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Objective: To assess European Association of Urology guideline adherence on the surgical management of patients with T1 renal tumours and the effects of centralisation of care. Patients and methods: Retrospective data from all kidney tumours that underwent radical nephrectomy (RN) or partial nephrectomy (PN) in the period 2012–2016 from the British Association of Urological Surgeons Nephrectomy Audit were retrieved and analysed. We assessed total surgical hospital volume (HV; RN and PN performed) per centre, PN rates, complication rates, and completeness of data. Descriptive analyses were performed, and confidence intervals were used to illustrate the association between hospital volume and proportion of PN. Chi‐ squared and Cochran–Armitage trend tests were used to evaluate differences and trends. Results: In total, 13 045 surgically treated T1 tumours were included in the analyses. Over time, there was an increase in PN use (39.7% in 2012 to 44.9% in 2016). Registration of the Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) complexity score was included in March 2016 and documented in 39% of cases. Missing information on postoperative complications appeared constant over the years (8.5–9%). A clear association was found between annual HV and the proportion of T1 tumours treated with PN rather than RN (from 18.1% in centres performing <25 cases/year [lowest volume] to 61.8% in centres performing ≥100 cases/year [high volume]), which persisted after adjustment for PADUA complexity. Overall and major (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥III) complication rate decreased with increasing HV (from 12.2% and 2.9% in low‐volume centres to 10.7% and 2.2% in high‐volume centres, respectively), for all patients including those treated with PN. Conclusion: Closer guideline adherence was exhibited by higher surgical volume centres. Treatment of T1 tumours using PN increased with increasing HV, and was accompanied by an inverse association of HV with complication rate. These results support the centralisation of kidney cancer specialist cancer surgical services to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Small renal masses (SRMs; ≤4 cm) account for two-thirds of new diagnoses of kidney cancer, the majority of which are incidental findings. The natural history of the SRM seems largely indolent. There is an increasing concern regarding surgical overtreatment and the associated health burden in terms of morbidity and economy. Observational data support the safety and efficacy of percutaneous cryoablation but there is an unmet need for high-quality evidence on non-surgical management options and a head-to-head comparison with standard of care is lacking. Historical interventional trial recruitment difficulties demand novel study conduct approaches. We aim to assess if a novel trial design, the cohort embedded randomised controlled trial (RCT), will enable carrying out such a comparison. Methods and analysis Single-centre prospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with SRM (n=200) with an open label embedded interventional RCT comparing nephron sparing interventions. Cohort participants will be managed at patient and clinicians' discretion and agree with longitudinal clinical data and biological sample collection, with invitation for trial interventions and participation in comparator control groups. Cohort participants with biopsy-proven renal cell carcinoma eligible for both percutaneous cryoablation and partial nephrectomy will be randomly selected (1:1) and invited to consider percutaneous cryoablation (n=25). The comparator group will be robotic partial nephrectomy (n=25). The primary outcome of this feasibility study is participant recruitment. Qualitative research techniques will assess barriers and recruitment improvement opportunities. Secondary outcomes are participant trial retention, health-related quality of life, treatment complications, blood transfusion rate, intensive care unit admission and renal replacement requirement rates, length of hospital stay, time to return to pre-treatment activities, number of work days lost, and health technologies costs. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been granted (UK HRA REC 19/EM/0004). Study outputs will be presented and published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report on the contemporary UK experience of surgical management of renal oncocytomas. Patients and methods: Descriptive analysis of practice and postoperative outcomes of patients with a final histological diagnosis of oncocytoma included in The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) nephrectomy registry from 01/01/2013 to 31/12/2016. Short-term outcomes were assessed over a follow-up of 60 days. Results: Over 4 years, 32 130 renal surgical cases were recorded in the UK, of which 1202 were oncocytomas (3.7%). Most patients were male (756; 62.9%), the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 66.8 (13) years. The median (IQR; range) lesion size was 4.1 (3; 1-25) cm, 43.5% were =4 cm and 30.3% were 4-7 cm lesions. In all, 35 patients (2.9%) had preoperative renal tumour biopsy. Most patients had minimally invasive surgery, either radical nephrectomy (683 patients; 56.8%), partial nephrectomy (483; 40.2%) or other procedures (36; 3%). One in five patients (243 patients; 20.2%) had in-hospital complications: 48 were Clavien-Dindo classification grade =III (4% of the total cohort), including three deaths. Two additional deaths occurred within 60 days of surgery. The analysis is limited by the study's observational nature, not capturing lesions on surveillance or ablated after biopsy, possible underreporting, short follow-up, and lack of central histology review. Conclusion: We report on the largest surgical series of renal oncocytomas. In the UK, the complication rate associated with surgical removal of a renal oncocytoma was not negligible. Centralisation of specialist services and increased utilisation of biopsy may inform management, reduce overtreatment, and change patient outcomes for this benign tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the therapeutic application of botulinum toxin in drug-refractory overreactive bladder. It offers clinical information on overreactive bladder. It describes the types and mechanism of action of botulinum toxin. It also explains the adverse effects of botulinum toxin, along with its hazards for patients.

