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The other-race effect is the observation that faces from another ethnicity induce worst recall performance than faces from one's own ethnicity. This effect has been defined as a type of familiarity effect, with more familiar faces better recalled than less familiar faces. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a working memory maintenance mechanism called attentional refreshing mediates the other-race effect and that faces from one's own ethnicity are refreshed more efficiently than faces from other ethnicities. In two experiments, face ethnicity was orthogonally manipulated with cognitive load of a concurrent processing task in a complex-span paradigm (Exp. 1) and with the memory load in a Brown-Peterson paradigm (Exp. 2). Both cognitive and memory load effects are indices of the functioning of attentional refreshing. Testing Caucasian young adults, Caucasian and East-Asian faces were contrasted. Results from both experiments were congruent and against our initial hypothesis. The other-race effect in working memory does not appear to be supported by attentional refreshing. Furthermore, the results are congruent with the idea that faces as a whole are not maintained in working memory via attentional refreshing. The other-race effect is the observation that faces from another ethnicity induce worst recall performance than faces from one's own ethnicity. This effect has been defined as a type of familiarity effect, with more familiar faces better recalled than less familiar faces. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a working memory maintenance mechanism called attentional refreshing mediates the other-race effect and that faces from one's own ethnicity are refreshed more efficiently than faces from other ethnicities. In two experiments, face ethnicity was orthogonally manipulated with cognitive load of a concurrent processing task in a complex-span paradigm (Exp. 1) and with the memory load in a Brown-Peterson paradigm (Exp. 2). Both cognitive and memory load effects are indices of the functioning of attentional refreshing. Testing Caucasian young adults, Caucasian and East-Asian faces were contrasted. Results from both experiments were congruent and against our initial hypothesis. The other-race effect in working memory does not appear to be supported by attentional refreshing. Furthermore, the results are congruent with the idea that faces as a whole are not maintained in working memory via attentional refreshing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the experimental and the psychometric investigation of the WM capacity limit depend critically on the assumption that performance in our tests of WM reflects that capacity limit to a good approximation. Most tasks to measure WM rely on testing memory after a short time during which participants are asked to maintain information in WM. In these tests, episodic long-term memory is likely to also lay down a trace of the memory set. Therefore, participants can draw on two sources of information when memory is tested, making it difficult to separate the contributions of WM and episodic LTM to the performance on immediate-memory tests. Here we use proactive interference to distinguish between these two sources of remembered information, building on the fact that episodic memory is vulnerable to proactive interference, whereas WM is protected against it. We use a release-from-PI paradigm to determine the extent to which commonly used WM tasks reflect contributions from episodic LTM. We focus on memory for serial order of verbal lists, but also include visual and spatial WM tasks. The results of five experiments demonstrate that although some tasks used to investigate WM are heavily contaminated by episodic LTM, other popular paradigms such as serial and probed recall, and the standard version of the continuous colorreproduction task, are not. Measuring proactive interference can help researchers determine the extent to which WM and episodic LTM contribute to performance in immediate-memory tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Accumulated Clues Task (ACT; Bowers et al., 1990) is a semantic problem-solving paradigm that has primarily been used in research on intuitive processes and as an experimental model of insight. In this incremental task, participants are instructed to find a solution word that is implied by a list of clue words with increasing semantic proximity to the solution word. We present a German version of the ACT, consisting of 20 word lists with 15 clues each, and report norming studies testing its psychometric properties and their relations to psycholinguistic features of the stimulus material (total N = 300). The results are reported and discussed for future research employing this stimulus pool, which can be easily adapted to varying experimental set-ups and research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of works, Grimaltos and Rosell (2017, 2021) have characterized two different kinds of lies, 'doxogenic' and 'falsifying' lies, and have employed this distinction to defend two interesting claims: that a correct analysis of deceptive lying has to necessarily include the speaker's intentions and that no unified definition of lying can be provided. The goal of this paper is twofold: first, I will vindicate Grimaltos and Rosell's distinction between different kinds of deceptive lies and I will argue that, following their reasoning, one can actually identify many more types of lies. Second, despite this agreement, I will argue that multiplying the types of lies by