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In Colombia in 2016, extraordinary upper mountain ecosystems known as páramos were legally delimited by the central state as strict conservation areas, based exclusively on maps produced with biophysical information. Inside their boundaries, most human activities were forbidden, although most páramos have been inhabited and used for centuries. I interrogate the making of these exclusionary state páramos using the analytic of assemblage. This framework allows me to go beyond the understanding of fields of state control as merely the product of a process of top-down authoritarian territorialisation, and make the practices of heterogeneous subjects around the production of delimited páramos visible. It also helps me investigate what happened to these subjects in the process, and contribute to a critical understanding of their roles in the establishment of conservation areas. I argue that this process had three interrelated outcomes: the state was pushed away from a liberal government of upper mountains, and towards a centralised, authoritarian scheme; scientific practices resisted state power around conservation; and some social organisations became instrumental to a simplifying grand scheme. I propose that the threat of mining extractivism in the 2010s influenced the practices of these three subjects, and catalysed the assemblage of coercively delimited páramos and their exclusion from the productive grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las montañas de los Andes y del Himalaya poseen características bioculturales en común, ya que son fuentes de agua en territorios biodiversos y albergan a miles de familias campesinas e indígenas; sin embargo, ambas se encuentran en situación de eminente peligro por el extractivismo a gran escala. De ahí que las altas Cortes de Ecuador, Colombia y La India se vieron obligadas a pronunciarse frente a la crisis ecológica y cultural a la que se enfrentan sus sistemas montañosos. Para esto, construyeron una argumentación pluralista basada en el reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza. Con el enfoque del concepto de interculturalidad, se analizará críticamente la jurisprudencia de estos tres Estados biodiversos y fuertemente impactados por las actividades antropocéntricas. Además, esta investigación evidenciará la importancia de desarrollar el contenido de los derechos de la naturaleza y los derechos de participación comunitaria desde la perspectiva biocultural. Recibido: 08 abril 2020 Aceptado: 02 octubre 2020

The identification and counting of plant individuals is essential for environmental monitoring. UAV based imagery offer ultra-fine spatial resolution and flexibility in data acquisition, and so provide a great opportunity to enhance current plant and in-situ field surveying. However, accurate mapping of individual plants from UAV imagery remains challenging, given the great variation in the sizes and geometries of individual plants and in their distribution. This is true even for deep learning based semantic segmentation and classification methods. In this research, a novel Scale Sequence Residual U-Net (SS Res U-Net) deep learning method was proposed, which integrates a set of Residual U-Nets with a sequence of input scales that can be derived automatically. The SS Res U-Net classifies individual plants by continuously increasing the patch scale, with features learned at small scales passing gradually to larger scales, thus, achieving multi-scale information fusion while retaining fine spatial details of interest. The SS Res U-Net was tested to identify and map frailejones (all plant species of the subtribe Espeletiinae), the dominant plants in one of the world's most biodiverse high-elevation ecosystems (i.e. the páramos) from UAV imagery. Results demonstrate that the SS Res U-Net has the ability to self-adapt to variation in objects, and consistently achieved the highest classification accuracy (91.67% on average) compared with four state-of-the-art benchmark approaches. In addition, SS Res U-Net produced the best performances in terms of both robustness to training sample size reduction and computational efficiency compared with the benchmarks. Thus, SS Res U-Net shows great promise for solving remotely sensed semantic segmentation and classification tasks, and more general machine intelligence. The prospective implementation of this method to identify and map frailejones in the páramos will benefit immensely the monitoring of their populations for conservation assessments and management, among many other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological interactions play a fundamental role in determining the genetic structure of plant species in time and space. The demography of the Andean Puya hamata has been linked to fire regimes and hummingbird behaviour, which might modify the plant's population genetic structure. Naturally, poor dispersal results in patches of genetically related plants, a pattern intensified further by burning which promotes seedling germination around parent plants. Later, when these plants flower, large patches are attractive to territorial hummingbirds which prevent visits by traplining hummingbird species, carrying pollen from likely unrelated plants. To explore this hypothesis, a genetic study of P. hamata using microsatellite markers