Search

Autotaxin (ATX), a lysophospholipase D, plays an important role in cancer invasion, metastasis, tumor progression, tumorigenesis, neuropathic pain, fibrotic diseases, cholestatic pruritus, lymphocyte homing, and thrombotic diseases by producing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). A high-throughput screen of ATX inhibition using the lysophosphatidylcholine-like substrate fluorogenic substrate 3 (FS-3) and ∼10,000 compounds from the University of Cincinnati Drug Discovery Center identified several small-molecule inhibitors with IC50vales ranging from nanomolar to low micromolar. The pharmacology of the three most potent compounds: 918013 (1; 2,4-dichloro-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl) benzamide), 931126 (2; 4-oxo-4-{2-[(5-phenoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]hydrazino}-N-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)butanamide), and 966791 (3; N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-[N-(2-furylmethyl)(4-(1,2,3,4-tetraazolyl)phenyl)carbonylamino]-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide), were further characterized in enzyme, cellular, and whole animal models. Compounds 1and 2were competitive inhibitors of ATX-mediated hydrolysis of the lysophospholipase substrate FS-3. In contrast, compound 3was a competitive inhibitor of both FS-3 and the phosphodiesterase substrate p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5′-monophosphate. Computational docking and mutagenesis suggested that compounds 1and 2target the hydrophobic pocket, thereby blocking access to the active site of ATX. The potencies of compounds 1–3were comparable to each other in each of the assays. All of these compounds significantly reduced invasion of A2058 human melanoma cells in vitro and the colonization of lung metastases by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. The compounds had no agonist or antagonist effects on select LPA or sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, nor did they inhibit nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) enzymes NPP6 and NPP7. These results identify the molecular surface of the hydrophobic pocket of ATX as a target-binding site for inhibitors of enzymatic activity.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a highly potent endogenous lipid mediator that protects and rescues cells from programmed cell death. Earlier work identified the LPA2G protein-coupled receptor subtype as an important molecular target of LPA mediating antiapoptotic signaling. Here we describe the results of a virtual screen using single-reference similarity searching that yielded compounds 2-((9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (NSC12404), 2-((3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)propyl)thio)benzoic acid (GRI977143), 4,5-dichloro-2-((9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (H2L5547924), and 2-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl)carbamoyl) benzoic acid (H2L5828102), novel nonlipid and drug-like compounds that are specific for the LPA2receptor subtype. We characterized the antiapoptotic action of one of these compounds, GRI977143, which was effective in reducing activation of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and inhibited poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in different extrinsic and intrinsic models of apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, GRI977143 promoted carcinoma cell invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers and fibroblast proliferation. The antiapoptotic cellular signaling responses were present selectively in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells derived from LPA1&2double-knockout mice reconstituted with the LPA2receptor and were absent in vector-transduced control cells. GRI977143 was an effective stimulator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and promoted the assembly of a macromolecular signaling complex consisting of LPA2, Na+-H+exchange regulatory factor 2, and thyroid receptor interacting protein 6, which has been shown previously to be a required step in LPA-induced antiapoptotic signaling. The present findings indicate that nonlipid LPA2-specific agonists represent an excellent starting point for development of lead compounds with potential therapeutic utility for preventing the programmed cell death involved in many types of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.

This article discusses space and interactivity in relation to some of the author's compositions for performers and computer. It outlines approaches to musical space relevant to those works arising from the realms of acousmatic, instrumental/acoustic and soundscape composition, and explores the conflict arising when a variety of listening practices are employed by the spectator-listener. This conflict challenges the perceived boundaries that differentiate genres, and also challenges the significance of existing ‘instrumental’ definitions of interactive computer music to the author's work. The author's approach to investigating this issue through composition is discussed, using two pieces as examples: Words on the streets are these (2001), an interactive installation, and Still Life (2002), a concert piece for string quartet and live electroacoustics. Technical and aesthetic aspects are outlined, specifically in relation to the experience of the spectator-listener. The overall aim is to emphasise the importance of considering spatial issues in composing interactive music, and to examine how the interplay of spatial concepts might be explored in practice.