appealing to different kinds of intentions does not show that a unified definition of lying is unattainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sacrifices of nurses in hard-hit cities during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and of family caregivers for people with late-stage Alzheimer's disease present two puzzles. First, traditional accounts of supererogation cannot allow for the possibility of making enormous sacrifices that make one's actions supererogatory simply to do what morality requires. These caregivers, however, are doing their moral duty, yet their actions also seem to be paradigmatic cases of supererogation. I argue that Dale Dorsey's new account of supererogation can solve this puzzle. Second, these caregivers often deny that they are heroic, but standard explanations of these assertions either diminish their sacrifice, say they are confused, or attribute to them a vice. If we want to understand them without diminishing them, we should instead see their denials as a response to what Beth DeVolder calls compulsory heroism. Compulsory heroism occurs when someone is foisted into the role of hero for doing their moral duty as a distraction from the social realities that make doing their duty involve inordinate sacrifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three Grounded Theory (GT hereafter) schools, Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist GT, differ from each other based on their paradigmatic perspectives. The major difference is in terms of the data analysis procedure. Common features exist among the three GT traditions such as constant comparison method, simultaneous data collection and analysis, memos, theoretical sensitivity, theoretical sampling, and theoretical saturation. Among these features, theoretical saturation acts as a key factor that initiates each coding stage of GT while ending the preceding one. This paper focuses on Theoretical Saturation in GT and evaluates how different GT paradigms approach the concept of Theoretical Saturation. Additionally, facilitating novice GT researchers, the paper suggests the Q-Ü Theoretical Saturation instrument to offer possible solutions to overcome the paradigm-related and practical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the use of proverbs in the American version of the sitcom The Office, especially in relation to Michael Scott, the show's main protagonist. The purpose of the study is to explore the possibilities of proverbs as a comedic device and the use that scriptwriters make of paremiology for the portrayal of fictional characters. The case of Michael Scott is paradigmatic for these two approaches because, apart from being the protagonist of one of the most influential comedies in the last two decades, he exemplifies a creative use of paremiology through which he often modifies existing proverbs or invents proverb-like statements to support his ideas, rather than reciting proverbs in their canonical wording. As can be inferred, the intention of these paremiological practices is to make the audience laugh. From this analysis, we can draw the conclusion that scriptwriters deliberately include non-canonical proverbs in Michael's speech for the humorous possibilities that they offer. Consequently, this procedure determines Michael's characterisation in a way that relates to the traditional incongruity theory of humour. Finally, this paper intends to contribute to the establishment of a trend in current proverb scholarship that studies paremias for their comedic uses in modern media and to the dismissal of the widespread idea that they are not relevant in today's society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of the concept of sustainable development and briefly discusses its definition. The study, based on Polish and foreign literature sources, uses the method of literature analysis with elements of inductive reasoning. This is a review article, whose aim is to present both positive and critical approaches to the idea of the sustainable development of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normative powers like promising allow agents to effect changes to their reasons, permissions and rights by the means of communicative actions whose function is to effect just those changes. An attractive view of the normativity of such powers combines a non-reductive account of their bindingness with a value-based grounding story of why we have them. This value-based view of normative powers however invites a charge of wishful thinking: Is it not bad reasoning to think that we have a given power because it would be good? In this article, I offer a defence of the value-based view of normative powers against this surprisingly under-discussed objection. First, I clarify the challenge by distinguishing between two components of normative powers, which I call the material and normative components, respectively. Secondly, I defend the form of normative explanation involved, showing that it is needed to give convincing value-based explanations for other important normative phenomena, especially rights of autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on 9th International Conference of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association (DGKL/GCLA-9) taking place in digital form from 1st to 4th March 2022. Topics include methodological implementation in empirical research causing a surge of quantitative corpus-linguistic work in Cognitive Construction Grammar and Cognitive Semantics; and constructicon itself to multimodal communication and usage-based perspectives on language acquisition.