was conducted with (i) isolated and grouped adults in two size categories of patches, and (ii) seeds collected from the same patches and isolated individuals. Isolated individual plants presented a higher observed heterozygosity with close to zero inbreeding. Adult plants from large patches showed a lower observed heterozygosity and higher inbreeding than plants from other spatial contexts. Seed genetic structure displayed a gradient of diversity: lower at patch centres but higher at patch edges, in small patches, and for isolated infructescences. The spatial context of these plants, especially the contrast between large patch centres and other situations, determines the genetic diversity of their seeds via hummingbird foraging behaviour. Territorial hummingbirds restrict gene flow in and out of large patches, but traplining hummingbirds maintain genetic diversity among isolated plants, small patches, and plants at the edges of large patches. Our study illustrates the need to consider interactions between land use, plants, and their pollinators when considering genetic diversity at the landscape scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how agricultural frontier expansion and grazing practices develop in the páramos under communal tenure in the northern Ecuadorian Andes and how rules to control them emerge within communal governance. We approach these questions through the lens of collective action and cultural resilience, to understand the evolution of communal governance. We analyze a case study of the Comité de Páramo Ñukanchik Urku, a multicommunal organization created in the 1990s for collective resource management. We use the analytical framework of social–ecological systems (SES) to approach changes of the agricultural frontiers and grazing activities as conservation outcomes resulting from changes in resource units, actors, and governance structures. Through a mixed-method approach combining air photo analysis (years 1956, 1993, and 2008) and qualitative research, we examine spatial patterns of settlement and agricultural frontier expansion, historical grazing practices, and the main elements of current collective páramo management. Our results indicate that: (1) the demarcation of an agreed agricultural frontier as a territorial landmark is a response aiming to control the increase of crops and dwellings at higher elevations, and to limit grazing activities; (2) the authority's legitimation of the Committee and its Board is crucial to develop rules and to enforce them; and (3) legitimation is achieved through conservation knowledge and autonomous decisions to control páramos considered a communal territory. A broader comprehension of the context and history of cultural change is needed to understand the emergence of communal governance of páramos. Cultural-political dimensions are key to the cultural resilience of social systems in SES and to strengthening rules and institutional diversity to manage the commons in Andean communities.

Human beings use Nature in a different way and this defines cultural practices in ecosystems and diverse historical times. Peasant communities have been inhabiting the moors of Colombia for more than 150 years. Historically they have been accused of predators and polluters, but recent experiences identify sustainable practices aimed at satisfying their basic needs, gradually using the elements of their ecosystem, unlike extractivist and infrastructure practices for tourism that damage these fragile ecosystems. The protection of the rights of the peasants can contribute significantly to the protection of the páramos, hence the idea of compatibility between peasant presence and conservation of ecosystems essential for life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Woody bamboos of the genus Chusquea grow along a broad range of elevations in the Venezuelan Andes. Their growth-form and density vary along the cloud forest – páramo gradient. In this article, we related ecophysiological traits and population genetic diversity information to explain the distribution of growth-form patterns of Chusquea in the Merida Andes, Venezuela. Aims: We quantified differences in the ecophysiological response and genetic diversity of scandent cloud forest and shrub-like páramo bamboos of the genus Chusquea, taking in account the differences in their flowering patterns, growth-form and habitat. Methods: We related low temperature resistance, water relations and leaf gas exchange variables to the growth-form, habitat, flowering patterns and genetic diversity in species of Chusquea. The genetic diversity study was based on Inter Sequence Simple Repeats and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers analysis of cloud forest and páramo populations. Results: Scandent cloud forest and shrub-like páramo species of Chusquea had a very similar ecophysiological response for all the variables analysed during wet and dry seasons and were capable of enduring freezing temperatures through moderate supercooling. Species associated with the cloud forest – páramo gradient maintained low stomatal conductance and transpiration rates that favoured high leaf water potentials, without limiting photosynthetic rates. Shrub-like bamboos growing above the continuous forest line had a small decline in net photosynthesis rates, associated with an increase in water use