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This study evaluated the horse sacrifice results and tomb remains of the Üzüür Gylan tombs which were recovered in 2015 at a location 35 km North-West from the centre of the Mönhhairhan province of Hovd in western Mongolia. A woman’s corpse buried with her clothing, some goods for daily life, a mummified horse skeleton and its harness as well as sheep remains were all recovered from a rock carved tomb. Radiocarbon dating placed the tomb as the 10th century A.D. Isotope analysis carried out on the horse showed that the horse lived in an environment comprising of C3 plantation with ample water and vegetation. There were markings on the Frontal region of the horse’s skull showing that it had been killed by being struck with a hard instrument as a sacrifice for the funeral ceremony. The tomb remains have given information about the style of living of the Altay people during the period of the 10th century A.D. and place and influence of horse in their lives., Bu çalışmada, 2015 yılında, Batı Moğolistan’ın Hovd vilayeti Mönhhairhan ilçe merkezine 35 km mesafede kuzeybatı tarafında, Altay dağlarının 2803 m yüksekliğinde keşfedilen Üzüür Gyalan mezarında at kurban edilme ve mezar bulguları değerlendirildi. Arkeologlar tarafından kaya oyuğu içerisinde bulunan bu mezarda yürütülen arkeolojik kazı çalışmalar sonucunda kıyafetleri ile gömülmüş kadın ile birlikte günlük yaşamda kullandığı malzemeler, mumifiye olmuş at iskeleti ile buna ait koşum takımları ve bazı koyun kalıntıları tespit edildi. Mezar örneklerinden radyokarbon tarihlendirme yapıldığında, mezar dönemsel olarak MS.10 yy’a ait olduğu saptandı. İzotop analizleri, atın C3 diye ifade edilen sulak iklim şartlarında yaşayan otlarla bu atın beslendiğini göstermekteydi. Cenaze ritüeli içinde atın kurban edildiğini gösteren, kafanın Frontal kemiği üzerinde atın öldürülmeden önce sert bir darbe ile alnına vurulduğunu gösteren bulgu bulunmaktaydı. Mezar bulguları MS. 10 yy Altay toplumunun yaşam biçimi ile bu toplumda atın yeri hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.&nbsp

In this research, a total of 186 metacarpal and 275 metatarsal bones were used from the 4739 bovine bones which were collected from the Yenikapi Metro and Marmaray excavation of the port of Theodosius in Istanbul. The bovine bones were investigated by radiocarbon (14C) dating, and the cattle bones between Early Byzantine (4th-7th centuries) to Late Byzantine (15th century). A total of 16 osteometric measurements were taken from each metapodial. When the withers height was estimated according to the Matolcsi multipliers without regard to the gender differences of the metapodial bones, it was observed that they varied between 120.97 and 123.52 cm on average. The presence of individuals with withers heights ranging from 103.45 to 148.10 cm suggests the existence of improved cattle breeding to obtain larger animals as well as steer cattle. The wide interval scale of the withers heights seen in the Byzantine cattle suggests that Roman animal breeding was still an influence in this period. However, the presence of small-size cattle in the port area of Theodosius also suggests the presence of smaller, local individuals.

Testimonies of Byzantium and foreign visitors endorse the wonders of exotic animals in Constantinople. Exotic animals were paraded in the streets, displayed in court rituals, hunted with emperors and also brought into animal combats in the presence of emperor and empress. Besides the Imperial Park, Byzantines had animal farms where beasts were raised for eventual use in the Hippodrome. Exotic animals were presented to different rulers by Byzantine emperors. At the same time, exotic animal imagery decorated many desires and aspects of the daily life of Byzantine urbanites. Inevitably, exotic animals were highly sought-after objects to Byzantines and, therefore, they were regularly imported from possible furthermost regions to fulfil aspires in the capital. A large number of faunal remains of exotic species such as Cercopithecidae sp., Cervidae sp., Capra ibex L., Elephantidae sp., Ursidae sp., Gazella gazella L., Vulpes sp., Struthio sp., Bison sp. have been found in Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray rescue excavation along with a huge amount of marine and land fauna. Consumption of these species, including carnivores, is observed besides extensive marks and evidences on these bones. Covering an area of 58,000m2, this excavation area was the Theodosius harbour which was the second largest port in Constantinople. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of exotic animals in Yenikapı examine previous testimonies and show new aspects on human animal relationship in Byzantine time.

