in general, and less about Sahara women. The aim of this work is to analyze the reality of this group in Spain, who are emigrants, women and muslims. The sample was made up of 60 women (15-59 years), to which was administered a semi-structured protocol with the following categories of variables: Demographic; work-related; social and gender. We carried out descriptive analysis of the above mentioned variables, showing as singular data the high academic level and their ingrained traditions, barely polluted for the environment. Their formative level and their culture make these women carry out an enormous effort of adaptation to this so different country; this effort many times is not understood by their couples or by their families in the Sahara

El objetivo de este estudio controlado y aleatorizado fue comprobar la eficacia a largo plazo de la terapia de aceptación y compromiso (ACT) comparada con un protocolo cognitivo conductual (TCC) en el tratamiento intrapenitenciario del abuso de sustancias. Treinta y siete mujeres policonsumidoras fueron evaluadas con la Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, el Addiction Severity Index, el Índice de Sensibilidad a la Ansiedad (ASI) y el Cuestionario de Aceptación y Acción II antes y después del tratamiento, y al cabo de 6, 12 y 18 meses de seguimiento. Los resultados obtenidos con el modelo lineal mixto mostraron que el consumo de drogas, los niveles de sensibilidad a la ansiedad y los repertorios de evitación se redujeron en ambos grupos, sin diferencias entre ellos. Sin embargo, los porcentajes de psicopatología asociada se fueron reduciendo únicamente en quienes recibieron ACT. Al cabo de 18 meses, ACT fue superior a TCC en el mantenimiento de los porcentajes de abstinencia, lo que viene a confirmar el patrón de incubación informado en estudios anteriores sobre ACT. En conclusión, ACT se postula como una intervención viable para el tratamiento intrapenitenciario del abuso de drogas y los trastornos asociados.

Es imperativo que los investigadores inviertan tiempo en la planificación de su investigación, y sin duda alguna, detenerse para buscar información es esencial antes de tomar ninguna decisión. Este trabajo está dedicado a orientar a los psicólogos en esta gran tarea. Para ello comenzamos sugiriendo visitar la página de la APA y desde ella abundar en los aspectos sustantivos del tema que nos ocupa, tanto en lo más novedoso y más debatido como en aquello que disfruta de mayor consenso. En este punto abundaremos en el significado de las expresiones “práctica centrada en la evidencia” y “evidencia científica” y en los aspectos metodológicos inherentes que conllevan, desde la “evidencia científica” aportada por las revisiones sistemáticas, hasta el modo de obtenerla utilizando guías de valor inestimable para concluir con éxito nuestras investigaciones. Todos estos recursos ayudarán al investigador a plantear sus hipótesis correctamente, a ponerlas a prueba de modo satisfactorio y a analizar los datos del modo más conveniente y correcto. Por lo tanto, aumentará la calidad de su investigación.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 240 adultos mayores pertenecientes al sector Las Tunitas de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, durante el 2010, con vistas a determinar las características del maltrato intrafamiliar en dicha comunidad. La muestra se seleccionó de manera no probabilística, intencional por juicio y se utilizó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. En la casuística prevaleció el maltrato en más de la mitad de los ancianos y fue proporcional el aumento de este con el incremento de la edad, con la menor escolaridad y la pertenencia a familias disfuncionales. Asimismo, la forma más frecuente de violencia fue el abuso psicológico por parte de los hijas e hijos y cónyuges, así como la ingestión de alcohol y las familias disfuncionales fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes, razón por la cual se sugirió realizar una intervención comunitaria encaminada a reducir el abuso en estos gerontes.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 240 aged persons belonging to Las Tunitas of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela during 2010, to determine the characteristics of the domestic abuse in that community. The sample was selected by means of judgment intentional non probabilistic method and the percentage was used as summary measure. Abuse prevailed in more than half of the elderly and its increase was proportional to the increasing age, with lower educational level and membership to dysfunctional families. Also, the most frequent form of violence was psychological abuse by daughters, sons and spouses, as well as alcoholism and dysfunctional families were the most common risk factors, reason why it was suggested to perform a community intervention aimed at reducing abuse in these elderly.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la robustez de dos estadísticos heteroscedásticos, Welch-James desarrollado por Johansen (WJ) y el estadístico Tipo Box desarrollado por Brunner, Dette y Munk (BDM), junto con el Modelo Lineal General (GLM), no heteroscedástico, de dos modos diferentes en función del cálculo del valor crítico. De una parte, cuando los valores críticos se basan en valores teóricos (WJ, BDM y GLM respectivamente), y de otra parte, cuando se obtienen mediante remuestreo bootstrap (WJB, BDMB y GLMB respectivamente). Para llevarlo a cabo se realizó un estudio de simulación sobre un diseño factorial carente de homogeneidad, normalidad y ortogonalidad. Los resultados muestran que cuando la relación entre el tamaño de las celdas y el tamaño de las varianzas fue positiva el procedimiento WJ fue el más robusto y que cuando la relación fue negativa el procedimiento más robusto fue WJB. Ambos procedimientos se comportaron de modo liberal cuando la forma de distribución fue sesgada, en mayor medida, cuanto mayor era el grado de desigualdad del tamaño de las celdas y la heterogeneidad de las varianzas.