Although the incorporation of small-molecule azobenzene dyes in polymer thin films has been investigated in the past, the application of the layer-by-layer adsorption technique has enabled incorporation of molecularly ordered dye layers without applying the Langmuir−Blodgett methodology. A problem with small-molecule dyes is their tendency to aggregate and even phase separate in polymer matrixes. With the alternate layer-by-layer technique, we have found that the aggregation properties of a charged chromophore are self-limiting and are promoted by adsorption to oppositely charged surfaces. The molecular assembly process of the dye−polycation pairs was investigated by a number of surface-sensitive spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Comparison of the layer thickness with the molecular dimensions of the dyes suggests the formation of well-packed monomolecular layers depending on the size, spatial orientation, and aggregation limit of each pair. The polycation charge density and salt concentration play an important role in influencing aggregation both before and after adsorption to surfaces. Initial studies with the dye Direct Red 80 showed interesting photoalignment properties with linearly polarized UV−vis light. This method allows the preparation of functional ultrathin films of small-molecule azobenzene dyes for various optical applications.

AbstractThe concept of enterprise bargaining causes particular difficulty for government in its role as an employer. Devolution of industrial relations decision making is consistent with the managerialist agenda which seeks to give more autonomy to individual departments. However, all governments seek to maintain financial control over their departments, particularly with respect to labour costs. In the case of Western Australia (WA), a further tension exists through the current government's pursuit of individual workplace agreements. In WA, the framework for enterprise bargaining (and for individual workplace agreements) is established through the government's wages policy and workplace bargaining guidelines. The paper uses case study material to examine the actual process through which enterprise agreements are reached. The tensions between central control of outcomes and ‘devolved’ bargaining processes are clear; the agreement reaching process at the agency level becomes a joint process of achieving compliance within centrally imposed constraints. While the wage outcomes were controlled, the workplace change outcomes were less clear.

Aim To determine whether there are differences in the lymphocytic cell infiltrate present in affected extraocular muscles (EOM) during early and late stages of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods 17 biopsies of affected EOMs were collected from two groups of TAO patients (n=14): the first of five patients with early, active TAO, and the second of nine patients with late, inactive TAO. The control group was of EOM biopsies taken from 14 non-TAO patients undergoing squint surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis was undertaken using the relevant monoclonal antibodies and an avidin-biotin system and the three groups compared. Results Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found in the cellular infiltrate in early, active TAO specimens which were much less evident either in late, inactive stage disease or in control tissue. There was also a significant increase in both CD45RO+ and CD45RB+ cells and macrophages in early TAO compared with the others. Increased expression of HLA-DR antigen by interstitial cells including fibroblasts was detected in both early and late disease but the EOM fibres remained morphologically intact and did not express MHC class II antigens at any time. Conclusion These results demonstrate that T cells are only significantly present in early disease but increased HLA-DR antigen expression on fibroblasts is observed at all stages. This suggests that T cells are much more involved in the early than the later stages of the disease process and that early activation of fibroblasts occurs. Early intervention with immunosuppressive therapy to downregulate cytokine production by T cells may significantly influence the sequelae caused by EOM fibrosis.

AbstractThis paper examines the factors which influence the structures and processes of workplace negotiation and concludes that the recent changes in the Australian industrial relations system provide the context for the emergence of adversarial negotiations. In addition, the emphasis on the workplace, coupled with a declining role for the industrial tribunals, brings the question of union recognition into prominence. New processes for handling disputes over union recognition may be required The implications, particularly for unions seeking to establish or maintain negotiating relationships with employers, are explored.

This paper outlines some of the technical and aesthetic issues arising from my works which involve computer technology directly in live performance. A process of experimentation in algorithmic composition is described, particularly in relation to aspects of form and ways of automating musical processes at various structural levels. Three works are then described: Kendhang is a work in which a dancer influences the output of a simple algorithmic music system based on interpolation; Or is an instrumental trio which uses realtime sound granulation; and Vug extends this realtime granulation and applies it to a solo clarinet line. An exploration of both the distinctions and similarities between these works is used to develop a general approach to the integration of computer-based algorithmic systems with live performance. This approach emphasises the need for efficient use of technological resources in order to convey expressive content accurately.