The article analyzes the critical discourse analysis as one of the paradigms in the discursive study of religion. Critical discourse analysis examines discursive and critical views on religion together, and is able to show the features and priorities of these areas, which are not among the main trends in modern science. The issue of discourse analysis is raised and discussed in the context of logic, semiotics, philosophy of language, analysis of relations, consensus, the legitimacy of ethical and moral values. The article represents and describes the importance of discourse in the understanding of religion as a concept and accepting the role of religion in everyday social relations through the critical discourse analysis and the discursive study of religion. It also provides guidelines for the analysis of discursive structures and analyzes the processes of revival and change in the field of religion. The concept of discourse is considered separately and its different meanings are shown. It analyzes how the process of critical analysis is carried out in the context of discursive research, and analyzes the main directions of practical critical discourse analysis. The problem of analysis of a discursive event arises in the context of non-linguistic conditions of occurrence of discourse (economic, political, etc.). It has been established that the meaning of discourse since the foundation of discursive analysis includes not only written or oral expression, but also nonlinguistic semiotic processes. It has been shown that for each discursive sphere, epistemic beings differ both in terms of axiological value and in terms of subjective regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art / Umění is the property of Institute of Art History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivated by a fundamental discussion of the relation between theoretical and statistical modelling, the present paper takes stock of the research history of linguistic epicentres in the world Englishes paradigm and seeks to provide suggestions for future epicentral studies. Based on a review of earlier research into potential epicentral constellations, we provide an overview of the genesis of the concept of linguistic epicentres, describe different methodological approaches that have been chosen and/or recommended for their study and provide statistical comments. With a view to future epicentral research, we aim at (i) refining the theoretical construct of linguistic epicentres, (ii) suggesting empirical methods that allow identifying epicentral constellations more reliably than in the past and (iii) making statistical recommendations particularly relevant to epicentral research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue focuses on key issues in epicentral research. Against the background of a brief discussion of the epicentre metaphor in the world Englishes paradigm, the various regional constellations in Africa, America, Asia and Australasia relevant to the concept of linguistic epicentres are highlighted and the temporal framing of epicentral influence is discussed with regard to often‐assumed evolutionary prerequisites of potential linguistic epicentres. More fine‐grained methodological perspectives on linguistic epicentres are subsequently provided with regard to: (1) linguistic variables studied; (2) data sources available; and (3) statistical approaches. Before short summaries of the papers featured in this special issue are presented, the role of linguistic epicentres as a component in modelling world Englishes is scrutinised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported on in this article examines the attitudes towards student linguistic diversity and multilingual pedagogies of 30 university lecturer participants enrolled for an accredited short course on multilingual pedagogies at a South African institution. The aim of the course is to support lecturers in helping students gain access to their disciplines using multilingual strategies including translation and translanguaging. Staff from a range of disciplines drawn from 8 faculties formed the first cohort of participants. Within a postmodern research paradigm, an interpretive approach was used to understand and analyze data collected from questionnaires, language histories and a language portrait exercise. We discuss findings on staff perceptions of translanguaging in their teaching; their knowledge of and sensitivity towards their students' linguistic repertoires, their own language backgrounds and the challenges they face in catering for linguistic diversity in their lectures. We also present participants' examples of multilingual pedagogies based on what they had learned from the MP course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analytical framework for the study of Latin American music autobiographies. I