Anthrozoology is the study of the relationships between human and animals. This newly developed field incorporates with some other disciplines such as animal behaviour science, veterinary medicine, zoology, psychology, physiology, philosophy, sociology and anthropology. Animals have great roles in our lives and we in theirs. We ensure food, shelter and protection for animals, and in returns, they provide companionship, happiness, nourishment, wealth and sustainability in our society. Since the beginning of animal domestication, this mutual understanding developed with many complex relationships between us. Anthrozoology emphasises on these positive relationships. Anatolia is one of the significant places where humans first domesticated some ungulate species around 11000 years ago in Early Neolithic period, and still today, this region is considered to be one of the most important places for domestic herds, especially ovicaprid population in the world. Therefore, this region is a crucial place for studying different aspects of interactions between humans and domestic herds. Unfortunately, no significant research has been taken in the region so far regarding this issue. Through participant observations and exploratory case studies, this anthrozoological field research on pastoral societies in Southeast Anatolia aimed to explore how deeply are we involved with domestic animals and they are with us.

Horses, asses and zebras, can produce first-generation F1-hybrids, despite their striking karyotypic and phenotypic differences. Such F1-hybrids are mostly infertile, but often present characters of considerable interest to breeders. They were extremely valued in antiquity, and commonly represented in art and on coinage. However, hybrids appear relatively rarely in archaeological faunal assemblages, mostly because identification based on morphometric data alone is extremely difficult. Here, we developed a methodological framework that exploits high-throughput sequencing data retrieved from archaeological material to identify F1-equine hybrids. Our computational methodology is distributed in the open-source Zonkey pipeline, now part of PALEOMIX (https://github.com/MikkelSchubert/paleomix), together with full documentation and examples. Using both synthetic and real sequence datasets, from living and ancient F1-hybrids, we find that Zonkey shows high sensitivity and specificity, even with limited sequencing efforts. Zonkey is thus well suited to the identification of equine F1-hybrids in the archaeological record, even in cases where DNA preservation is limited. Zonkey can also help determine the sex of ancient animals, and allows species identification, which advantageously complements morphological data in cases where material is fragmentary and/or multiple candidate equine species coexisted in sympatry.

Located between Marmara Sea and Black Sea, Constantinople was the centre of international trade during its reign. Byzantines developed one of the strongest navies in that time exploiting these water bodies. Testimonies of both Byzantium and foreign visitors show that marine resources had a great significance in Byzantine life. Fishing constituted one of the most important sources of income in the capital with the blessing of Bosporus Strait and Golden-Horn. Byzantines also developed various fishing methods. They were also well aware about the high nutritional value of fish and other aquatic resources. A large number of evidences related to aquatic activities have been unearthed by Yenikapı and Marmaray excavation. Profound amount of artefacts, more than 30 shipwrecks and faunal remains of various marine species are notable of them. Marine species from this site includes tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus L.), swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.), catfish (Clarias sp.), sharks (Carcharhinidae sp.), sea breams (Sparidae sp.), dolphins (Delphinidae sp.), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), gilthead breams (Sparusaurata L.), mackerels (Scomber sp.), bonitos (Sarda sp.), crabs (Crustacea sp.), sea turtles (Cheloniidae sp.) and a great number of shells (Mollusc sp.) etc. Some marine species found in Yenikapı were seldom affordable to common citizens in Constantinople. Drilling, chopping and slaughter marks strongly suggest their use for gastronomic treats by elites. Besides, many of them were also used in decorative accessories, luxury materials and exotic shows. Known as “Langa Bostanlari” in Ottoman period, Yenikapı was the ‘Theodosius harbour’ in Byzantine capital. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of different aquatic activities, especially the marine species from this site examines previous Byzantine testimonies as well as shows new aspects about the marine food consumption and social utilization of aquatic resources in Constantinople.