Mediation is often suggested as an alternative method of resolving industrial disputes. However, the precise nature of mediation in the industrial relations context is not clear,and although the emphasis is on a facilitative approach, the evidence from two case studies suggests that a more interventionist approach may be more typical. The case studies also suggest that mediation will be used tactically during the course of a negotiation as well as being a means of bringing the dispute to an end. This opportunity for a tactical recourse to mediation is increased where the legislation seeks to guide or control the conduct of negotiations,as in thecase of the proposed amendments to theWorkplace Relations Act 1996. Some implications that arise from this tactical opportunity are explored, including tbe development of a motivational perspective to mediation.

Discusses whether energy companies can accommodate the needs of the environment. Author's delivery of the John Collier Memorial Lecture; Prospects for electricity based on nuclear power and renewable energy sources; Need for more efficient energy use to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

This paper examines the changes taking place in Australian industrial relations. It takes as its starting point the policy objective of improving workplace productivity and examines the impact of reforms on this objective using Lewin's framework for the analysis of change and a mining operation as a case study. The paper suggests that the reforms are only facilitative and this exposes a reliance on management for the achievement of the policy objective. The dominance of managerial perspective changes the fundamental nature of the industrial relations system and raises several important policy considerations, in particular issues relating to the recognition of trade unions.

This paper examines the significance of information about “going rates” in the resolution of issues by negotiation. In addition to the strategic factors which negotiators must consider this paper identifies a behavioural factor, the mutually prominent alternative, which also has the effect of drawing negotiators towards the going rate as a settlement for their own negotiations. The results of research based on an experimental negotiation confirm the importance of going rate information on negotiation outcomes. This finding, and its explanation in terms of the going rate adopting the characteristics of a mutually prominent alternative, has significance in the context of enterprise bargaining; it would suggest that outcomes negotiated at the enterprise level may not be as egocentric as some advocates of a deregulated labour market might suggest.

AbstractWith the Australian industrial relations system in a state of transition towards a system wherein management-union relations are based on enterprise bargaining, it is appropriate to re-examine the nature of negotiation at the workplace. This paper draws upon a case study of a management-union negotiation to explore aspects of the negotiation process and finds a number of ways in which the process is asymmetrical: in the nature of the constituency; in the manner in which issues emerge; and in the alternatives which are available to the parties. This asymmetry appears to give management a number of strategic options not open to those negotiating on behalf of employees. Some implications for the conduct of negotiation in the workplace are explored.

This article follows Gilbert Smith in questioning the usefulness of some traditional ways of regarding need, which rely mainly on surveying potential client populations in order to decide what provision a social services department ought to make. It describes a small study which examined in detail what social workers meant when they said that certain families ‘needed’ a Family Centre, and which also looked at the subsequent history of the departments contact with those families in the absence of such a resource. It is, therefore, based on looking at what happened to families when the Centre was not provided, and on analysing social workers perceptions of the need they encountered. It is argued that, despite its limitations, such an approach can give useful indications, not only of what services should be provided but as to the specific way they should be offered. In view of the role played by social workers in assessment for, and allocation of, services, it is suggested that a clearer understanding of their perceptions is essential to achieve effective service utilization.

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) deficiency is a hereditary disorder characterized by reduced serum levels of alpha 1AT, resulting in destruction of the lower respiratory tract by neutrophil elastase. As an approach to augment alpha 1AT levels in this disorder with physiologically normal human alpha 1AT, we have integrated a full-length normal human alpha 1AT cDNA into the genome of mouse fibroblasts. To accomplish this, the retroviral vector N2 was modified by inserting the simian virus 40 early promoter followed by the alpha 1AT cDNA. Southern analysis demonstrated that the intact cDNA was present in the genome of selected clones of the transfected murine fibroblasts psi 2 and infected NIH 3T3. The clones produced three mRNA transcripts (5.8, 4.8, and 2.4 kilobases) containing human alpha 1AT sequences, secreted an alpha 1AT molecule recognized by an anti-human alpha 1AT antibody, with the same molecular mass (52 kDa) as normal human alpha 1AT and that complexed with and inhibited human neutrophil elastase. The psi 2 produced alpha 1AT was glycosylated, and when infused intravenously into mice, it had a serum half-life similar to normal alpha 1AT purified from human plasma and markedly longer than that of nonglycosylated human alpha 1AT cDNA-directed yeast-produced alpha 1AT. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using a retroviral vector to insert the normal human alpha 1AT cDNA into non-alpha 1AT-producing cells, resulting in the synthesis and secretion of physiologically "normal" human alpha 1AT.

