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Fifty-two deep-water species of Pectinoidea (37 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 14 Pectinidae) are listed from Norfolk Ridge (11 species), Loyalty Islands (4 species), Fiji Islands (30 species), Tonga (26 species), Solomon Islands (26 species) and the Marquesas archipelago (8 species). All species from Fiji, Tonga and the Marquesas are new records and six species of Propeamussiidae are new to science: Propeamussium boucheti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium biformatum (Solomons), Parvamussium lozoueti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium marquesanum (Marquesas), Parvamussium polynesianum (Marquesas) and Similipecten herosae (Tonga). Two new combinations (Hyalopecten tydemani, Talochlamys gladysiae) are introduced.

The Triassic fossil record points to the monophyly of the Pectinoidea (scallops), all members of which have a triangular resilium with a nonmineralized medial core that functions below the hinge line. The elastic properties of this resilium in extant taxa predict that the initial adaptation of the Pectinoidea was to swimming. This is indeed corroborated by the shell form of Pernopecten, the earliest known pectinoidean genus, which ranged from late Devonian to earliest Triassic. The new family Entolioididae, a largely Triassic group, provides the missing link between the Pernopectinidae and the families Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae, and Pectinidae, all of which originated by the Middle Triassic and survive to the present day. A new Triassic genus Filamussium shows that the Propeamussiidae originated from the Entolioididae, not directly from the Pernopectinidae as previously supposed. Evidence from morphology, the fossil record, and molecular genetics indicates that the family Spondylidae originated in the Middle Jurassic from an ancestor within the Pectinidae, possibly the genus Spondylopecten, which was already present in the Late Triassic. Journal compilation © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 148, 313–342. No claim to original US government works

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the results of recent studies of scallop structure and function. Scallop is used to designate members of the superfamily Pectinoidea, which includes the extant families Pectinidae, Entoliidae, Spondylidae, and Propeamussiidae. The family Pectinidae displays one of the greatest degrees of anatomical differentiation within the Bivalvia. Organs are quite distinct and easily located; this facilitates the anatomical study of scallops. The Pectinidae and other monomyarians are characterized by several important modifications of the more primitive isomyarian body form. The scallop mantle is a two-faced epithelial membrane, which intervenes in several key functions, such as secretion of the shell and ligament, sensory perception, and swimming response through the velum. Its role in pallial water circulation is probably minor, given its patchy cilia distribution. The most conspicuous parts of the scallop nervous system are the two ganglionic concentrations. The parietovisceral ganglion is located on the antero-ventral surface of the adductor muscle. The fused pedal and cerebral ganglia are slightly ventral to the mouth, and are linked to the parietovisceral ganglion by a pair of cerebro-visceral connectives. These ganglia and connectives innervate the rest of the scallop body.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development, physiology, behavior, and ecology of larvae of the Superfamily Pectinoidea. Studies of scallop development have focused on species with commercial potential from shallow temperate to tropical waters, which, with one exception, show typical planktotrophic development. The egg and shell dimensions are used to provide evidence of mode of development. The timing of stages of larval development varies considerably from species to species, though information on early stages is sparse. The putative constraints of food supply, depth, and patchyness of adult environment, temperature also affects scallop life history characteristics. Scallop larvae develop a range of putative sense organs during larval life. The fluorescence microscopy techniques have provided a new understanding of the larval nervous system. Experimental investigation of sensory function yields insight into settlement behavior. Advances in larval biochemistry relate to lipid metabolism and to the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, especially in metamorphosis control. Larval rearing techniques have refined with much attention being paid to bacteria as sources of disease and as protection against disease.

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Two large bivalve specimens collected in Bay d’Espoir, a deep fjord situated on the south coast of Newfoundland, are described and identified as belonging to the species Acesta excavata (Fabricius 1779). In situ observations onboard the manned submersible PISCES IV and color videos have provided information on the vertical distribution, density and habitat of the species. Maximum abundances of about 15 large individuals/m2 occurred on sheltered rock outcrops at depth ranging from 550 to 775 m, where warm (6°C) continental slope water is found. Differences in shape and thickness between the valves of the two specimens appear to be related to the degree of exposure to rock falls (i.e., sheltered versus exposed habitat). Prior to this account, the European Giant File Clam had never been encountered west of the Azores Islands in the North Atlantic.