In this study, pathologies referred to Byzantine period cattle used as draught animals which are discovered in Istanbul Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray Excavation are reviewed. As a result of this review, it is determined that cows and bulls are used as draught animals for their workforce and thereupon some pathologies are determined on their extremity bones and posterior parts of their skull. These are symptoms like metapodial asymmetry, proximal, distal and peripheral exostoses, metapodial and cornual depressions, distal lipping, nuchal perforation and dehorning. The skeleton remains of Yenikapı cattle belong to young and old cattle, but it is determined that the individuals with these pathologies are elder ones. The individuals demonstrating these pathologies are both male and female cattle, so it is understood that the animals exploited for draught power are not only bulls, but the females were also used for pulling.

In the present study, humeral and femoral midshaft circumferences were used in the weight estimation of dogs from the ancient site of the Theodosius Harbor in Istanbul. According to the calculations taken on each humerus and femur, body weight distribution of the Byzantine dogs from the Theodosius harbour was observed to be 7.953-22.385 kg. The relative ease to accommodate Terrier-size dogs in urban environments may have led to a preference for such breeds in Constantinople. It is possible that these 'light-and medium-sized mesocephalic dogs' were also used as 'alarm' guards in Constantinople. We suggest that the presence of several bones in the Yenikapi excavation area may indicate that dogs were simply buried or dumped as rubbish after death in everyday life in Constantinople.

In this study, the metapodial bones of sheep and goats which were found out at Yenikapi Metro and Marmaray archaeological excavations in Istanbul were used. The variability of characteristic features of mentioned metapodia (CV values) were examined and calculations of shoulder heights were made with using metapodial evaluations. The results which were reached were compared with the data of modern and archaeological sheep and goats which belong to previous studies about this topic. Hereat, it is observed that the shoulder heights of Byzantine sheep are in same data range with Iron Age sheep and are in same size with one of the modern breeds Tuj sheep. It is confirmed that the shoulder heights of the Byzantine goats are higher than Iron Age goats and are in same size with one of the modern breeds Anatolian Black Goats.

Bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da Bursa-Orhaneli kömür ocağındaki taban kili temizliği esnasında Mustafa Özyıldız adlı şahıs tarafından bulunan Chalicotheriidae fossilleri tanımlandı. Bulunan duplex kemiği (birleşmiş Phalanx proximalis ve media), büyük ihtimalle manus’un ikinci parınağma ait olduğu sonucuna varıldı. Bulunan fossiller içerinde vertebra’larm epifiz kısnnlarmın bulunması, Ancylotherium türü olduğu düşünülen bu hayvanın genç bir bireye ait olduğu kanısını uyandırınaktaydı. Bütün kemikler-duplex ve metacarpus II hariç- çok parçalıydı. Bununla birlikte fossil materyallerinin, metaschizoterium yada Ancyloterium’a ait olduklarına kuvvetle muhtemel olduğuna inanıyoruz. Özellikle duplex ve metacarpus II bunlar için en belirleyici kemikleri oluşturmaktadır. Fossil materyalleri arasında bulunan diş materyallerinin de chalicother dişlerine ait olmaları, yapılan Metaschizotherium türleri (Sp.) tespitindeki görüşlerimizin bu yönde olmasına katkı sağlamaktaydı

The mandibles of thirty-five German shepherd dogs without skeletal disorders were measured morphometrically. The length and the angle of the mandibles were measured and the correlation was determined between the female and male dogs. Mandible measurements increased with the age of the animals. In males, the value of the 1A and 2A angle was not statistically significant when considering age. In females, a decrease in the 1A and 5A angles was determined while no statistically significant value was determined in 2A, 3A and 4A with age. In conclusion, morphological observations and the results of the measurements have shown that German Shepherd dogs have no prognathism and brachygnatic mandible.

In this study, a total of 35 humerus bones of German shepherd puppies of ages between 40-105 days were used. The humerus index was 23.90 ± 1.055 for female and 23.18 ± 0.938 for male dogs. When a t-test was conducted on the humerus index between males and females, a significant difference was found of P < 0.05. When the relationship between humerus index and bone length was observed, the ratio was 29.53 ± 1.181 in females and 28.60 ± 1.551 in males.