Although industrial relations in Australiaare undergoinga significant transition towards an enterprise-based System, there has been little research into the man agement-union negotiation process. This paper describes how an employer and two unions reached an enterprise agreement, and examines the choice and inter action aspects of negotiation to explore why and how this was done. The case study demonstrates the characteristics of genuine negotiation and suggests that strong motivation to reach agreement and inherently competitive interaction can have results that meet the needs of the parties.

In Russia, Uzbekistan and Mongolia, five TEMPUS (Tacis) projects were established on the basis of long experience of links with the Russian Republic of the former Soviet Union. Difficulties encountered during the implementation of the projects were more easily overcome by using a core team for all projects to facilitate the cooperation and exchange of experience between project participants. The installation of modern computing and communications equipment in an eligible country university has significantly enhanced the resources available for curriculum development. It seems likely, however, that efforts to maximize the impact of the project and its lasting value to curriculum development in the region as a whole, will be hindered by the rules governing implementation of the projects themselves.

This paper seeks to examine and explain, from an administrative viewpoint, the development of the TEMPUS scheme since 1990. The scheme, which supports the development of higher education in Eastern and Central Europe as part of the overall support for social and economic restructuring within the European Union's Phare programme, is traced through its first phase and into the beginning of the second (TEMPUS II). Establishment of a parallel programme for the republics of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia also began with TEMPUS II. The question mark in the title is prompted by the apparent lack of analysis of the educational impact of this substantial cooperation programme by, among others, academic specialists.

This article traces the development of union and employer approaches to redundancy and the issue of job security. It suggests that there is scope for a broader approach to be taken, A redundancy situation is a complex one extending beyond the decisions to dismiss some workers because they no longer can be usefully employed. It involves a succession of decisions which should encompass both the human resource management and employee relations dimensions of the situation. The management of this decision‐making process will influence the redundancy aftermath, not only in terms of the extent and manner of any actual dismissals, but also the efficiency of the remaining labour force and the prevailing employee relations climate. The ACAC Decision on job security, the resistance of workers to redundancy and management's own interests are identified as pressures which will bring about more effective redundancy management.

This study reports the entire nucleotide sequence of the protein coding region sequence of the alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) Z gene, a common form of the alpha 1AT gene associated with serum alpha 1AT deficiency. In addition to Glu342 to Lys342 mutation in exon V which has been previously identified by peptide analysis, another point mutation (GTG to GCG in exon III) in the gene sequence predicts a second amino acid substitution (Val213 to Ala213) in the Z protein. This Val213 to Ala213 mutation was confirmed to be a general finding in Z type alpha 1AT gene by evaluating genomic DNA from 40 Z haplotypes using synthetic oligonucleotide gene probes directed toward the mutated exon III sequences in the Z gene. Furthermore, the exon III Val213 to Ala213 mutation eliminates a BstEII restriction endonuclease site in the alpha 1AT Z gene, allowing rapid identification of this Val213 to Ala213 substitution at the genomic DNA level. Surprisingly, when genomic DNA samples from individuals thought to be homozygous for the M1 gene (the most common alpha 1AT normal haplotype) were evaluated with BstEII, 23% of the M1 haplotypes were BstEII site negative, thus identifying a new form of M1 (i.e. M1(Ala213], likely identical to M1 but with an isoelectric focusing "silent" amino acid substitution (Val213 to Ala213). Although the relative importance of the newly identified exon III Val213 to Ala213 mutation to the pathogenesis of the abnormalities associated with the Z gene is not known, it is likely that M1(Ala213) gene represents a common "normal" polymorphism of the alpha 1AT gene that served as an evolutionary intermediate between the M1(Val213) and Z genes.

We describe a wavelength-addressed eight-element fibre-optic true time delay line implemented using ultraviolet-inscribed Bragg gratings. A mininum time delay of less than 20 ps is selectable, and the delay line is applicable to rf phased array beam forming at frequencies up to about 1·5 GHz with 10° phase resolution.