take Colombian composer Guillermo Uribe Holguín's 1941 autobiography Vida de un músico colombiano as a paradigmatic case in order to argue that Latin American music autobiographies are not secondary sources that lack historical or literary value--a common historiographical assumption--but rather agonistic and intermedial objects that intervene in local and translocal networks. In addition to introducing recent literature on music autobiographies, the article expands on post-foundationalist political thought to make a case for a renewed examination of Latin American music autobiographies and their relevance to the study of music, sound, and the political. In my reading of the Vida, I consider Uribe Holguín's literary inscription of cosmopolitan musickings, anxieties, and agentic claims and evaluate their potential to at once reify and/or disarticulate a nationalist-populist poetics, the conflation of partisan struggle with national identity, and narratives of European and Euro-American exceptionalism in global music histories. The article also discusses how other political actors continue to use the Vida to sound and perform a politics of belonging in contraposition to Uribe Holguín's non-national, cosmopolitan autobiographical self. The last section exposes Michael Herzfeld's notion of cultural intimacy to Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's category of antagonism to account for the Vida's reception beyond national borders and analyze the performances of cosmopolitan subjectivity it enabled among actors at the margins of a global modernity who saw themselves as precarized by the geopolitics of Western art music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep can increase consolidation of new knowledge and skills. It is less clear whether sleep plays a role in other aspects of experience-dependent neuroplasticity, which underlie important human capabilities such as spoken language processing. Theories of sensory learning differ in their predictions; some imply rapid learning at early sensory levels, while other propose a slow, progressive timecourse such that higher-level categorical representations guide immediate, novice learning, while lower-level sensory changes do not emerge until later stages. In this study, we investigated the role of sleep across both behavioural and physiological indices of auditory neuroplasticity. Forty healthy young human adults (23 female) who did not speak a tonal language participated in the study. They learned to categorize non-native Mandarin lexical tones using a sound-to-category training paradigm, and were then randomly assigned to a Nap or Wake condition. Polysomnographic data were recorded to quantify sleep during a 3 h afternoon nap opportunity, or equivalent period of quiet wakeful activity. Measures of behavioural performance accuracy revealed a significant improvement in learning the sound-to-category training paradigm between Nap and Wake groups. Conversely, a neural index of fine sound encoding fidelity of speech sounds known as the frequency-following response (FFR) suggested no change due to sleep, and a null model was supported, using Bayesian statistics. Together, these results support theories that propose a slow, progressive and hierarchical timecourse for sensory learning. Sleep's effect may play the biggest role in the higher-level learning, although contributions to more protracted processes of plasticity that exceed the study duration cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proverbs are found in the most varied means of communication. In relation to their use in comic books, they show a creative use that can only take place in certain circumstances: the visual representation of a literal interpretation of the message they convey. Comic books in general are an excellent medium for this, and the works under examination, the adventures of Asterix the Gaul, is the ideal subject of analysis for a study like the present, thanks to the linguistic inclination that its authors have shown. For this paper, the 38 volumes of the adventures have been surveyed for their use of paremiology with the intention of presenting and analysing cases of the use of paremias that seemed of relevance in connection to the graphic side of comic books. On the following pages, some of the most remarkable cases will be dissected in order to determine how this phenomenon works. Moreover, a cross-linguistic analysis of the use of said proverbs will be carried out, presenting the original version in French and comparing it with five other languages to assess how translators deal with the complicated task of translating idiomatic expressions and how the visual content of comic books determines this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is anchored in the paradigm of media linguistics and discourse linguistics, which draw