Ten New Zealand Albino rabbits were used in this study. A lateral incision was made on the nasal dorsum and a pocket formed in the subperiosteal plane to replace the implant. A fascia lata graft was obtained from the regio femoralis. High-density porous polyethylene (HDPP) was cut and covered with fascia lata. The material was positioned in the pocket formed on the nasal dorsum. Four months post-procedure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to evaluate the resorption of the material. Animals were then sacrificed and the nasal dorsum, including the graft material, was removed and subjected to macroscopic and histopathological examinations. All rabbits survived the 4-month period. MRI revealed that all the graft materials were intact; no sign of resorption was evident. Macroscopically, no rejection was observed. Histopathologic examination revealed that the HDPP remained intact on the nasal dorsum. HDPP covered with fascia can therefore be used for augmentation of the nasal dorsum. HDDP is easy to work with and will avoid the increased operative time and morbidity associated with autograft harvesting.

In this study, a total of 23 humeri of German shepherd puppies of ages between 40 and 100 days were used. It was observed that the proximal and distal epiphyseal regions were not closed and even the epiphysis was partially spongious. The width of the epiphyseal plate and epiphysis were not equal and they reached the same level with age. There were variations between the epiphysis widths of the right and left humeri and the differences between these values were statistically significant. When the right and left humeri measurements were analysed for correlation with each other, a significant high positive correlation was determined statistically.

In this study, a total of 40 adult female Morkaraman sheep, a local Turkish breed, were used. After taking their body measurements and carcass weights, the meat was cut off the bones; the skeletal bones were then removed, macerated and every long bone weighed. Thereafter, morphometric measurements of the long bones were taken. The coefficients obtained from the correlation of osteometric measurements and morphological data were in general low (r < 0.600), though certain relationships were found to be significant. Regression of morphological variables on osteometric measurements was statistically significant. By this, regression formulas were obtained which can contribute to predict the visible morphology in zooarchaeological studies. Length measurements would be more suitable for predicting shoulder height than using width measurements of the long bone. On the other hand, body and carcass weights and chest circle would be determined more efficiently by measuring the width of long bones (Bp, Bd, SD). Furthermore, the humero-femoral index formula can be used to identify sheep in an archaeological bone collection of several animals.

In the burial chamber M4 of the Van-Yoncatepe necropolis in eastern Anatolia, dated to the beginning of the first millennium before our time, fox skeletal remains have been discovered together with human skeletal remains. The fox remains consist of two skulls and a large number of skeletal (postcranial) bones. Examination of the material led us to the conclusion that five foxes had been buried in the chamber. Craniometric and osteometric measurements were carried out on the bones, and estimations of shoulder height and body weight have been calculated. Evaluation of all quantitative and qualitative data and comparison with modern fox species led to identification of the remains as red fox (Vulpes vulpes) En la cripta mortuoria M4 del cementerioVan-Yoncatepe en Anatolia del Este, se encontraron restos de zorro y humanos que datan de mil años aC. Los restos de zorro corresponden a 2 cráneos y variados huesos postcraniales. Los estudios de dicho material nos lleva a concluir que, hubo 5 zorros enterrados en la cripta. Conjuntamente, se realizaron exámenes craniométricos y mediciones osteométricas, estimaciones de altura de hombro y cálculo de peso corporal. Las evaluaciones cuantitativa y cualitativa de la información obtenida y las comparaciones realizadas con especies de zorros modernos, permiten concluir que dichos hallazgos corresponden a zorro rojo (Vulpes vulpes)

In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean +/- SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 +/- 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 +/- 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 +/- 3.891, a facial index-1 of 81.67 +/- 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 +/- 1.425, a basal index-1 of 57.91 +/- 1.365, a length-length index-2 of 1.08 +/- 0.045, a length-width index-2 of 1.99 +/- 0.041, a length-width index-4 of 2.18 +/- 0.108, a palatal index-1 of 62.24 +/- 2.528, a palatal index-2 of 65.37 +/- 2.208, a palato-basal ratio of 55.44 +/- 1.975, a palato-basal ratio-1 of 54.47 +/- 1.716, a palato-palatine ratio of 33.71 +/- 0.860, a palato-palatine ratio-1 of 34.30 +/- 0.733, a cranio-facial ratio of 107.87 +/- 4.819 and a cranio-facial ratio-1 of 144.17 +/- 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff-like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed.