The "deficiency" group of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) alleles is characterized by alpha 1AT genes that code for alpha 1AT present in serum but in amounts insufficient to protect the lower respiratory tract from progressive destruction by its burden of neutrophil elastase. Mprocida, a rare alpha 1AT allele associated with alpha 1AT serum levels less than 10 mg/dl (normal 150-350 mg/dl), codes for an alpha 1AT molecule that focuses on immobilized pH gradient isoelectric gels slightly cathodal to the common normal M1 (Val213) protein. On a per molecule basis, Mprocida has a mildly reduced function as an inhibitor, with an association rate constant for human neutrophil elastase of 7.0 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 (normal M1 (Val213) 9.3 +/- 0.8 x 10(6), p less than 0.01). The Mprocida molecule behaves normally in vivo with a half-life similar to normal M1 alpha 1AT molecules. Restriction endonuclease mapping demonstrates that the cloned Mprocida gene was grossly intact. Sequencing of all the exons, exon-intron junctions, and the major promoter region demonstrated Mprocida to be identical to the M1 (Val213) gene except for a single base substitution in exon II coding for amino acid 41 of the mature protein (M1 (Val213) Leu41 CTG----Mprocida Pro41 CCG). Usefully, the coding sequence of the alpha 1AT residues 40-41 is recognized by the restriction endonuclease PvuII so that using a probe corresponding to this region of exon II, the Mprocida mutation can be rapidly identified by Southern analysis. Evaluation of the crystallographic structure of alpha 1AT suggests the Leu41 to Pro41 mutation may disrupt alpha-helix A in the region of Pro21-Ser45, suggesting the possibility that the alpha 1AT Mprocida molecule is unstable and degraded intracellularly prior to secretion.

The teaching of industrial relations in Australia is a fairly recent phenomenon, principally developing over the last twenty years. Consequently it is only recently that the 'academic infrastructure'—viable industrial relations departments, a range of literature, a choice of texts and journals—has developed to enable the subject to become an identifiable area of teaching. As a result it is not surprising that the use of computers in teaching industrial relations is not well developed when compared with other disciplines, such as economics, management and accounting where games, simulations and question testing banks are available. However, the use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is not confined to academic institutions: it has the potential to be a low-cost delivery system for training within other organizations. Employers, employer organizations and unions all engage in training and, therefore, all have a potential use for CAI. A number of government agencies are examining the use of computer- assisted instruction in training staff in, for example, occupational health and safety, and it has potential as a tool in professional development programmes. With the development of microcomputers the costs of using CAI are declining.

An important aspect of plant level industrial relations is the nature of the relationship between the management and the unions. Various patterns of relationships have been suggested by Fox, Purcell and others. The dynamics of the processes by which good industrial relationships might be maintained is examined in this paper by means of a case study. Industrial relations in the BP Kwinana refinery during a time of difficulty for both management and unions are analysed and it is suggested that the lengthy negotiations consolidated the relationship between the parties However, in considering the future trends in industrial relations at the plant the paper concludes that the maintenance of good industrial relations cannot be assured without the continuing effort of both parties. Further areas of research are identified as part of a continuing development in our theoretical and practical understanding of plant level industrial relations.

Workplace industrial relations are growing in importance. The extent of plant bargaining and the scope of the industrial relations agenda at that level have developed markedly over the recent past. Such a development risks the growth of an unregulated informal system of industrial relations. While the Hancock Report recognizes the need for more formal dispute and grievance procedures, it does not adequately deal with the problems arising at workplace level. This paper argues for a broad policy of formalized relationships at workplace level by various means but not through legislation.

A 41-year-old man with visual loss due to bilateral compressive optic neuropathy resulting from severe ophthalmic Graves' disease was found on presentation to have 'blow-out' fractures of both orbital floors. Five months earlier he had been involved in a minor road traffic accident and sustained a right orbital floor fracture. The greatly enlarged extraocular muscles and associated high intraorbital pressure resulted in a spontaneous left orbital floor fracture-an auto-orbital decompression. His right orbital floor fracture may also have occurred spontaneously prior to his accident or perhaps the floor was already sufficiently weakened that even minor trauma led to a fracture. Although auto-orbital decompression may have delayed the onset of visual loss it was not effective in relieving optic nerve compression, and systemic steroid therapy was required to improve vision.