inspiration from cognitive research on language use in the media, semiotic studies, and culture studies. This article is of an empirical nature, as it presents the results of an analysis of selected specific opinion magazine covers. Basing on the selected covers, it aims to characterize the multimodal practices of empathy and fear used in the migration discourse in Poland during the years 2015-2017. This will provide insight into the ways collective knowledge formations are activated by different actors in different media in order to evoke an empathetic attitude or an attitude of fear towards refugees. The analytical corpus consists of 36 covers from ten weekly magazines with high sales rates in Poland. We use the model of multimodal text analysis and the main focus of our analysis is to show the essence of multimodal practices, which, based on specific topoi, activated individually or in combination with others, intend to evoke an attitude of empathy or fear in the recipient. In the case of multimodal practices of empathy and fear, the process of multimodal integration should be considered important as it played the role of a keystone between the verbal and visual layers, and these were the carriers of specific topoi. Multimodal integration determines the process of topoi overlapping, and thus conditions the process of creating specific meanings, which, as previously mentioned, are of persuasive character. Both codes explain each other and specify and illustrate each other by implementing the elaboration pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the consequences of incorporating competition mechanisms into the explanation of some phenomena. The underlying question ultimately concerns the place of paradigmatic relations in the organization of linguistic systems: their status, their role in interpretation and grammar, and their explanatory power. The advantages of alternative-based inferential approaches over code-based models are highlighted as various interpretive phenomena are discussed. From a wider perspective, competition is then examined as a possible shaper of other grammatical domains. The challenges that these explanations must face are brought to the forefront, and so are the new paths open by recent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I present a new paradigm that considers literature’s current political relevance. In contrast to the 20th century idea of literary engagement, such that literature was conceived of as either autonomous and un-political or explicitly committed to so some political cause, this article aims to develop a view of literary engagement consonant with our 21st century living conditions that are perhaps more complex, fluid and volatile than ever before. Using a philosophical framework inspired by Jean-Luc Nancy, I approach the question of engagement through an ontological rethinking of literature. I argue that recent developments in contemporary literature show engagement with engagement as such; that is, with the experience of being connected, rather than some explicit political cause. Taking the work of Dutch millennial writer Lieke Marsman as an exemplary case study, I articulate this 20th to 21st century shift regarding political engagement as a shift from ‘littérature engagée’ to ‘engagement for engagement’s sake’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the question of "Florentine freedom" was at the heart of the elaboration and diffusion of neo-republican thought in the English-speaking world in the 20th century. Topics include examines an understanding of freedom based on the idea of participation has thus imposed itself as the base of various theoretical articulations to finally give rise to the creation of a new paradigm in the history of political thought republicanism.

The aim of the present paper is to highlight the way Elena Vladareanu (a Romanian writer) turns a feminine experience (motherhood) into a main theme of her poetry. After following an outline that shows some significant points of view on the relation between repetition and creation, the study focuses on poems whose style is both autonomous and paradigmatic. An reflexive approach of body, connection, and disjunction is hidden in Vladareanu's poetry, by means of strategies that emphasize the mincing/hybridization of human subject and suggest the language crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the constitutional period inaugurated in Spain after the pronouncement of Rafael del Riego on January 1, 1820 and closed by the French invasion of April 1823 and the repeal of the 1812 Constitution by Fernando VII in October is a moment key in the history of Spain. Topics include examines the historiographical relevance of the Constitutional Triennium is irremediably related to the applicability of the paradigm to the history of contemporary Spain.