73 ÖZET Bu çalışmada 30 adet erişkin Karaman koyunu (20 erkek, 10 dişi), 41 adet Dağlıç koyunu (13 erkek, 28 dişi), 29 adet erişkin Kıl keçisi (14 erkek, 15 dişi) ve 30 adet erişkin Ankara keçisi (17 erkek, 13 dişi) kullanıldı. Araştırma sonucu elde edilen bulgular kısaca aşağıda verilmiştir. l- Pancreas'ın, planum medianum'un sağında, cavum abdominis'in dorso-lateral'inde yerleştiği gözlendi.Karaman ve Dağlıç koyunları ile Ankara keçilerinde cranial olarak 12. costa hizasından, ancak bir Ankara keçisinde 11. costa hizasından, Kıl keçilerinde ise 12.-13. costa'lar arası hizadan, yine bir Kıl keçisinde 11. costa hizasından başladığı saptandı. Pancreas'ın incelenen hayvanlarda en fazla L3 hizasına kadar uzandığı tesbit edildi ve lobus pan- creatis dexter'in lobus pancreatis smister'den daha uzun olması nedeniyle bu iki lobun cau- dal'deki sının ayrı ayrı incelendi.Lobus pancreatis dexter'in, Karaman ve Dağlıç koyun¬ larında L3, ancak iki Karaman koyununda L2 hizasına kadar, Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde ise L2 yine iki Kıl keçisinde LI hizasına kadar uzandığı saptandı. Lobus pancreatis sinister'in ise caudal'e doğru Karaman koyunlarında L2, Dağlıç koyunlarında LrL2 arası hizaya ancak bir74 Dağlıç koyununda L2 hizasına, Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde ise ~L/ yine bir Kıl keçisinde de L2 hizasına kadar devam ettiği tespit edildi. 2- Pancreas'ın şeklinin, koyunlarda kollan caudal'e uzanan V harfi, keçilerde ise U harfi şeklinde olduğu saptandı. 3- Koyun ve keçilerde corpus pancreatis küçük olmasına rağmen belirgin olarak gözlendi. 4- Lobus pancreatis dexter, koyunlarda üçgen şeklindedir. Ancak Dağlıç koyunlarında bu lobun, Karaman koyunlarına göre daha kaba bir üçgen şeklinde olduğu gözlendi.İncelenen koyun ırklarında lobus pancreatis dexter, lobus pancreatis sinister'in hemen hemen iki katı büyüklüğünde olduğu saptandı. 5- Lobus pancreatis dexter'in caudal kısmı, Karaman koyunlarında Dağlıç koyunlarına göre biraz daha sivrifmiş şekilde uzandığı tespit edildi. 6- Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde lobus pancreatis dexter ile lobus pancreatis sinister hemen hemen aynı büyüklükte olup, lobus pancreatis dexter bu ırklarda kaba bir üçgen şeklinde görüldü. 7- Dağlıç koyunu ile Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde lobus pancreatis dexter'in margo cauda- lis'inde bir çentiklerime saptandı. 8- Koyun ve keçilerde lobus pancreatis sinister'in üçgen şeklinde olduğu ve v.gastrolienalis'in bu lobun margo sinister'inde bir incisura yaptığı gözlendi.Bu incisura'nın derin olması nedeniyle lobus pancreatis sinister'in corpus pancreatis'le bağlantısının dar olarak şekillendiği ve bu bağlantı yerinin koyunlarda keçilere oranla daha dar olduğu saptan dı. 9- Lobus pancreatis sinister, keçilerde koyunlara göre daha geniş olarak görüldü.75 10-Pancreas'ın, facies dorsalis'i ile ren dexter, hepar'm proc.caudatus'u, v.cava cauda- lis, a.cx)eliaca, a.mesenterica cranialis ve diaphragma'nın crura'larıııın temasta olduğu tespit edildi. Facies ventralis'iyle ise, duodenum'un pars ascendens'i, colon ascendens, colon trans- versum, colon descendens, ansa jejunalis ve rumen ile temasta olduğu saptandı. 11-Lobus pancreatis dexter'in, incelen bütün hayvanlarda duodenum'un ansa sigmoidea ve pars descendens'i ile komşuluğu görüldüğü halde bir Ankara keçisinde sadece ansa sig¬ moidea boyunca duodenum'a komşu olduğu gözlendi. 