efficiency. Both scandent and shrub-like bamboos had a remarkably high genetic diversity, comparable to non-clonal species. Conclusions: Species of Chusquea in the Venezuelan Andes are a physiologically relatively homogeneous group across a broad elevation gradient. Population genetic diversity appears to be more related with their flowering pattern and habitat conditions than with their growth form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how agricultural frontier expansion and grazing practices develop in the páramos under communal tenure in the northern Ecuadorian Andes and how rules to control them emerge within communal governance. We approach these questions through the lens of collective action and cultural resilience, to understand the evolution of communal governance. We analyze a case study of the Comité de Páramo Ñukanchik Urku, a multicommunal organization created in the 1990s for collective resource management. We use the analytical framework of social–ecological systems (SES) to approach changes of the agricultural frontiers and grazing activities as conservation outcomes resulting from changes in resource units, actors, and governance structures. Through a mixed-method approach combining air photo analysis (years 1956, 1993, and 2008) and qualitative research, we examine spatial patterns of settlement and agricultural frontier expansion, historical grazing practices, and the main elements of current collective páramo management. Our results indicate that: (1) the demarcation of an agreed agricultural frontier as a territorial landmark is a response aiming to control the increase of crops and dwellings at higher elevations, and to limit grazing activities; (2) the authority's legitimation of the Committee and its Board is crucial to develop rules and to enforce them; and (3) legitimation is achieved through conservation knowledge and autonomous decisions to control páramos considered a communal territory. A broader comprehension of the context and history of cultural change is needed to understand the emergence of communal governance of páramos. Cultural-political dimensions are key to the cultural resilience of social systems in SES and to strengthening rules and institutional diversity to manage the commons in Andean communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To quantify the effect of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on habitat connectivity across páramos in the Northern Andes. Location: Northern Andes. Methods: The unique páramos habitat underwent dynamic shifts in elevation in response to changing climate conditions during the Pleistocene. The lower boundary of the páramos is defined by the upper forest line, which is known to be highly responsive to temperature. Here, we reconstruct the extent and connectivity of páramos over the last 1 million years (Myr) by reconstructing the upper forest line from the long fossil pollen record of Funza09, Colombia, and applying it to spatial mapping on modern topographies across the Northern Andes for 752 time slices. Data provide an estimate of how often and for how long different elevations were occupied by páramos and estimate their connectivity to provide insights into the role of topography in biogeographical patterns of páramos. Results: Our findings show that connectivity amongst páramos of the Northern Andes was highly dynamic, both within and across mountain ranges. Connectivity amongst páramos peaked during extreme glacial periods but intermediate cool stadials and mild interstadials dominated the climate system. These variable degrees of connectivity through time result in what we term the 'flickering connectivity system'. We provide a visualization (video) to showcase this phenomenon. Patterns of connectivity in the Northern Andes contradict patterns observed in other mountain ranges of differing topographies. Main conclusions: Pleistocene climate change was the driver of significant elevational and spatial shifts in páramos causing dynamic changes in habitat connectivity across and within all mountain ranges. Some generalities emerge, including the fact that connectivity was greatest during the most ephemeral of times. However, the timing, duration and degree of connectivity varied substantially among mountain ranges depending on their topographical configuration. The flickering connectivity system of the páramos uncovers the dynamic settings in which evolutionary radiations shaped the most diverse alpine biome on Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens are traditionally divided into types such as "crustose", "foliose" and "fruticose", with different shapes and heights. Substrate, temperature and water are thought to affect lichen height, but there are few studies regarding tropical paramo lichens. Along 2015 I measured those variables in the terricolous lichens of the Cerro Buena Vista, paramo (Costa Rica, 9°33' N & 83°45' W). The measurements were taken inside the lichens and in the substrate under them, in 61 randomly located quadrats (50 x 50 cm). Lichens grew taller on (1) warmer ground, (2) wetter ground, (3) the moister Caribbean slope, and (4) the season with heavier rainfall, as expected. Apparently, atmospheric factors are more important than substrate in the determination of temperature, relative humidity and growth of lichens. Physiologically available water