Advancements in imaging modalities have increased the frequency of renal mass discovery. Imaging has typically been considered sufficient to guide management for a large proportion of these tumours, but renal mass biopsies (RMBs) have an increasing role in determining malignancy and can be a valuable tool for preventing unnecessary surgery in patients with benign tumours. A structured approach should be used to help to navigate the expanding repertoire of renal tumours, many of which are molecularly defined. In terms of tumour subtyping, the pathologist's strategy should focus on stratifying patients into clinically different prognostic groups according to our current knowledge of tumour behaviour, including benign, low-grade or indolent, intermediate malignant or highly aggressive. Crucial pathological features and morphological mimicry of tumours can alter the tumour's prognostic group. Thus, pathologists and urologists can use RMB to select patients with tumours at a reduced risk of progression, which can be safely managed with active surveillance within a tailored imaging schedule, versus tumours for which ablation or surgical intervention is indicated. RMB is also crucial in the oncological setting to distinguish between different high-grade tumours and guide tailored management strategies., (© 2024. Crown.)

Introduction: The incidence of renal tumours is increasing and anatomic imaging cannot reliably distinguish benign tumours from renal cell carcinoma. Up to 30% of renal tumours are benign, with oncocytomas the most common type. Biopsy has not been routinely adopted in many centres due to concerns surrounding non-diagnostic rate, bleeding and tumour seeding. As a result, benign masses are often unnecessarily surgically resected. 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT has shown high diagnostic accuracy for benign renal oncocytomas and other oncocytic renal neoplasms of low malignant potential in single-centre studies. The primary aim of MULTI-MIBI is to assess feasibility of a multicentre study of 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT against a reference standard of histopathology from surgical resection or biopsy. Secondary aims of the study include obtaining estimates of 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT sensitivity and specificity and to inform the design and conduct of a future definitive trial., Methods and Analysis: A feasibility prospective multicentre study of participants with indeterminate, clinical T1 renal tumours to undergo 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT (index test) compared with histopathology from biopsy or surgical resection (reference test). Interpretation of the index and reference tests will be blinded to the results of the other. Recruitment rate as well as estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value will be reported. Semistructured interviews with patients and clinicians will provide qualitative data to inform onward trial design and delivery. Training materials for 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT interpretation will be developed, assessed and optimised. Early health economic modelling using a decision analytic approach for different diagnostic strategies will be performed to understand the potential cost-effectiveness of 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval has been granted (UK HRA REC 20/YH/0279) protocol V.5.0 dated 21/6/2022. Study outputs will be presented and published nationally and internationally., Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN12572202., Competing Interests: Competing interests: GDS has received educational grants from Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Intuitive Surgical; consultancy fees from Pfizer, Merck, EUSA Pharma and CMR Surgical; Travel expenses from Pfizer and Speaker fees from Pfizer. SD provides educational consultancy for GE Healthcare, Bayer, AAA and AVAANT diagnostics., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: Currently there are no specific guidelines for the post-operative follow-up of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC). We aimed to evaluate the pattern, location and timing of recurrence after surgery for non-metastatic chRCC and establish predictors of recurrence and cancer-specific death., Methods: Retrospective analysis of consecutive surgically treated non-metastatic chRCC cases from the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (UK, 2015-2019) and the international collaborative database RECUR (15 institutes, 2006-2011). Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted. The association between variables of interest and outcomes were analysed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models with shared frailty for data source., Results: 295 patients were identified. Median follow-up was 58 months. The five and ten-year recurrence-free survival rates were 94.3% and 89.2%. Seventeen patients (5.7%) developed recurrent disease, 13 (76.5%) with distant metastases. 54% of metastatic disease diagnoses involved a single organ, most commonly the bone. Early recurrence (< 24 months) was observed in 8 cases, all staged ≥ pT2b. 30 deaths occurred, of which 11 were attributed to chRCC. Sarcomatoid differentiation was rare (n = 4) but associated with recurrence and cancer-specific death on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, UICC/AJCC T-stage ≥ pT2b, presence of coagulative necrosis, and positive surgical margins were predictors of recurrence and cancer-specific death., Conclusion: Recurrence and death after surgically resected chRCC are rare. For completely excised lesions ≤ pT2a without coagulative necrosis or sarcomatoid features, prognosis is excellent. These patients should be reassured and follow-up intensity curtailed., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Small renal masses (SRMs; ≤4 cm) account for two-thirds of new diagnoses of kidney cancer, the majority of which are incidental findings. The natural history of the SRM seems largely indolent. There is an increasing concern regarding surgical overtreatment and the associated health burden in terms of morbidity and economy. Observational data support the safety and efficacy of percutaneous cryoablation but there is an unmet need for high-quality evidence on non-surgical management options and a head-to-head comparison with standard of care is lacking. Historical interventional trial recruitment difficulties demand novel study conduct approaches. We aim to assess if a novel trial design, the cohort embedded randomised controlled trial (RCT), will enable carrying out such a comparison., Methods and Analysis: Single-centre prospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with SRM (n=200) with an open label embedded interventional RCT comparing nephron sparing interventions. Cohort participants will be managed at patient and clinicians' discretion and agree with longitudinal clinical data and biological sample collection, with invitation for trial interventions and participation in comparator control groups. Cohort participants with biopsy-proven renal cell carcinoma eligible for both percutaneous cryoablation and partial nephrectomy will be randomly selected (1:1) and invited to consider percutaneous cryoablation (n=25). The comparator group will be robotic partial nephrectomy (n=25). The primary outcome of this feasibility study is participant recruitment. Qualitative research techniques will assess barriers and recruitment improvement opportunities. Secondary outcomes are participant trial retention, health-related quality of life, treatment complications, blood transfusion rate, intensive care unit admission and renal replacement requirement rates, length of hospital stay, time to return to pre-treatment activities, number of work days lost, and health technologies costs., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval has been granted (UK HRA REC 19/EM/0004). Study outputs will be presented and published., Trial Registration: ISRCTN18156881; Pre-results., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Human seminal fluid (HSF) is a complex mixture of reacting glandular metabolite and protein secretions that provides critical support functions in fertilization. We have employed 600-MHz (1)H NMR spectroscopy to compare and contrast the temporal biochemical and biophysical changes in HSF from infertile men with spinal cord injury compared to age-matched controls. We have developed new approaches to data analysis and visualization to facilitate the interpretation of the results, including the first application of the recently published K-STOCSY concept to a biofluid, enhancing the extraction of information on biochemically related metabolites and assignment of resonances from the major seminal protein, semenogelin. Principal components analysis was also applied to evaluate the extent to which macromolecules influence the overall variation in the metabolic data set. The K-STOCSY concept was utilized further to determine the relationships between reaction rates and metabolite levels, revealing that choline, N-acetylglucosamine, and uridine are associated with higher peptidase activity. The novel approach adopted here has the potential to capture dynamic information in any complex mixture of reacting chemicals including other biofluids or cell extracts.