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Oxidative stress-induced death of neurons and astrocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. While significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective molecules against neuronal oxidative damage, little is known about their counterparts for astrocytes. Prolactin (PRL), a hormone known to stimulate astroglial proliferation, viability, and cytokine expression, exhibits antioxidant effects in neurons. However, its role in protecting astrocytes from oxidative stress remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of PRL against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative insult in primary cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation of astrocytes with PRL led to increased enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), resulting in higher total antioxidant capacity. Concomitantly, PRL prevented H2O2-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protein and lipid oxidation. The protective effect of PRL upon H2O2-induced cell death can be explained by the activation of both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NRF2) transduction cascades. We demonstrated that PRL induced nuclear translocation and transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, concurrently with the transcriptional upregulation of the NRF2-dependent genes heme oxygenase 1, Sod1, Sod2, and Gpx1. Pharmacological blockade of STAT3 suppressed PRL-induced transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, Sod1 and Gpx1 mRNA, and SOD and GPX activities. Furthermore, genetic ablation of the PRL receptor increased astroglial susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death and superoxide accumulation, while diminishing their intrinsic antioxidant capacity. Overall, these findings unveil PRL as a potent antioxidant hormone that protects astrocytes from oxidative insult, which may contribute to brain neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Epileptic seizures (ESs) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNESs) are frequently differentially misdiagnosed. This study aimed to evaluate changes in serum cortisol and prolactin levels after ESs and PNESs as possible differential diagnostic biomarkers. Patients over 18 years with ESs (n = 29) and PNESs with motor manifestations (n = 45), captured on video-EEG monitoring, were included. Serum cortisol and prolactin levels as well as hemograms were assessed in blood samples taken at admission, during the first hour after the seizure, and after 6, 12, and 24 h. Cortisol and prolactine response were evident in the ES group (but not the PNES group) as an acute significant increase within the first hour after seizure. The occurrence of seizures in patients with ESs and PNESs demonstrated different circadian patterns. ROC analysis confirmed the accuracy of discrimination between paroxysmal events based on cortisol response: the AUC equals 0.865, with a prediction accuracy at the cutoff point of 376.5 nmol/L 0.811 (sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 72.4%). Thus, assessments of acute serum cortisol response to a paroxysmal event may be regarded as a simple, fast, and minimally invasive laboratory test contributing to differential diagnosis of ESs and PNESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell‐surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL‐regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a well‐characterised maternal adaptation that limits the exposure of the offspring to maternally‐derived stress hormones. This current study has investigated the possible involvement of the lactogenic hormone, prolactin, in this physiologically important adaptation. As expected, circulating prolactin levels were higher in unstressed lactating mice compared to their virgin counterparts. Interestingly however, the ability of an acute period of restraint stress to further elevate prolactin levels was diminished in the former group. The stress‐induced rise in prolactin levels in the virgin animals was concurrent with an increase in prolactin receptor activation within the adrenal cortical cells. This adrenal response was not seen in either the stressed or control lactation group, an observation that may be in part explained by the observed downregulation of prolactin receptor mRNA expression within this tissue. Further evidence of suppression of the HPA axis during lactation was revealed using in situ hybridisation to demonstrate that while acute restraint stress increased corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in both virgin and lactating mice, the magnitude of this response was reduced in the latter group. This potentially adaptive response did not, however, appear to result from the altered prolactin profile during lactation because it was not affected by the pharmacological suppression of prolactin secretion from the pituitary. This study therefore suggests that during lactation the response of the HPA axis to stress is suppressed at multiple physiological levels which are mediated by both prolactin‐dependent and prolactin‐independent mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth hormone (GH) is fundamental for growth and glucose homeostasis, and prolactin for optimal pregnancy and lactation outcome, but additionally, both hormones have multiple functions that include a strong impact on energetic metabolism. In this respect, prolactin and GH receptors have been found in brown, and white adipocytes, as well as in hypothalamic centers regulating thermogenesis. This review describes the neuroendocrine control of the function and plasticity of brown and beige adipocytes, with a special focus on prolactin and GH actions. Most evidence points to a negative association between high prolactin levels and the thermogenic capacity of BAT, except in early development. During lactation and pregnancy, prolactin may be a contributing factor that limits unneeded thermogenesis, downregulating BAT UCP1. Furthermore, animal models of high serum prolactin have low BAT UCP1 levels and whitening of the tissue, while lack of Prlr induces beiging in WAT depots. These actions may involve hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the DMN, POA and ARN, brain centers that participate in thermogenesis. Studies on GH regulation of BAT function present some controversies. Most mouse models with GH excess or deficiency point to an inhibitory role of GH on BAT function. Even so, a stimulatory role of GH on WAT beiging has also been described, in accordance with whole‐genome microarrays that demonstrate divergent response signatures of BAT and WAT genes to the loss of GH signaling. Understanding the physiology of BAT and WAT beiging may contribute to the ongoing efforts to curtail obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Goals of anesthesia in neurosurgery include stable cerebral hemodynamics and provide relaxed brain to surgeon. Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine as an adjuvant can fulfill these criteria but literature comparing the two are sparse. We compared the effects of intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine or lignocaine on stress response, postoperative pain, and recovery in patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors. Methods: Approval was obtained from IEC, and the study was prospectively registered (CTRI/2022/11/047434). Written and informed consent was obtained from 105 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria, and they were divided into three groups. Group D Group L received intravenous infusion of lignocaine 2 mg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 1.5 mg/kg/h, received intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 0.5 mcg/kg/h, and Group N received intravenous infusion of normal saline at the rate of 4-8 ml/h till skin suturing. SPSS v23 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between groups in terms of intraoperative hemodynamic variations, brain relaxation score, extubation criteria, postoperative pain, stress indicator response, and quality of recovery. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to anesthetic drugs has a better profile than lignocaine in suppressing stress response and preventing hemodynamic variations at intubation, skull pin application, and surgical incision. Dexmedetomidine increases the duration of effective analgesia more than lignocaine, in postoperative period in patients undergoing craniotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that occurs after a psychologically or physically traumatic event, and characterized by three main clusters of posttraumatic symptoms, as well as chronic and significant disturbances in emotion regulation, identity, and relationships. PTSD is more common in women, which suggests a role for the regulation of female sex hormones in its development. The objective: to study the hormonal status of women with infertility and PTSD. Materials and methods. 112 women with infertility were examined, who were divided into groups depending on the PTSD criteria. The I group included 36 women with PTSD criteria, who were diagnosed with infertility before the onset of the traumatic factor, the II group – 31 patients with fertility disorders which were diagnosed on the background of PTSD, the III group – 45 women with infertility and without signs of PTSD, the control group consisted of 50 healthy women who applied for a routine preventive examination. In all patients, on the 3rd–5th day of the menstrual cycle, the concentrations of prolactin, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone were determined in the blood serum, in the saliva – cortisol, on the 21st day of the cycle – in the blood serum progesterone. Results. It was established that in women with infertility that was developed after the traumatic factor, the prolactin content is significantly higher (59.5±18.9 ng/ml) than in other groups of patients with fertility disorders (36.9±12.3 ng/ml in I group, 34.3±17.9 ng/ml – in the III group) and in the group of healthy women (13.5±5.6 ng/ml). The concentration of estradiol in the I group was within the reference values for the follicular phase of the cycle, but significantly lower (23.4±3.6 pg/ml) than in women of the other groups (from 87.6±14.6 pg/ml in the III group to 103.5±27.8 pg/ml in the group of healthy women). The average concentration of progesterone in the I (3.4±2.7 pg/ml) and II (4.1±2.9 pg/ml) groups was within the reference values, but was probably lower than that of healthy women (23.6±4.9 pg/ml), as well as women with infertility without signs of PTSD (19.4±5.1 pg/ml). In this study the patients with infertility which has developed on the background of PTSD had LH values within the reference normal range (2.0±0.5 U/L), but several times lower than in women with other reasons of infertility (12.0±3.6 U/l – in women with infertility before the development of PTSD, 6.0±1.9 U/l – in women with infertility without PTSD criteria) and in healthy women (9.2±3.4 U/l). An increased level of testosterone beyond the reference values was found only in women of the II group (3.3±1.9 nmol/l), in the other groups the average testosterone concentration ranged from 1.3±0.6 nmol/l in healthy women to 1.5±0.9 nmol/l in the I group and 1.8±0.7 nmol/l in women with infertility without signs of PTSD. Patients with PTSD are characterized by an increased level of cortisol in saliva, which indicates a prolonged reaction of the body to the trauma (8.8±0.3 ng/ml – in the I group, 10.3±0.4 ng/ml – in the II group), in groups without PTSD the level of this hormone in saliva was almost twice as low (5.4±0.2 ng/ml – in the III group and 5.9±0.3 ng/ml – in healthy women). Conclusions. 1. The patients with PTSD and infertility are characterized by high concentrations of cortisol in saliva and a decreased progesterone level in blood serum. 2. In patients who had fertility disorders before a stressful event, a decreased estrogen concentration and an increased luteinizing hormone level were found in blood serum, which indicates endocrine disorders as a cause of infertility. 3. Prolactin and testosterone levels were found to be higher in the patients with infertility that was developed after a traumatic event than in other women with reproductive function disorders. Both factors are pathogenetically related to the pathological reaction to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective: to assess the impact of chronic stress caused by war and displacement on the hormonal balance of refugee women. Materials and methods. 60 women were examined, who were divided into groups: the 1st group included women who were affected by hostilities (20 persons), and the 2nd group included displaced women (20 individuals). In these 40 women the hormonal studies were conducted in the conditions of military aggression in Ukraine. The control group (3rd group) included healthy women who were examined in the pre-war period. All examined women were 20–25 years old with an average body weight of 55–60 kg. Concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone, prolactin in the I and II phases of the menstrual cycle (MC), cortisol in the I phase of the MC were determined in blood serum using the enzyme immunoassay method. An analysis of the results of research on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in the regulation of the stress response was carried out. Results. In the examined women, various disorders of MC were observed, such as: menometrorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, acyclic uterine bleeding, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea. The most pronounced changes in menstrual function were observed in women who were affected by hostilities. Such significant disorders of MC in women of this group coincided with changes in indicators of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and sex hormones in the blood. A study of the psycho-emotional state of women who suffered from hostilities established that these women have a significant stressful effect of various risk factors on the body. Changes in the levels of cortisol, prolactin and other hormones were detected. Conclusions. Studies have shown that chronic stress affects the hormonal status of women affected by hostilities and of displaced women, including FSH, estradiol, and prolactin levels. A significant increase in the level of FSH in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and an increase in the level of estradiol in the luteal phase were determined, which may indicate a compensatory reaction of the body to stress. A significant increase in the level of prolactin was also found, which can cause disorders of menstrual function and affect the psycho-emotional state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Men with macroprolactinoma can present persistent hypogonadism