seems to be the main determinant of lichen vertical growth in the Buena Vista paramo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Páramo ecosystems are located on the upper parts of the tropical mountains, below the snow line areas or in isolated areas where no glacier ecosystems occur. These ecosystems are considered important for their biodiversity, but mainly because they are permanent source of water for populations located at the upper and middle parts of the Andes. Recent studies indicate that ecosystems located at high altitudes, are more vulnerable to climate change and to changes in land use, which threatens the ecosystem services derived from them. There are very few studies in these ecosystems, within which, studies on the hydrological functioning are even scarcer, which seems to be related to their position in the top of the mountains and difficulties associated with the access to them. This implies that there is a need to create tools that allow us to study these ecosystems, overcoming the current difficulties. Hydrological TOPMODEL is used to investigate the hydrological functioning of the páramo of Chingaza, through a case study in la Chucua basin. For this, we calibrate and validate the model using two data sets of climate and the hydrology of the basin (climate and discharge from 2008 and 2009, respectively). Through the calibration procedure we obtain a high efficiency value of 0.76 model (coefficient Nash - Sutcliffe), which adequately represents the hydrological behavior of the páramo. Simulations with better adjustment between measured and predicted values of discharge, have low values of surface infiltration excess runoff, indicating high water storage capacity on the soils. This agrees with the predominance of subsurface flow in studied ecosystem, given the special characteristics of soils. Results also show the large influence of factors represented in the model (topography and soils), on water basin response to rainfall events. This is significant evidence of exceptional hydrological behavior of the páramos, mainly related to the presence of soil with high organic matter content. These results imply that TOPMODEL is a robust tool, able to represent in a precise manner the hydrological functioning of the basin La Chucua, and consequently it is expected that TOPMODEL can also represent hydrological conditions of Chingaza páramo.

Este artículo desarrolla un análisis sobre la transición hacia nuevas formas de comprender la relación del agua y los ecosistemas paramosos en las sociedades contemporáneas. Para ello, se enfoca en las acciones colectivas suscitadas en el departamento de Santander (Colombia), ante la problemática del páramo de Santurbán y el interés de multinacionales en hacer minería a gran escala. Este artículo es resultado de una investigación cualitativa con enfoque interpretativo, cuya hipótesis plantea que las acciones colectivas emprendidas por los actores sociales frente a los conflictos que comprometen el bien común y el futuro como sociedad enriquecen su discurso, mediante una antropomorfización que pretende dotar al agua y al páramo de cualidades humanas. Para comprender estas acciones, es necesario vincular las reconstrucciones orales y la memoria de la población de la región, quienes desde su cotidianidad brindan un valioso testimonio sobre la importancia del cuidado del agua, de los páramos y de la economía aurífera. La defensa del páramo de Santurbán visibiliza las acciones colectivas que permiten conocer una problemática de los recursos naturales que vincula propuestas para la conservación de estos en una relación con el ser humano y sus actividades cotidianas. Ahora bien, la investigación demostró que las acciones colectivas por el páramo modifican las representaciones sociales de los actores sociales en relación consigo mismos, con los otros y con la espacialidad. En este sentido, el reto para las ciencias humanas es estudiar estos nuevos discursos y dotarlos de un análisis certero que no caiga en apologías románticas. Si bien las acciones colectivas proponen un uso responsable de los recursos naturales, la academia debe propender por analizar los claroscuros de dichas propuestas y, en medio de la contrariedad, la paradoja e incluso el sinsentido, posicionar una relación respetable con el medio ambiente y quienes lo integran.

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de la gobernanza territorial en los complejos de páramo de Sumapaz-Cruz Verde y Chingaza (SCVyCH) a partir de la identificación de los principales actores vinculados con estos territorios, las problemáticas claves que estos perciben, las acciones que realizan y algunos escenarios de diálogo en los que participan. Según los análisis aplicados encuentra que su gobernanza oscila entre una ausencia casi total y una gobernanza desvirtuada o superficial. En gran medida esto se relaciona con dos factores comunes para ambos complejos: primero, el predominio de los actores gubernamentales, altamente cuestionados por los actores sociales, en su eficiencia y legitimidad. Y segundo, una ausencia casi total de los actores del sector productivo (minería, ganadería y agricultura) en los escenarios de diálogo y gestión participativa. No obstante, cada uno tiene también sus retos particulares: enfocado hacia lo ecológico y lo ambiental en Chingaza, y más político y social en Sumapaz.