12-İncelenen hayvanların hepsinde lig. hepatorenale'nin L! ile L2 -L3 arası bölgede lobus pancreatis dexter'in margo sinister'inin caudal kısmına da yapıştığı tespit edildi. 13-Lobus pancreatis sinister'in, margo dexter'i caudal ucu ile gl.suprarenalis sinister'e kadar ulaştığı ve bu organla temasının Karaman koyunlarında L2, Dağlıç koyunlarında LI -L2 arası, ancak bir Dağlıç koyununda L2, Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde ise LI fakat yine bir Kıl keçisinde L2 hizasında olduğu gözlendi. 14-Ren dexter ve hepar'ın proc.caudatus'u pancreas'ın dorsal'inde yer almakla birlikte, bunların yaptığı belirgin bir impressio tesbit edilemedi. 15-Acoeliaca, a.mesenterica cranialis ve v.portae ile bunların kollarının pancreas'ın üzerinde kendilerine özgü birer impressio yaptığı gözlendi. Ayrıca colon ascendens'in ansa proximalis coli ve ansa distalis coli'si, colon transversum, colon descendens ve ansa jejuna- lis'lerin de facies ventralis'de birer impressio yaptığı saptandı. 16- Pancreas'ın ağırlığı, Karaman koyunlarında vücut ağırlığının %0.085 ± 0.03 6'sim, Dağlıç koyunlarında %0.114 ± 0.0038'ini, Kıl keçilerinde %0.109 ± 0.0031'ini, Ankara keçilerinde ise %0.101 ± 0.0039'unu oluşturduğu saptandı. Genel koyun ırkları toplamında ise vücut ağırlığının %0.103 ± 0.0035'ini, keçi ırkları toplamında %0.105 ± 0.0026'sım oluşturduğu tespit edildi.76 17-İncelenen hayvanların hepsinde pancreas'm ductus pancreaticus ile drene olduğu ve bununda ductus choledochus'la birleştiği gözlenmekle birlikte, iki dişi Dağlıç koyunu ile bir erkek Kıl keçisinde ductus pancreaticus'dan hariç ikinci bir kanal daha tespit edildi.Dağlıç koyunlanndaki ikinci kanalın duodenum'a, Kıl keçisindeki ikinci kanalın ise ductus chole- dochus communis'e bağlandığı saptandı.Ancak hem Kıl keçisi hem de Dağlıç koyunlarında bu ikinci kanala ait bir açılma noktası gözlenemedi. 18-Ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum'a girdiği yere kadar olan uzaklık, Karaman koyunlarında 2.21 + O.OTcm, Dağlıç koyunlarında 3.12 ± 0.13cm, Kıl keçilerinde 3.70 ± O.löcm, Ankara keçilerinde ise 3.69 ± 0.13cm olarak tespit edildi.Aynı uzaklık genel koyun ırkları toplamında 2.70 ± O.lOcm, genel keçi ırkları toplamında ise 3.69 ± O.lOcm olarak saptandı. 19-Ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum'a girdiği yerden mucozadaki açılma noktasına kadar olan uzaklık, Karaman koyunlarında 1.60 ± O.Oöcm, Dağlıç koyunlarında 1.70 ± O.Oöcm, Kıl keçilerinde 1.27 ± O.Oöcm, Ankara keçilerinde ise 1.57 ± O.Oöcm olarak tespit edildi. Aynı uzaklık genel koyun ırkları toplamında 1.65 ± 0.04cm, genel keçi ırkları toplamında ise 1.43 ± O.OScm olarak saptandı. 20-Ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum mucozasındaki açılma noktasına kadar olan toplam uzunluğu, en kısa Karaman koyunlarında (3.81 ± 0.13cm), en uzun ise Ankara keçilerinde (5.26 ± 0.19cm) tespit edildi. 21-Duodenum'un ansa sigmoidea'sının 2.kavisinden ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum'daki açılma noktasına kadar olan uzaklık, Karaman koyunlarında 3.25 ± 0.15cm, Dağlıç koyunlarında 3.76 ± 0.14cm, Kıl keçilerinde 3.16 ± 0.23cm, Ankara keçilerinde ise 3.47 ± 0.12cm olarak tespit edildi.Aynı uzaklık genel koyun ırkları toplamında 3.53 ± 0. l Icm, genel keçi ırkları toplamında ise 3.32 ± 0.13cm olarak saptandı.77 22-Pyloris'den ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum'daki açılma noktasına ka¬ dar olan uzaklık ise Karaman koyunlarında 21.82 ± 0.85cm, Dağlıç koyunlarında 22.61 ± 0.62cm, Kıl keçilerinde 23.96 ± 0.86cm, Ankara keçilerinde de 28.04 ± 0.89cm olarak tespit edildi. Aynı uzaklık genel koyun ırkları toplamında 22.25 + 0.51 cm, genel keçi ırkları topla¬ mında ise 26.12 ± 0.71cm olarak saptandı. 