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62. What is the Minimal Perceptible Change for the Dimensional Alteration of Facial Structures in the Frontal View?

Author

Priyanka, Katkoria Nalin, Ramteke, Shivangi, Nivethitha, Bhaskar, and Madhan, Balasubramanian

Abstract

A better understanding of the perceptibility of dimensional changes in facial structures is of interest to all involved in facial esthetics. We aimed to determine the minimal perceptible change (MPC) in the dimensional alterations of the facial structures in the frontal view and the influential factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals accompanying the patients at the outpatient department of a tertiary-care hospital and students in art and science. Those with impaired cognition, craniofacial anomalies, history of esthetic facial surgeries and health professionals working on facial esthetics were excluded. The observers assessed the frontal photographs of 2 models and their modifications. The independent variables were the anatomic structure modified (mouth, nose, ears, eyes), the percentage change (5, 10, 15%), and the type of modification (magnification or reduction). The outcome variables were the MPC (perceived by at least 50% of the observers) and the perceptibility of changes (Yes/No) The age of the observer, the sex of the observer and the model were the covariates. The intergroup differences in perceptibility of changes and the influence of independent variables and covariates were analyzed with χ2/Cochran's Q test and generalized estimating equations, respectively, with statistical significance set at P <.05. The sample comprised 110 males and 110 females, aged 23.9 ± 5.8 years. The MPC was 5% for the mouth, nose, and eyes and 15% for the ears. The changes in the nose [OR = 0.68 (0.56 to 0.83), P <.001], ears [OR = 0.29 (0.24 to 0.36), P <.001], and eyes [OR = 0.78 (0.64 to 0.95), P =.015] were less perceptible than the mouth. The perceptibility was higher in female than male observers [OR = 1.37 (1.11 to 1.69), P =.003] and reduction than magnification [OR = 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) P =.036]. Compared to a 5% change, the perceptibility was higher for 10 and 15% [OR = 2.00 (1.76 to 2.27), 3.33 (2.84 to 3.91), respectively, P <.001]. The MPC was 5% for the mouth, nose, and eyes and 15% for the ears. The perceptibility of change was influenced by the structure, the extent and type of modification and the observer's sex. These findings may be of use to all professionals involved in esthetic facial corrections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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66. Agricultural waste management generated by agro-based industries using biotechnology tools

Author

D. Sivakumar, P. Srikanth, P. Ramteke, and J. Nouri

Subjects
agro-waste, bio-enzymes, bio-lipids, microorganisms, oil cakes, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The amount of agricultural waste generated by agro-based industries such as palm oil, rubber, and wood processing plants have more than tripled. Selangor, Perak, and Johor account for 65.7 percent of the total number of recognised pollution sources in the manufacturing and agro-based sectors. Livestock dung is another major cause of pollution, contributing significantly to increase pollution levels in the environment. Large portion of agro-industrial waste is untreated and unused, it is frequently disposed of by replicating or dumping then again off the cuff landfilling. These untreated wastes wreak havoc on natural change by releasing ozone-depleting chemicals. Aside from that, the usage of fossil fuels is also leading to an increase in ozone-depleting compounds. Agro-waste is a huge environmental hazard in the current epidemic situation. The management of agro-waste and the conversion of agro-waste into a usable product through the application of biotechnological technologies in agriculture are receiving a lot of attention in today''s world. Solid state fermentation is the finest approach for converting agro-waste into valuable bio products among biotechnological instruments. Various agro-wastes such as wheat straw, barley straw, cotton stalks, sunflower stacks, and oil cakes from various agriculture goods, as well as major horticulture wastes such as apple, mango, orange peels, and potato peels, were used to create beneficial products in this review. All aspects of the production of industrial products from various agro-waste by using microorganisms such as Amycolatopsis Mediterranean, Xanthomonas campestries, and Aspergillus niger producing biopolymers such as polysaccharides, similar to starch, cellulose, agar, hemi-celluloses, gelatin, alginate, and carrageenan are covered in the current revels. Yeasts and cyanobacteria are commonly employed to make bio-lipids, whereas Bacillus species are utilised to make proteins and bio-enzymes. Cucumber and orange strips, on the other hand, have recently been employed to create proteins and bio-enzymes. As a result, this review covers the many forms of agro-wastes and their by-products as well as biotechnological technologies used to treat them.

Published
2022
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