despite normoprolactinemia achieved with clinical and/or neurosurgical treatment. Usually, testosterone replacement therapy is indicated. Nevertheless, although off-label, clomiphene citrate (CC), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has also been used, mainly when fertility is an issue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of CC in recovering the gonadal axis in men with macroprolactinoma, with or without hyperprolactinemia, and evaluate its safety as a long-term therapy. Methods: This is a retrospective study including 10 men with macroprolactinoma on cabergoline treatment and persistent hypogonadism. All patients received initially 50 mg/d of CC. Results: The median age at diagnosis of prolactinomas was 34 (range, 26–60) years old. All patients were treated with cabergoline at a median maximum dose of 2 (1–7) mg/week, with a median time of treatment of 8.5 (2–15) years. Prolactin was still above the normal range when CC was introduced only in two patients. The mean duration of CC therapy was 3.2 (±2.8) years. Prolactin levels maintained stable (p = 0.252) and testosterone increased (p = 0.027) significantly on CC therapy. Tumor size remained stable. Eight patients (80%) maintained testosterone above 300 ng/dL and were classified as responders. Three responders succeeded in using a lower dose of CC and one of them completed withdrawal CC and maintained eugonadism. There were no side effects or safety concerns reported. Conclusion: CC should be seen as a safe treatment option for men with macroprolactinoma and persistent hypogonadism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent Pituitary Society consensus statement provided clinical recommendations for diagnosing and managing prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, known as prolactinomas. Prolactinomas are rare, usually benign tumours of the anterior pituitary gland that result in excessive prolactin production, or hyperprolactinemia. Despite being non-life- -threatening, patients often prompt medical attention due to symptoms stemming from elevated prolactin levels, such as reproductive and sexual dysfunction, e.g. menstrual irregularities, galactorrhoea, infertility, or from mass effects like headaches, cranial nerve palsies, and vision problems. Laboratory testing showing hyperprolactinemia and low sex hormone levels is used for diagnosis. Unlike other pituitary tumours, the primary treatment for prolactinomas is typically pharmacological therapy with dopamine agonists. However, for patients with smaller tumours (microprolactinomas) or well-circumscribed larger tumours (macroprolactinomas), surgery may be considered the first-line option. It is a surprising shift in the therapeutic strategy. For patients resistant to dopamine agonists, alternative strategies include switching medications, increasing dosages, or pursuing neurosurgery or radiotherapy. The key treatment goals are to normalize prolactin levels, restore reproductive and sexual function, and reduce tumour size. This review aimed to provide clinicians with an up-to-date overview of diagnostics and treatment options for patients with prolactin- -secreting pituitary adenomas, as well as highlight the potential diagnostic challenges and complexity of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Recently, infertility has become a global problem and the frequency of the "male" factor in family infertility has reached 40-50%. The aim of the research is to investigate the role of some biochemical indicators (endocrine factors and fructose) in determining male infertility. Material and methods. In the study, the spermogram of 101 men aged 20-46 with idiopathic male infertility, the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and testosterone hormones in their blood, and the concentration of fructose in their sperm samples were analyzed, and their correlations were determined. Results. The concentration of FSH in the blood serum of men with asthenozoospermia and oligozoospermia increased statistically significantly by 57.7% and 2.4 times, respectively, compared to the control. More serious endocrinological disorders were recorded in men with azoospermia. In men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the concentration of FSH is 8.8 times, that of LH is 2.9 times; while prolactin increased by 89.0% compared to the control, testosterone concentration decreased by 22.9%. The fructose concentration in the oligozoospermia group compared to the control group increased by 60.8% (pH1<0.001), and in the non-obstructive azoospermia group by 2.0 times (pH1=0.001). A positive correlation between FSH and LH and a negative correlation between fructose concentration and forward motility of spermatozoa were determined in both asthenospermic and oligozoospermic patients (1=0.544; p=0.002). In case of non-obstructive azoospermia, FSH and prolactin, in azoospermia, LH and testosterone were directly proportional. Conclusion. During male infertility, there is a serious relationship between sperm indicators and endocrine disorders. An increase in the concentration of fructose is the main indicator of a decrease in the number and motility of spermatozoa. A high concentration of FSH and LH in men with azoospermia can be considered one of the important indicators in the diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicate the impact of antipsychotics like risperidone and paliperidone on oxidative stress parameters, yet data remain inconsistent. We investigated the link between these medications, hyperprolactinemia (HPRL), and oxidative stress. This study was conducted at the Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center, Kragujevac, between November 2022 and August 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised diagnosed psychotic disorders from the ICD-10-based F20-F29 spectrum and clinical stability on risperidone/paliperidone for ≥12 weeks with no recent dose adjustments. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, breastfeeding, relevant medical conditions, or co-therapy with prolactin-secreting drugs. Data encompassed drug choice, administration method, therapy duration, and daily dose. Prolactin (PRL) levels, oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, H2O2, O2−, NO2−), and antioxidant system (CAT, GSH, SOD) were assessed. Of 155 subjects, women exhibited significantly higher PRL levels (p < 0.001) and symptomatic HPRL (p < 0.001). Drug choice and regimen significantly influenced TBARS (p < 0.001), NO2− (p < 0.001), O2− (p = 0.002), CAT (p = 0.04), and GSH (p < 0.001) levels. NO2− levels were affected by drug dose (p = 0.038). TBARS (p < 0.001), O2− (p < 0.001), and SOD (p = 0.022) inversely correlated with PRL levels, suggesting PRL's protective role against oxidative stress. The female sex association with higher PRL levels implies additional factors influencing PRL's antioxidant role. Antipsychotic choice and dosage impact PRL and oxidative stress markers, necessitating further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipsychotic medications are essential for managing severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia, which impacts about 1% of the global population. Despite efficacy, in some cases, they can induce hyperprolactinemia, affecting roughly half of the patients. The prevalence of this condition varies with the specific medication used. Although prolactinomas are rare among schizophrenia patients, treating them with dopamine agonists poses conflicts with antipsychotic medication, necessitating careful monitoring and adjustments. The aim of this study was to explore the presence of brain tumors, prolactinomas, and other structural brain changes in schizophrenia patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics using cerebral computed tomography (CT) scans. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 152 hospitalized patients diagnosed between 1 January 2020 and 31 March 2024. Evaluations included cerebral CT scans, prolactin level assessments, and the monitoring of side effects. Patients, with an average age of 42.79 years and an illness duration of 17.89 years, predominantly received olanzapine (46.05%) and risperidone (36.84%). Side effects, reported by 61.78% of patients, included tremors, dizziness, and weight gain. Abnormal prolactin levels were observed in 53.95% of patients, more prevalent in females on risperidone and in both genders on olanzapine. No prolactinomas were detected on CT scans. Managing hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia patients undergoing antipsychotic therapy is essential to prevent long-term complications and to ensure treatment compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key stimulator for gonadotropin secretion in the pituitary and its pivotal role in reproduction is well conserved in vertebrates. In fish models, GnRH can also induce prolactin (PRL) release, but little is known for the corresponding effect on PRL gene expression as well as the post-receptor signalling involved. Using grass carp as a model, the functional role of GnRH and its underlying signal transduction for PRL regulation were examined at the pituitary level. Using laser capture microdissection coupled with RT-PCR, GnRH receptor expression could be located in carp lactotrophs. In primary cell culture prepared from grass carp pituitaries, the native forms of GnRH, GnRH2 and GnRH3, as well as the GnRH agonist [D-Arg6, Pro9, NEt]-sGnRH were all effective in elevating PRL secretion, PRL mRNA level, PRL cell content and total production. In pituitary cells prepared from the rostral pars distalis, the region in the carp pituitary enriched with lactotrophs, GnRH not only increased cAMP synthesis with parallel CREB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation but also induced a rapid rise in cytosolic Ca2+ by Ca2+ influx via L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (VSCC) with subsequent CaM expression and NFAT2 dephosphorylation. In carp pituitary cells prepared from whole pituitaries, GnRH-induced PRL secretion was reduced/negated by inhibiting cAMP/PKA, PLC/PKC and Ca2+/CaM/CaMK-II pathways but not the signalling events via IP3 and CaN/NFAT. The corresponding effect on PRL mRNA expression, however, was blocked by inhibiting cAMP/PKA/CREB/CBP and Ca2+/CaM/CaN/NFAT2 signalling but not PLC/IP3/PKC pathway. At the pituitary cell level, activation of cAMP/PKA pathway could also induce CaM expression and Ca2+ influx via VSCC with parallel rises in PRL release and gene expression in a Ca2+/CaM-dependent manner. These findings, as a whole, suggest that the cAMP/PKA-, PLC/PKC- and Ca2+/CaM-dependent cascades are differentially involved in GnRH-induced PRL secretion and PRL transcript expression in carp lactotrophs. During the process, a functional crosstalk between the cAMP/PKA- and Ca2+/CaM-dependent pathways may occur with PRL release linked with CaMK-II and PKC activation and PRL gene transcription caused by nuclear action of CREB/CBP and CaN/NFAT2 signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Abnormal prolactin levels can lead to male infertility. However, the regulation mechanism of prolactin in the epididymis is still unclear. We studied the effects of prolactin on the epididymis function of Yanshan Cashmere bucks using the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine. The results show that the inhibition of prolactin decreased the serum estradiol concentrations and the expression of the prolactin receptor protein in the epididymis (p < 0.05). The inhibition of prolactin also increased the height of the epididymal epithelium in the caput and cauda, as well as the diameter of the epididymal duct in the caput (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, prolactin inhibition decreased the duct diameter in the epididymal cauda (p < 0.05). Then, transcriptome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes ESR2, MAPK10, JUN, ACTL7A, and CALML4 were enriched in multiple pathways, including the estrogen signaling pathway, the GnRH signaling pathway, the cAMP signaling pathway, the chemical carcinogenesis–reactive oxygen species pathway, steroid binding, and calcium ion binding, which may be the key genes in the prolactin regulation of epididymal function. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of prolactin regulating epididymis function in bucks. Yanshan Cashmere bucks are seasonal breeding animals and an important national genetic resource. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of prolactin (PRL) in the epididymal function of bucks. Twenty eleven-month-old Cashmere bucks were randomly divided into a control (CON) group and a bromocriptine (BCR, a prolactin inhibitor, 0.06 mg/kg body weight (BW)) treatment group. The experiment was conducted from September to October 2020 in Qinhuangdao City, China, and lasted for 30 days. Blood was collected on the last day before the BCR treatment (day 0) and on the 15th and 30th days after the BCR treatment (days 15 and 30). On the 30th day, all bucks were transported to the local slaughterhouse, where epididymal samples were collected immediately after slaughter. The left epididymis was preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological observation, and the right epididymis was immediately preserved in liquid nitrogen for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results show that the PRL inhibitor reduced the serum PRL and estradiol (E2) concentrations (p < 0.05) and tended to decrease luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations (p = 0.052) by the 30th day, but no differences (p > 0.05) occurred by either day 0 or 15. There were no differences (p > 0.05) observed in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations between the two groups. The PRL receptor (PRLR) protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm and intercellular substance of the epididymal epithelial cells. The PRL inhibitor decreased (p < 0.05) the expression of the PRLR protein in the epididymis. In the BCR group, the height of the epididymal epithelium in the caput and cauda increased, as did the diameter of the epididymal duct in the caput (p < 0.05). However, the diameter of the cauda epididymal duct decreased (p < 0.05). Thereafter, a total of 358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the epididymal tissues, among which 191 were upregulated and 167 were downregulated. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed that ESR2, MAPK10, JUN, ACTL7A, and CALML4 were mainly enriched in the estrogen signaling pathway, steroid binding, calcium ion binding, the GnRH signaling pathway, the cAMP signaling pathway, and the chemical carcinogenesis–reactive oxygen species pathway, which are related to epididymal function. In conclusion, the inhibition of PRL may affect the structure of the epididymis by reducing the expression of the PRLR protein and the secretion of E2. ESR2, MAPK10, JUN, ACTL7A, and CALML4 could be the key genes of PRL in its regulation of epididymal reproductive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotically assisted proteomics provides insights into the regulation of multiple proteins achieving excellent spatial resolution. However, developing an effective method for spatially resolved quantitative proteomics of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) in an accessible and economical manner remains challenging. We introduce non-robotic In-insert FFPE proteomics approach, combining glass insert FFPE tissue processing with spatial quantitative data-independent mass spectrometry (DIA). In-insert approach identifies 450 proteins from a 5 µm thick breast FFPE tissue voxel with 50 µm lateral dimensions covering several tens of cells. Furthermore, In-insert approach associated a keratin series and moesin (MOES) with prolactin-induced protein (PIP) indicating their prolactin and/or estrogen regulation. Our data suggest that PIP is a spatial biomarker for hormonally triggered cytoskeletal remodeling, potentially useful for screening hormonally affected hotspots in breast tissue. In-insert proteomics represents an alternative FFPE processing method, requiring minimal laboratory equipment and skills to generate spatial proteotype repositories from FFPE tissue. In-insert protocol offers cost-effective, versatile, and low loss spatial quantitative proteomic analysis of FFPE tissue, identifying prolactin-induced protein as a hormonal cytoskeleton reorganization spatial biomarker in mammary tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desmopressin is increasingly used for the diagnosis of Cushing disease (CD) since corticotropin-releasing hormone became unavailable. We report the case a 32-year-old man who presented with overt Cushing syndrome. Morning blood cortisol, ACTH, 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test, 24-hour urinary free cortisol, and bedtime salivary cortisol were highly variable, reaching markedly elevated values. Intravenous desmopressin administration produced no ACTH or cortisol increase. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging, thoracic computed tomography, and DOTATATE positron emission tomography scan identified no lesion. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) with desmopressin stimulation resulted in elevated central-to-peripheral ACTH ratio and prolactin co-secretion, while peripheral ACTH remained stable. No corticotroph tumor was identified on pituitary surgery pathology. Hypercortisolism persisted postoperatively. Cabergoline was initiated, after which the patient rapidly developed transient severe adrenal insufficiency (AI). Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in view of persistent hypercortisolism. This is an unusual case of petrosal sinus ACTH response to desmopressin without any peripheral response, suggesting a central source of ACTH. Thus, desmopressin should still be used during IPSS in patients with no peripheral response. It is unclear whether the AI episode resulted from a combination of nadir of cyclic hypercortisolism, partial apoplexy, and response to cabergoline of an occult corticotroph tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone promoting lactation in response to the suckling reflex. Beyond its well‐known effects, novel tissue‐specific and metabolic functions of PRL are emerging. Aims: To dissect PRL as a critical mediator of whole‐body gluco‐insulinemic sensitivity. Methods: PubMed‐based search with the following terms 'prolactin', 'glucose metabolism', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'gestational diabetes mellitus' was performed. Discussion: The identification of the PRL‐glucose metabolism network poses the basis for unprecedented avenues of research in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, as well as of gestational diabetes. In this regard, it is of timely relevance to define properly the homeostatic PRL serum levels since glucose metabolism could be influenced by the circulating amount of the hormone. Results: This review underscores the basic mechanisms of regulation of pancreatic β‐cell functions by PRL and provides a revision of articles which have investigated the connection between PRL unbalancing and diabetes mellitus. Future studies are needed to elucidate the burden and the role of PRL in the regulation of glucose metabolism and determine the specific PRL threshold that may impact the management of diabetes. Conclusion: A careful evaluation and context‐driven interpretation of PRL levels (e.g., pregnancy, PRL‐secreting pituitary adenomas, drug‐related hyper‐ and hypoprolactinemia) could be critical for the correct screening and management of glucometabolic disorders, such as type 1 or 2 as well as gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of obesity is a pressing health issue, increasing the medical burden and posing significant health risks to humans. The side effects and complications associated with conventional medication and surgery have spurred the search for anti-obesity drugs from plant resources. Previous studies have suggested that Artemisiae argyi Folium (Aiye) water extracts could inhibit pancreatic lipase activities, control body weight increase, and improve the plasma lipids profile. However, the exact components and mechanisms were not precisely understood. Therefore, this research aims to identify the chemical profile of Aiye and provide a comprehensive prediction of its anti-obesity mechanisms. The water extract of Aiye was subjected to LC-MS analysis, which identified 30 phenolics. The anti-obesity mechanisms of these phenolics were then predicted, employing network pharmacology and molecular docking. Among the 30 phenolics, 21 passed the drug-likeness screening and exhibited 486 anti-obesity targets. The enrichment analysis revealed that these phenolics may combat obesity through PI3K-Akt signaling and MAPK, prolactin, and cAMP signaling pathways. Eight phenolics and seven central targets were selected for molecular docking, and 45 out of 56 docking had a binding affinity of less than −5 kcal/mol. This research has indicated the potential therapy targets and signaling pathways of Aiye in combating obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study is to compare the response to first-line medical treatment in treatment-naive acromegaly patients with pure growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (GH-PA) and those with GH and prolactin cosecreting PA (GH&PRL-PA). Design This is a retrospective multicentric study of acromegaly patients followed from 2003 to 2023 in 33 tertiary Spanish hospitals with at least 6 months of first-line medical treatment. Methods Baseline characteristics, first-line medical treatment strategies, and outcomes were analyzed. We employed a multiple logistic regression full model to estimate the impact of some baseline characteristics on disease control after each treatment modality. Results Of the 144 patients included, 72.9% had a GH-PA, and 27.1% had a GH&PRL-PA. Patients with GH&PRL-PA were younger (43.9 ± 15.0 vs 51.9 ± 12.7 years, P <.01) and harboring more frequently macroadenomas (89.7% vs 72.1%, P =.03). First-generation somatostatin receptor ligand (fgSRL) as monotherapy was given to 106 (73.6%) and a combination treatment with fgSRL and cabergoline in the remaining 38 (26.4%). Patients with GH&PRL-PA received more frequently a combination