23-Ductus choledochus communis'in duodenum boşluğuna açılma şeklinin her ırk için farklı şekilde olduğu tespit edildi.Karaman koyunlarının %72.72'sinin mucoza kabarası, %13.64'ünün mucoza'nın oluklu sondaya benzeyen girintisi, %13.64'ünün de papilla şeklin¬ de duodenum'a açıldığı saptandı. Ayrıca Karaman koyunlarında tam bir papilla duodeni majör oluşumu gözlenemedi. Dağlıç koyunlarının %28'inin mucoza kabartısı, %72'sinin papilla duodeni majör, Kıl keçilerinin %45.45'inin mucoza kabarası, %54.55'inin papilla duodeni majör, Ankara keçilerinin ise %70'inin mucoza kabartısı, %20'sinin papilla duodeni majör, %10'unun da mucozanın oluklu sondaya benzeyen girintisi şeklinde duodenum'a açıldığı gözlendi. 24-İncelenen hayvanların büyük bir kısmında lobus pancreatis dexter'in a.mesenterica cranialis, lobus pancreatis sinister'in acoeliaca ve corpus pancreatis'in de her iki arter'den gelen kollarla vascularize olduğu saptandı. 25-Karaman koyunlarında pancreas'a a.coeliaca'nm kollan olan a.hepatica, aruminalis sinistra, a.ruminalis dextra, apancreaticoduodenalis cranialis ile a.mesenterica cranialis ve bunun kolu olan a.pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis'den rami pancreatici geldiği tespit edildi. Ayrıca bir Karaman koyununda a.reticularis'den, bir Karaman koyununda agastroepiploica dextra'dan ve bir Karaman koyununda da a.colica media'dan ramus pancreaticus geldiği sap¬ tandı. 26-Dağlıç koyunlarında pancreas'a rami pancreatici'nin, a.coeliaca ile bunun kollan olan a.lienalis, a.ruminalis dextra, a.gastiica sinistra, a.ruminalis sinistra, a.pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis ile a.mesenterica cranialis ve bunun kolu olan a.pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis'den geldiği tespit edildi.Aynca bir Dağhç koyununda78 areticularis'den, bir Dağlıç koyununda a.gastroduodenalis'den, bir Dağlıç koyununda da a.coliaca media'dan ramus pancreaticus geldiği saptandı. 27-Kıl keçilerinde pancreas'a rami pancreatici, a.coeliaca ile bunun kollan olan alienalis, aruminalis sinistra, a.gastroduodenalis, apancreaticoduodenalis cranialis ve amesenterica cranialis ile bunun kolu olan a.pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis'den geldiği tespit edildi. 28-Ankara keçilerinde ise pancreas'a rami pancreatici'nin, acoeliaca ve bunun kollan olan aruminalis sinistra, ahepatica, apancreaticoduodenalis cranialis ile amesenterica cranialis ve bunun kolu olan apancreaticoduodenalis caudalis'ten geldiği saptandı. 29-İncelenen hayvanların hepsinde pancreas'm ince, yoğun ve düzensiz bir bağdoku kapsülüyle sarılmış olduğu gözlendi. Ayrıca bu bağdoku kapsülünden çıkan septumlann lobulleri birer tam sublobulation'lara ayırdığı ve bu sublobulation olayının Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde, Karaman ile Dağlıç koyunlarına göre daha fazla olduğu tespit edildi. 30-Araştırmamızda Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde tubular formdaki bez ünitelerinin, acinar formlara nazaran daha çoğunlukta olduğu ve tubular formdaki bu yapıların, Ankara keçilerin¬ de Kıl keçilerine göre daha belirgin görüldüğü tespit edildi.Karaman ve Daghç koyunlarında ise tubular formlar ile acinar formların eşit oranda dağıldığı saptandı. 