La potencia y robustez de los procedimientos estadísticos para analizar los efectos en los diseños de medidas repetidas están en función de la satisfacción de los supuestos asociados al análisis, en especial, el supuesto de esfericidad y de homogeneidad de las matrices de covarianza. Desafortunadamente, la violación de estos supuestos es habitual en los datos de las investigaciones aplicadas educativas y psicológicas. En este artículo teórico revisamos las competencias de varios estadísticos con respecto al error de Tipo I y la potencia obtenidos por diferentes autores mediante estudios de simulación Monte Carlo. También realizamos una investigación Monte Carlo ad hoc para ejemplificar la cuantía del error de Tipo I en los efectos intra-sujeto en un diseño split-plot de medidas repetidas. Examinando todo lo anterior advertimos que diferentes métodos de análisis son apropiados en diferentes situaciones. Concluimos aportando recomendaciones para el análisis de estos diseños en función de la violación o no de las asunciones subyacentes.

In this paper we analyze the most discussed television programs broadcast in Spain based on the number of users in Twitter (not comments). There were two objectives: to know which television programs are the most tweeted based on their genre and their time slots, and to observe if the most watched television programs are also the most tweeted. We use a quantitative methodology based on Spearman’s correlation and the Kappa coefficient from the data obtained during 30 days (150 observations). The data allows us to conclude that the most tweeted programs are tabloid talk shows and TV news magazines, reality shows and sporting events, and that 63.3% of the most tweeted programs are broadcast between 8:30 p.m. and 12 a.m. We have also noticed that if a television program is ranked in first place as the most watched that day or in its time slot, it has more probabilities tan others to be in the top-five commented programs on Twitter. We also believe that the results found in Spain can be generalized to other countries and audiovisual markets. doi: 10.5294/pacla.2016.19.1.8

In recent years there has been further liberalization of sexual behavior in the Western world, this tendency manifests itself especially in adolescents. The aim of the present study is of knowing the sexual behaviors of our young persons, as well as the unsafe sexual behaviors, in order to know those variables that could be involved in these behaviors. The study was carried out by 815 students (54,6 % girls and 45,4 % boys), through of an auto-report. Were observed few differences between the sexual practices and the age of beginning between boys and girls. The condom was the method of the first choice in the first sexual relation coital. The consumption of alcohol and the quantity of sexual pairs are risk conducts exercised in major measure for the boys. On the other hand, the girls are protected from sexually transmitted diseases, but there is increase of abortions, for what it would be necessary to affect in a better protection.

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 85 ancianos con pareja sexual estable, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia No. 1 del Policlínico Docente "Ramón López Peña" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el periodo de marzo a diciembre de 2016, con vistas a describir algunas características de la salud sexual en ellos. Existió un predominio del sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 60-69 años, el estado conyugal casado o en unión consensual. De manera general, los integrantes de la serie manifestaron tener deseo y satisfacción durante sus relaciones sexuales, las cuales consideraban importantes, aunque la frecuencia y el tipo de actividad sexual, así como el deseo e interés por estas difirieron según la edad, el género y el estado conyugal. Finalmente, se pudo afirmar que la sexualidad se mantiene durante esta etapa de la vida sin que disminuya la satisfacción sexual