therapy (56.4% vs 15.2%, P <.01). After 6 months of treatment, in the group of patients under fgSRL as monotherapy, those patients with GH&PRL-PA had worse control compared to GH-PAs (29.4% vs 55.1%, P =.04). However, these differences in the rate of disease control between both groups disappeared when both received combination treatment with fgSRL and cabergoline. Conclusion In GH&PRL-PA, the biochemical control achieved with fgSRL as monotherapy is substantially worse than in patients harboring GH-PA, supporting the inclusion of cabergoline as first-line medical treatment in combination with fgSRLs in these subgroups of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Previous reports on the symptoms and quality of life of patients with pituitary adenomas have paid little attention to physical activity. However, numerous studies have shown that physical activity can significantly influence prolactin secretion. Prolactin secretion levels, in turn, can affect various clinical outcomes, including tumor size, sleep quality, and fatigue levels in patients with pituitary adenomas. Given the intricate relationship between these factors, it is crucial to investigate how they interact to impact the overall health and quality of life of these patients. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring the relationship between tumor size and fatigue levels, sleep quality, and physical activity in patients with pituitary adenomas. Understanding these relationships can provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. Materials and methods: A total of 116 patients diagnosed with pituitary adenomas from the Neurosurgery and Internal Medicine departments of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari were included in the study via census sampling. The inclusion criteria ensured that all participants had a confirmed diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. Demographic characteristics, tumor size (from patients' imaging records), prolactin levels (from patient records), physical activity levels (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), sleep quality (using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and fatigue levels (using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory 20) were measured using checklists and validated questionnaires. Results: In the present study, 68 participants (58.6%) were female, and 48 (41.4%) were male. A total of 108 participants (93.1%) were aged 55 years or younger, and 8 participants (6.9%) were older than 55, with a mean age of 43.72±7.70 years. Of the participants, 71(61.2%) had prolactinomas, and 39(33.6%) had nonfunctional tumors. Tumor sizes ranged from 2.1 to 42.9 mm, with a mean size of 16.16±8.71 mm. The mean prolactin level was 561.52±413 ng/mL, with a minimum level of 8 ng/mL and a maximum of 1578 ng/mL. The results showed significant differences in the mean scores of sleep quality (5.81±1.91 vs. 6.73±2.14), fatigue (55.86±8.79 vs. 60.32±8.39), and physical activity (1203.95±258.65 vs. 1085.20±310.99) between patients with microadenomas and macroadenomas (P=0.048, P=0.008, P=0.038). Furthermore, correlation coefficients for age (r=0.415), fatigue (r=0.336), sleep quality (r=0.253), physical activity (r=-0.230), and prolactin (r=0.496) with tumor size were significant. The findings indicated that with increasing age, fatigue scores, sleep quality scores, and prolactin levels, tumor size also increases, while higher physical activity levels are associated with smaller tumor sizes. Additionally, as tumor size increases, prolactin levels, fatigue scores, and sleep quality scores increase, whereas physical activity scores decrease. Conclusion: The study concludes that with increasing age, fatigue and sleep quality scores worsen, but physical activity levels decrease. Moreover, as tumor size increases, prolactin levels, fatigue scores, and sleep quality scores increase, while physical activity scores decrease. An increase in prolactin levels is also associated with increased fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Craniopharyngioma (CP) is benign, but its treatment is challenging because of its occurrence in a critical area. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction (HPD) is an important complication that is related to tumour itself or to therapy. This study identified the long-term outcomes of CPs. Material and Methods: Records of 44 patients with CPs followed up at the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The mean age of 34 patients (M/F: 19/15) at diagnosis was 24±13.3 years. The most common symptoms were headache (60.3%) and visual impairment (45.5%). The tumour was localised in suprasellar region in 76.6%, in sellar-suprasellar in 16.7%, and in the sellar region in 6.7% of the patients. The mean tumour diameter was 32.7±10.4 mm (n: 19). Surgery was the first line of treatment in all patients except one, and 13 patients underwent more than one operation. Ten patients received radiotherapy. The median duration of follow-up was 6.5 years. Anterior pituitary dysfunction was observed in all patients: hypocortisolism in 88.2%, hypothyroidism in 97%, hypogonadism in 88.2%, growth hormone deficiency in 68.2%, and prolactin deficiency in 20.6% of the patients. Diabetes insipidus occurred in 97% of the patients. Recurrence developed in 2 patients (after 5-6 years). At the end of all treatments, 15 patients had residual disease. Conclusion: The curative treatment of CP is surgery. HPD is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and decreased quality of life. It is essential to protect the hipothalamo-pituitary axis and to choose the best treatment option for each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The Roche prolactin immunoassay is used throughout the world. It reports higher values than the Siemens immunoassay but the manufacturer-defined reference intervals are similar. Patient results are often above the Roche upper limit but within the Siemens interval, causing diagnostic confusion. Objective Establish new reference intervals for the Roche and Siemens prolactin immunoassays. Methods We established new reference intervals for the Roche and Siemens immunoassays using 374 specimens from healthy outpatients. We performed chart review for unnecessary testing and treatment for 298 patients in a 6-month period with at least 1 Roche prolactin value above the manufacturer-defined upper limit and below our new upper limit. Results The new upper limit for the Roche assay was 37.8 ng/mL (females) and 22.8 ng/mL (males). The manufacturer-defined limits were 23.3 ng/mL and 15.2 ng/mL, respectively. New intervals for the Siemens assay matched the manufacturer. No cases of clinically significant pathophysiologic prolactin excess were identified in patients with values between the manufacturer-defined upper reference limit and our new Roche upper limit. Unnecessary further evaluation in these patients included 459 repeat prolactin measurements, 57 macroprolactin measurements, 39 magnetic resonance imaging studies, and 28 endocrine referrals. Eleven patients received dopamine agonists. The minimum cost of excess care using Medicare reimbursement rates was $34 134, with substantially higher amounts billed to patients and their insurance providers. Conclusion Adoption of new upper reference limits for the Roche prolactin assay of 37.8 ng/mL (females) and 22.8 ng/mL (males) would not delay diagnosis or necessary intervention in patients with clinically significant pituitary tumors but would reduce unnecessary evaluation in patients without pathophysiologic prolactin excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the prevalence and the diagnostic criteria of hypoprolactinemia in patients with panhypopituitarism and the effects of hypoprolactinemia on depression and sexual functions. Materials and methods: Forty-eight patients with panhypopituitarism and 20 healthy volunteers were included. Basal hormone levels were measured and a TRH stimulation test was performed. For the evaluation of sexual functions, questionnaries of Female Sexual Functional Index (FSFI) for females and International Erectile Functional Index for males were performed to the subjects. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by Beck Depression Envontory score (BDI-II). Results: The peak PRL response to TRH stimulation test at 5th percentile in the control group was 18.6 ng/ml in males and 41.6 ng/ml in females and accepted as the cut-offs for sufficient response of PRL. Prolactin was insufficient in 42(87.5%) patients. A basal PRL level of ≤ 5.7 ng/ml in males and 7.11 ng/ml in females was 100% specific in predicting an inadequate response to TRH stimulation test with 80% and 70% sensitivity respectively. A basal PRL level of ≥ 8.5 ng/dl in males was 100% specific and 76% sensitive, and in females a level of ≥ 15.2 ng/dl was 96% specific and 66% sensitive in predicting an adequate response to TRH. PRL deficient patients with panhypopituitarism had higher depression scores compared to the controls, lower sexual function scores in males. Conclusion: PRL deficiency is prevalent among individuals with panhypopituitarism, with the potential to result in elevated depression scores in both sexes and impaired sexual functions in males. A basal PRL level seems to be sufficient for the diagnosis of hypoprolactinemia in routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prolactin and its receptor (PRLr) in humans are significantly involved in breast cancer pathogenesis. The intermediate form of human PRLr (hPRLrI) is produced by alternative splicing and has a novel 13 amino acid tail ("I-tail") gain. hPRLrI induces significant proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of normal mammary epithelia in vitro when coexpressed with the long form hPRLr (hPRLrL). hPRLrL and hPRLrI coexpression is necessary to induce the transformation of mammary epithelia in vivo. The I-tail is associated with the ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8. Treatment with the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat resulted in increased hPRLrL and the death of breast cancer cells. The goal of this study was to determine the function of the hPRLrI I-tail in hPRLrL/hPRLrI-mediated mammary transformation. hPRLrL/hPRLrI and hPRLrL/hPRLrIΔ13 (I-tail removal mutant) were delivered to MCF10AT cells. Cell proliferation was decreased when hPRLrI I-tail was removed. I-tail deletion decreased anchorage-independent growth and attenuated cell migration. The I-tail was involved in Ras/MAPK signaling but not PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as shown by western blot. I-tail removal resulted in decreased hPRLrI stability. RNA-sequencing data revealed that I-tail removal resulted in differential gene expression induced by prolactin. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the activity of ERK was attenuated. Treatment of breast cancer cells with ERK1/2 inhibitor ulixertinib resulted in decreased colony-forming ability and less proliferation. These studies suggest that the hPRLrI I-tail contributed to breast oncogenesis and may be a promising target for the development of new breast cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate microvascular changes in the macular and peripapillary area in prolactinoma patients by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Design: A retrospective study. Methods: This study included 40 patients with treatment-naive prolactinoma and 42 healthy controls. Participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, visual field testing, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular, and peripapillary region OCTA by using the Topcon DRI OCT Triton Swept Source-OCT system. The OCTA results were evaluated between groups and then correlated with PRL levels. Results: The differences in best-corrected visual acuities were statistically significant among the groups. The RNFL thickness in the superior and nasal quadrants was significantly lower in the prolactinoma group. The prolactinoma group showed significant reductions in macular vessel density (VD) across all layers than the control group, except in the deep retinal capillary plexus temporal quadrants. The radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) temporal VD in the prolactinoma group was significantly lower. In patients with optic neuropathy, correlations were observed between the RPC temporal and RNFL temporal sectors (r = 0.650, P = 0.03), and between the RPC inferior and RNFL inferior sectors (r = −0.612, P = 0.045). Between PRL levels and OCTA parameters, negative correlations were observed (RPC inferior: r = −0.452, P = 0.003; DCP superior: r = −0.379, P = 0.016). Conclusion: Our study revealed reduced VD in the macula and RPC temporal regions in patients with treatment-naive prolactinoma. OCTA holds significant importance in detecting potential retinopathies and vasculopathies. Future research should focus on examining pre- and post-treatment changes in treatment-naive patients without ON to better understand the impact of prolactinoma.

ABSTRACT Objective Determining the etiology of hyperprolactinemia is fundamental for selecting the most appropriate treatment strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of prolactin levels in predicting the etiology of nonphysiological hyperprolactinemia. Subjects and methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of patients with nonphysiological hyperprolactinemia seen at two neuroendocrine reference centers located in Recife, Brazil, from January 2000 to December 2019. Results The study included 770 patients aged 12-73 years (65% female). The three most frequent etiologies of hyperprolactinemia were prolactinomas (n = 263; 34.2%), drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (n = 160; 20.8%), and macroprolactinemia (n = 120; 15.6%). The highest mean prolactin levels were observed in cases of prolactinomas and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Most patients with hyperprolactinemia due to other etiologies had prolactin levels < 100 ng/mL, but these levels were also found in 16.5% of patients with microproplactinomas and in 20% of those with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Likewise, prolactin levels largely overlapped among patients with microprolactinomas, macroprolactinemia, and drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. Notably, prolactin levels > 250 ng/mL enabled a clear distinction between the etiologies of macroprolactinoma and nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Moreover, prolactin levels > 500 ng/mL were highly suggestive of macroprolactinomas, although they were also found in very few patients ( 250 ng/mL allowed a clear distinction between macroprolactinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, prolactin levels > 500 ng/mL were almost exclusively found in patients with prolactinomas.