Resumen. Este articulo tiene como objetivo mostrar resultados de investigación en el que se desceriben los conflictos por la apropiación territorial y las consecuencias que traerá el proceso de delimitación para las comunidades asentadas y los demás actores sociales que convergen en el territorio del complejo de páramos Sonsón de los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas. Esto con el fin de dar elementos para la problematización de estos ejercicios estatales, y manifestar que el reto que significa hoy la gobernanza ambiental de los territorios rebasa el marco de una propuesta de delimitación que se propone como un trámite administrativo que determine dónde puede hacerse minería en el país, y que demanda escuchar las respuestas de las comunidades ante este tipo de iniciativas. Abstract. This article aims to show the results of research, which describes the conflicts over land ownership and the consequences that the redistricting process will bring to settled communities and other social actors that converge in the territory of the complex Sonson moors in the states of Antioquia and Caldas. This is in order to provide some items to the problematization of these state exercises, and to manifest the challenge of what the environmental governance of the territories means today, goes beyond the scope of a proposal of delimitation, which is proposed as a managerial procedure, which determines where in the country mining can be carried out, and which requires the fact of hearing the answers from the communities, in view of such initiatives.

En la presente investigación se estableció un protocolo de micropropagación para Espeletia paipana S. Díaz y Pedraza, especie en peligro de extinción con una población actual de 26 plantas adultas. Los explantes primarios (semillas) fueron desinfectados superficialmente con hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) o hipoclorito de calcio [Ca(ClO)2]. Los embriones asépticos se cultivaron en medio MS con macroelementos a diferentes concentraciones, con y sin ácido giberélico (GA3), kinetina (KIN) y 3-ácido indolbutírico (AIB), también se estudió el efecto de luz y temperatura sobre la germinación; para la multiplicación de brotes se utilizó MS suplementado con AIB y bencil amino purina (BA). Para el enraizamiento se probó AIB+BA, AIB y ácido naftalenacético (ANA) y para el endurecimiento de plántulas se ensayaron diferentes mezclas de capote, tierra y arena. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor porcentaje de embriones asépticos (66%) se obtuvo utilizando 1% de Ca(ClO)2. El mayor porcentaje de embriones germinados (50%) se registró en medio basal MS/4 suplementado con 1 mg l-1 de GA3 y la mayor cantidad de embriones reactivos y de plántulas viables se obtuvo a 24 ºC e iluminación continua. Los mejores resultados de proliferación de brotes se cuantificaron en MS con 0,5 mg l-1 AIB + 0,05 mg l-1 de BA, mientras que el 85% de enraizamiento se logró en MS con 5 mg l-1 de AIB. El mayor porcentaje de plántulas viables (65%) en invernadero se cuantificó utilizando una mezcla de capote y tierra, proporción 3:1. El protocolo establecido es aplicable para desarrollar programas de propagación masiva que permitan evitar la extinción de E. paipana.

Gross primary production (GPP) in climate change studies with multi- species and elevation variables are difficult to measure and simulate. Models tend to provide a representation of dynamic process through long-term analysis by using generalized parameterizations. Even, current approaches of modelling do not contemplate easily the variation of GPP at different elevations for different vegetation types in regions like páramos, mainly due to data unavailability. In these models information from cells is commonly averaged, and therefore average elevation, ecophysiology of vegetation, as well as other parameters is generalized. The vegetation model BIOME- BGC was applied to the Ecuadorian Andean region for elevations greater than 4000 masl with the presence of typical vegetation of páramo for 10 years of simulation (period 2000-2009). An estimation of the difference of GPP obtained using a generalized altitude and predominant type of vegetation could lead to a better estimation of the uncertainty in the magnitude of the errors in global climate models. This research explores GPP from 3 different altitudes and 3 vegetation types against 2 main climate drivers (Short Wave Radiation and Vapor Pressure Deficit). Since it is important to measure the possible errors or difference in the use of averaged meteorological and ecophysiological data, here we present a multivariate analysis of the dynamic difference of GPP in time, relative to an altitude and type of vegetation. A copula multivariable model allows us to identify and classify the changes in GPP per type of vegetation and altitude. The Frank copula model of joint distributions was our best fit between GPP and climate drivers and it allowed us to understand better the dependency of the variables. These results can explore extreme situations where averaged simplified approaches could mislead. The change of GPP over time is essential for future climate scenarios of the ecosystem storage and release of carbon to the atmosphere. Our findings suggest that a classification of the difference is highly important to be extended to cells that have similar properties.