Copyright of Osmanli Arastirmalari is the property of Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to demonstrate the importance of the copyright assignment contract based on the example of Colombian copyright. In recent years, these types of contracts have acquired great importance. Mainly the negotiation of intangible assets and the commercialization of copyrights in digital environments have highlighted the need for clarity on the part of the authors concerning the transfer of copyright and in particular the contract for the assignment of rights from authors. The article will present the legislative development of this contract in Colombia and how its most recent legislation seeks to establish solutions to the challenges that technology has presented to copyright in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbs of perception describe the actual perception of some entity and it is emphasized by earlier researchers that lexicon in languages is conceptually-oriented and is necessary for our daily communicative needs. In this paper, we demonstrate and explain, which among the perception verbs have the higher frequencies of all the five senses (vision, hear, smell, taste, touch) by using a Telugu corpus and self-rating task. This study shows a greater lexical differentiation when compared to studies done using English corpus and other languages. Based on our analysis–vision, followed by hear are the most commonly used verbs in daily communicative needs by the Telugu speakers as compared to touch, taste, and smell; The inconsistency in usage of other senses are not identical to the vision and hear in other studies, it may be due to sampling and methodological variations in the corpus of different language, but in common these two senses play a key role in perception verbs. The study of Telugu perception verbs may give more interesting facts and insights into the cognitive linguistics paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated second language learners' processing of ambiguous words (e.g., bank: [1] a financial institution, [2] an edge of a river/lake) and whether these learners are able to activate the secondary meaning as quickly as they do with the dominant meaning. English L2 and L1 participants used a window paradigm to perform a self-paced reading task, in which all sentences were biased for the secondary meaning (i.e., bank as an edge of a river/lake). The results showed that L1 participants activated both the dominant and the secondary meanings of an ambiguous word even when it is embedded within a secondary-biasing context. However, L2 participants had some difficulty in activating the L2 secondary meaning even when the preceding context was biased for it. The results of the L1 participants were compatible with the autonomous access model in that all meanings of an ambiguous [L1] word are accessed even when the context is biasing for a specific meaning. However, the results of the L2 participants, although they knew both meanings of each ambiguous word in this study based on their post-experiment questionnaire, showed that the more dominant meaning of an L2 ambiguous word is activated first, even when the context is biasing for a secondary meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights have become a dominant paradigm in police reform projects worldwide, championed by policymakers, legislators and campaigners alike. Such projects are often premised on, and evaluated according to, a conception of human rights as an autonomous, coherent and legitimate body of norms. It is a paradigm made real through formal training, procedures and oversight. This paper invites a different reading of human rights. Drawing on extensive interviews with junior officers, it reveals how human rights come to be emergent from, and embedded within, the minutia of their working lives. The presence and meaning of human rights are sustained through a series of 'sensemaking' narratives arising from the rich intermingling of legal and organizational representations of rights and officers' own experiences. Subtle variations, inconsistencies and contradictions in officers' sensemaking are revealed across a four-fold typology which disrupts the stability and coherency of the human rights paradigm, but also generalizations made about police culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the issue of the determinants of human gender identity has been lively discussed. In such discussions, there are numerous supporters of the belief that a person's gender identity does not depend directly on a given individual's biological endowment with sex, but is the result of various socio-cultural circumstances in which a given person lives. This view began to gain popularity in the scientific community in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is now considered paradigmatic in the rapidly evolving interdisciplinary study of cultural gender development, which is commonly referred to as gender studies. Representatives of gender studies often present the findings obtained in the course of their research as brilliant and modern. However, when viewed through the concept of philosophical superstition, authored by the Polish logician Józef Maria Bocheński (1902–1995), it can be concluded that the proponents of gender studies significantly exaggerate the intellectual momentum of their conclusions and postulates. Furthermore, one can even say that according to Bocheński's concept of philosophical superstition, gender studies is a discipline which only creates a semblance of rationality (truth). This is because gender studies fail all six criteria which, as Bocheński maintains, distinguish beliefs, views, and theories which are manifestly irrational from those which are not philosophical superstitions. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, Bocheński's concept of philosophical superstition is discussed and, in particular, the criteria are outlined which, in Bocheński's opinion, allow one to identify philosophically superstitious thinking. This section also provides examples of philosophically superstitious beliefs, views and theories that fall under each of the criteria. In the second part, gender studies are characterized in terms of the basic assumptions adopted within this trend, as well as its theses and postulates. The third part of the article is devoted to the assessment of gender studies with the use of criteria which, according to Bocheński, make it possible to distinguish theories, beliefs and views without the hallmarks of rationality from those that are not philosophically superstitious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkologiya is the property of Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Complexity theory/dynamic systems theory has challenged conventional approaches to applied linguistics research by encouraging researchers to adopt a pragmatic transdisciplinary approach that is less paradigmatic and more problem-oriented in nature. Its proponents have argued that the starting point in research design should not be the quantitative–qualitative distinction, or even mixed methods, but the distinction between individual versus group-based designs (i.e., idiographic versus nomothetic). Taking insights from transdisciplinary complexity research in other human and social sciences, we propose an integrative transdisciplinary framework that unites these different perspectives (quantitative–qualitative, individual–group based) from the starting point of exploratory–falsificatory aims. We discuss the implications of this transdisciplinary approach to applied linguistics research and illustrate how such an integrated approach might be implemented in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a question as to how already "sunk" costs enter into proportionality considerations. Lazar proposes the "Discount View," in which the reasons to secure the goal progressively (with sunk costs) diminish in weight but not below a certain threshold. I argue that even if this happened, this would not solve the problem that motivates Lazar to reject the "Prospective View." Moreover, the mechanism Lazar proposes to make reasons behave in this way does not exist: There are no rights‐based reasons for pursuing the goal present in his paradigmatic example, only well‐being‐based reasons. This is implied by Lazar's own description of the case as one of rights‐infringement, which makes his position incoherent. Finally, the four arguments Lazar offers for these reasons' progressively diminishing in force are inconclusive anyway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the Biblical account that God purposely created people to be different, multidisciplinary research suggests that people tend to struggle to positively encounter those who hold dif"cult, disagreeable, or contentious differences. Social work professionals have turned to a variety of frameworks, models, and approaches for pragmatic or paradigmatic recommendations for improving difficult encounters. However, there is not a vehicle for assessing these frameworks or to consider how they might positively or negatively in!uence encounters. Consequently, this paper proposes a new conceptual framework meant to assess and deconstruct existing frameworks. This article describes the Encountering Contentious Differences Conceptual Framework including an overview of its "ve sensitizing concepts. Illustrations are provided for how to utilize this Conceptual Framework in practice by applying it to three existing frameworks: the anti-oppressive practice/Intergroup Dialogue, inclusion/exclusion, and Christian hospitality frameworks. This article concludes with implications of the Conceptual Framework for social work practice, education, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I begin by developing a challenge for the Higher-Order Thought variant of Higher-Order representational theories of consciousness. The challenge is to account for the distinctive phenomenal character of visual experience—its presentational character. After setting out the challenge, I articulate a novel form of Higher-Order theory that can account for presentational character—the Map Theory of consciousness. The theory's distinctive claim is that the relevant higher-order representations have a cartographic format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Causal Exclusion Problem is raised in many domains, including the metaphysics of macroscopic objects. If there is a complete explanation of macroscopic effects in terms of the microscopic entities that compose macroscopic objects, then the causal efficacy of the macroscopic will be threatened with exclusion. I argue that we can avoid the problem if we accept that macroscopic objects are ontically vague. Then it is indeterminate which collection of microscopic entities compose them, and so information about microscopic entities is insufficient to provide a complete explanation of certain properties of macroscopic objects. After outlining this solution, I consider several objections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista EntreLínguas is the property of Revista EntreLinguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As face presentation attacks (PAs) are realistic threats for unattended face verification systems, face presentation attack detection (PAD) has been intensively investigated in past years, and the recent advances in face PAD have significantly reduced the success rate of such attacks. In this article, an empirical study on a novel and effective face impostor PA is made. In the proposed PA, a facial artifact is created by using the most vulnerable facial components, which are optimally selected based on the vulnerability analysis of different facial components to impostor PAs. An attacker can launch a face PA by presenting a facial artifact on his or her own real face. With a collected PA database containing various types of artifacts and presentation attack instruments (PAIs), the experimental results and analysis show that the proposed PA poses a more serious threat to face verification and PAD systems compared with the print, replay, and mask PAs. Moreover, the generalization ability of the proposed PA and the vulnerability analysis with regard to commercial systems are also investigated by evaluating unknown face verification and real-world PAD systems. It provides a new paradigm for the study of face PAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]