Introduction and purpose: Prolactin is primarily associated with lactation and gonadal function, but it also has metabolic effects. Recent research shows prolactin's role in food intake, body weight, glucose, and lipid profile. Both low and excessive prolactin levels can lead to metabolic dysfunctions such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 DM, and dyslipidemia. Dopamine agonists, like cabergoline, used to treat hyperprolactinemia, may help balance metabolic homeostasis, likely due to their effect on prolactin. This study aims to synthesize current research on prolactin's metabolic effects, focusing on metabolic syndrome. State of knowledge: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of dysfunctions like central obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. It increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, affecting a quarter of the European population. Different combinations of metabolic syndrome components require various treatment approaches. New research focuses on prolactin and dopamine agonists in its pathogenesis and treatment. Materials and methods: This literature review is based on PubMed materials using keywords “prolactin,” “hyperprolactinemia,” “hypoprolactinemia,” “metabolic syndrome,” “diabetes mellitus,” “obesity.” Conclusions: This study highlights prolactin's importance in metabolic homeostasis, finding a positive correlation between both low and high prolactin levels and metabolic syndrome. However, gender differences and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders should be further explored.

Abstract Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) is a structural serum glycoprotein that plays vital roles in reproduction and mammalian development. Analysis of serum prolactin (PRL) is considered one of the useful methods for diagnosing pregnancy in Asian elephants. However, the expression profiles of AFP in pregnant and nonpregnant Asian elephants remain unclear, nor is the relationship with PRL. In this study, serum seven gonadal hormones and AFP in three pregnant and seven nonpregnant Asian elephants were analysed by via radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. We found that the mean (±SD) concentration of prolactin (PRL) in pregnant (136.782 ± 30.987 ng/mL) elephants was significantly higher than that in nonpregnant elephants (52.803 ± 21.070 ng/mL; p ≤ 0.0005). The mean (±SD) concentration of AFP in pregnant elephants (11.598 ± 0.824 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that in nonpregnant elephants (7.200 ± 2.283 ng/mL; p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the AFP concentration was positively correlated with the PRL concentration in the 10 Asian elephants studied. In conclusion, our findings suggest that serum AFP concentration is a potential biomarker of pregnancy outcomes in Asian elephants.

Background: Infertility caused by drugs that inhibit serotonin reuptake has been attributed to serotonin toxicity. Serotonin has been linked to cause a rise in prolactin and cortisol. This study examined the effects of meperidine, sertraline, tianeptine and combinations on female rat reproductive function. Methods: Female rats were split into 8 groups (n=7): healthy control (HG), meperidine (MG), sertraline (SG), tianeptine (TG), meperidine+sertraline (MSG), meperidine+tianeptine (MTG), sertraline+tianeptine (STG), meperidine+sertraline+tianeptine (MSTG). Meperidine (20 mg/kg, 2×1) was injected intramuscularly. Sertraline (30 mg/kg, 1×1) and tianeptine (5 mg/kg, 1×1) were given orally. The HG received distilled water as solvent. Treatments continued for 20 days. Then, adult males were added to the rat groups and drug treatment continued for another five days. Blood samples were collected on day 26 for biochemical tests. Results: Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were not statistically significant between groups (p>0.05). Meperidine (p0.05). Number of infertile animals was 6 for meperidine, 3 for sertraline, and none for tianeptine. While the duration of pregnancy in MG (15 days) and SG (15 days) was longer compared to HG (2.86 days), no change was observed in TG (2.5 days). Conclusion: Tianeptine and other serotonin re-uptake stimulants may be useful in the treatment of reproductive dysfunction and infertility due to serotonin re-uptake inhibitor treatment.

【Objective】Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) has special parental care behavior. In the study, prolactin (PRL) gene from discus fish was cloned and localized and its expression pattern during parental care was analyzed, with an aim to provide a basis for understanding the function of PRL in parental care of discus fish.【Method】A prolactin gene named dfprl was identified by analyzing the whole genome data of the discus fish through BLASTP. The CDS region of dfprl genes were used to design the primer of gene cloing and PCR. The full length of dfprl gene was cloned by RACE technology, and the structure of dfprl gene was analyzed by bioinformatics and its amino acid sequence was analyzed by physicochemical properties and phyletic evolution. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on brain, gonad and skin of discus fish at different rearing stages to explore the expression pattern of dfprl gene during parental care. The dfprl gene in the skin of discus fish was located by paraffin-fluorescence probe-FISH.【Result】The full length of dfprl was 1 282 bp, with 639 bp cDNA sequence encoding 212 amino acids, 309 bp 5'-UTR and 334 bp 3'-UTR. The dfprl protein has the typical domain of PRL family, the Hormone_1 domain. dfprl protein is highly similar to PRL protein of other Cichlidae, and the amino acid sequence homology of dfprl with Archocentrus centrarchus prolactin (AcPRL) was the highest (96.70%). The expression level of dfprl in gonad and skin increased gradually after the parent fish entered the rearing stage, and decreased at the end of the rearing stage. The paraffin-fluorescence probe-FISH results showed that dfprl was expressed in skin mucous cells, and it was coincident with the expression site of prolactin receptor (dfprlr) and was highly expressed in the early stage of parental care.【Conclusion】The dfprl gene is highly conserved and has stable Hormone _1 domain. dfprl gene was highly expressed in the skin during the parental care stage, . and the expression sites of dfprl and dfprlr overlapped in skin mucous cells during the parental care stage of discus fish, suggesting that dfprl might be involved in the occurrence of unique parental care behavior of discus fish.