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Copyright of Entorno Geográfico is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Páramos are High Andean ecosystems that harbor a diverse biota and have high endemicity, because of their extreme environmental conditions. We used different phylogenetic indices to define conservation priorities in the paramos of the department of Antioquia, Colombia, based on measures of their evolutionary individuality and richness complimentary. To perform the analyses, we generated a database including 416 angiosperm taxa and 1 951 localities for a total of 12 897 distributional records compiled from surveys and reviews. Additionally, the available information in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Colombian Biodiversity Information System were included. From these data, priority areas for the conservation of the paramos located in the state of Antioquia were identified, using measures of evolutionary individuality based on nodes and biotic complementarity. Taking into account only the individual phylogenetic indices, the most important paramo for conservation was Frontino-Urrao, followed by Farallones de Citará. If biotic complementarity is considered, the second most important paramo is Sonsón. Priority classifications of areas based on individuality are congruent with areas of greatest species richness. We conclude that it is necessary and urgent to preserve the paramos given their vulnerability and the subsequent loss of the ecosystem services that they provide, if they are exposed to degradation or disappearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andean Lupinus radiation presents one of the highest rates of net species diversification in plants and includes species with a wide variety of growth forms, but the detailed geographical and adaptive trajectories of diversification in the Andes remain unresolved. One of the most distinctive of these growth forms is the fistulose-inflorescence rosette, FIR, typical of tropical high-elevation habitats. To gain insights into the evolutionary origins of this growth form and the biogeography of Andean Lupinus, genome-scale nextRADseq data were generated for 124 individuals from the northern and central Andes. The RADseq data provide unprecedented phylogenetic resolution among the recently diverged Andean Lupinus spp and suggest multiple independent evolutionary origins of the rosette growth form and marked geographical structure across the northern Andes at different scales. This suggests that both adaptive (ecological) and geographically driven non-adaptive diversification have contributed to rapid recent species diversification. Among the north-Andean FIR Lupinus spp., our results strongly support recognition of L. alopecuroides (Central Cordillera and northern Ecuador), L. triananus (southern portion of the Eastern Cordillera) and a putative new species from the 'Pisba-Cocuy' and 'Ocetá' páramos (northern portion of the Eastern Cordillera). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En las partes más altas de las montañas andinas, entre los límites superior de bosques e inferior de zonas nivales, se encuentran los páramos; en Colombia se localizan en las cordilleras Occidental, Central y Oriental, y en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; abarcan gran extensión del país y tienen máxima representatividad en el departamento de Boyacá, en donde abastecen acueductos municipales y veredales. Dadas las características geológicas, climáticas y edáficas de los páramos, se han desarrollado en ellos la extracción minera (principalmente carbón) y actividades agropecuarias (principalmente papa y pastoreo de vacunos y ovinos) sobre 3.000 msnm; pero las ventajas ofrecidas por este medio natural para desarrollar estas actividades contrastan con su susceptibilidad al deterioro y la vulnerabilidad edáfica. La aplicación de agroquímicos y la ampliación de la frontera agropecuaria son actividades que alteran negativamente el ecosistema de páramo, impactan los recursos naturales, la biodiversidad y las fuentes hídricas; pero el enfoque agrícola actual del país no permite analizar las relaciones socio-económicas existentes entre la población, ni las necesidades, ni, mucho menos, las potencialidades de los campesinos asentados allí. Ante esta problemática se pretende, bajo un enfoque de sistemas ya partir del diagnóstico socioeconómico y ambiental y de la comprensión de la realidad campesina, vincular, mediante estrategias de sensibilización, a la comunidad para que participe activamente en la evaluación de la salud del suelo y del cultivo y en la identificación y reconocimiento de la biodiversidad existente, así como de la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema. Todo esto teniendo como principio la agroecología, en la búsqueda de una alternativa socialmente viable y ambientalmente sostenible en este ecosistema de especial protección.