This paper is about the results of muscle surgery to correct double vision and any associated compensatory head posture in 58 patients with thyroid eye disease. A strict definition of success whereby the patient has binocular single vision in the straight ahead and reading areas restored by a single operation on the muscles without the subsequent use of prisms is used. The pre-operative states which may influence the outcome of surgery are examined and it is concluded that the preferred starting point for ocular muscle surgery is that the patient is euthyroid, with proptosis less than 26 mm and that binocular single vision has thus far been maintained by the use of prisms and/or a compensatory head posture. Records of the ocular movements must have been stable for at least six months. The techniques of surgical correction are described including the use of adjustable sutures.

Diagnosis of the hereditary disorder α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) deficiency is critically dependent on quantification of serum levels of α1AT, a 52-kDa antiprotease that serves to protect the lung from destruction by neutrophil elastase. Although the measurement of serum α1AT levels is not difficult, there is no international standard for α1AT, and investigators in the field recognize that widely used commercially available standards vary by as much as 50 percent. To establish accurate ranges for the common normal and deficient α1AT phenotypes, the present study uses a purified α1AT standard to quantify the α1AT serum levels of 443 individuals with common normal and deficient α1AT phenotypes, including MM, ZZ, SS, MZ, MS, and SZ. Based on the observed values, a statistical model was developed to generate predicted frequency distributions of α1AT serum levels for each of these phenotypes. Based on these studies, the ranges (5th to 95th percentile) for α1AT serum levels of the common phenotypes are: MM, 20 to 53 μmol/L; SS, 20 to 48 μmol/L; ZZ, 3.4 to 7.0 μmol/L; MZ, 15 to 42 μmol/L; MS, 18 to 52 μmol/L; and SZ, 10 to 23 μmol/L. This α1AT standard and these ranges are being used for the National α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry organized under the auspices of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (Chest 1991; 100:703-08)

We reviewed the indications for radiography and its impact on management in 100 consecutive patients referred to the Radiology Department from the Accident and Emergency Department of a large eye hospital in order to assess the utility of orbital plain radiographs in patients suspected of having blow-out fractures. We assessed whether administration of antibiotics or referral for surgical or orthoptic treatment was influenced by clinical features, radiographic findings or both. Ophthalmologists interpreting the radiographs appeared to be guided by the presence or absence of physical signs. No patient in whom they overlooked a fracture which was not evident clinically was subsequently referred for surgery. All patients who did have surgery for complications of a blow-out fracture underwent pre-operative computed tomography. Neither referral for orthoptic treatment nor administration of systemic antibiotics was consistently influenced by the presence or absence of a fracture. Given these findings, and the observation that the decision to operate was guided exclusively by clinical rather than radiological criteria, we recommend that only patients with well-defined indications for surgery (enophthalmos of more than 2 mm at any time within the first 6 weeks following the injury, and/or diplopia in the primary and/or downgaze reading positions not showing evidence of resolving within 2 weeks of the injury) should undergo radiography.

Seven patients with acquired monocular elevation paralysis who cannot be included in any known diagnostic formulation are presented. We propose that monocular elevation paresis in these cases can be attributed to a unilateral lesion in the pretectum that involves (1) the supranuclear fibers to the subnucleus of the oculomotor complex which supplies the opposite superior rectus (and when the paralysis is complete, the supranuclear fibers to the inferior oblique) and (2) the pupillary pathways in some patients. The most probable cause is a vascular occlusion of one of the fine blood vessels supplying this area.1

Oxyhydrogen detonations at 1 atm, covering a wide range of compositions, have been made to interact with a 0.62 Wb/m2magnetic field in an orthogonal field-flow-electrode configuration under open-circuit conditions. It is shown that the measured open-circuit voltage can be used to estimate the flow conditions in and behind the detonation. Several electrode systems have been examined, including strip and point electrodes flush with the wall of the detonation tube, and point electrodes immersed in the flow, with varying probe gap. The results indicate that a considerable velocity gradient exists across the tube, and, in consequence, allowance must be made for the effect of cool boundary layers in all probe experiments under similar conditions. Measurements of the flow velocity of the core of gas in the center of the tube support the predictions of the Zeldovich-Döring-Von Neumann theory.