31-Araştırmamızda Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde pancreas dokusunun gevşek bir yapı gösterdiği, Karaman ve Daghç koyunlarında ise daha sıkı bir yapı halinde yer aldığı tespit edildi. 32-Çalışmamızda Karaman ve Daghç koyunlarında bir kaç tane binucleer acinocytus ile Kıl keçilerinde yer yer geniş lumen'li acinus pancreaticus'lar da gözlendi. 33-İncelediğimiz bütün hayvanlarda heterokromatik tipteki oval nucleus'lann hücrenin bazalinde, ökromatik tipteki küresel nucleus'lann ise değişik konumlarda yerleştiği saptandı.79 34-Ductus intercalatus'ların, acinus pancreaticus'dan çıkışlan Ankara ve Kıl keçilerin¬ de belirgin gözlendiği halde, Karaman ve Dağlıç koyunlarında bunların çıkışlarının belirgin olmadığı tespit edildi. 35-Araştırmamızda Ankara ve Kıl keçilerinde ductus interlobularis'leri çevreleyen kalın ve yoğun bir bağdoku örtüsü tespit edilmesine rağmen, Karaman ve Dağlıç koyunlarında bu kanalların ince bir bağdoku örtüsü tarafindan kuşatıldığı gözlendi. 36-Çalışmamızda incelenen hayvanların hepsinde, pars endocrina pancreatis'i oluşturan langerhans adacıklarının belirgin bir kapsulasyonunun olmadığı, septum interlobulare'den gelen bağdoku iplikleri tarafindan kuşatıldığı tespit edildi. 80 SUMMARY in this study, 30 adult Karaman sheep (20 males, 10 females), 41 adult Dağlıç sheep (13 nales, 28 females), 29 adult Hair goats (14 males, 15 females) and 30 adult Angora goats (17 nales, 13 females) were used. The follovving results obtained from the study have been briefly given; l- it was seen that the pancreas was located dorso-laterally in the abdominal cavity and m the right side to the median plane. fhe cranial border of the pancreas was observed at the 12* rib in Karaman sheep, Dağhç heep and Angora goats, but it was 11& rib in öne the of the Angora goats.In the Hair goats, ne cranial border of the pancreas was seen between the 1201 and 13* ribs but it was 1101 rib n öne goat. fhe caudal border of the pancreas lay caudalry at the L3.The caudal border of the right and eft lobes was reported separately, because the right lobe was longer than the left lobe.81 The right lobe lay caudally at the L3 in Karaman and Dağhç sheep.But it was at the L2 in two Karaman sheep.lt was observed that the caudal border of the right lobe was at the L2 in Ango- ra and Hair goats but it was at the Lı in two Hair goats. The left lobe lay as caudal as at the L2 in Karaman sheep, at the junction of the Lı and the L2 in Dağhç sheep, but it was the L2 in öne Dağhç sheep. The same border was observed at the LI in Angora and Hair goats, but it was at the L2 öne of the Hair goats. 2-The shape of the pancreas was seen like a letter of V which the two branches exten- ded caudally in the sheep but it was U shape in the goats. 3-Altough the body of the pancreas was small, it was a distinct form both sheep and goats. 4-in the sheep, the right lobe was a triangle in shape but it was observed that it was more rough in Dağhç sheep than in Karaman sheep. The right lobe was almost two times in size as compared to the left lobe in sheep. 5-it was seen that the caudal extension of the right lobe was more pointed in Karaman sheep than in the Dağhç sheep. 6-in Angora and Hair goats, the right and the left lobes were almost the same in size and the shape of the right lobe was a triangle roughly. 7-A notch was seen at the caudal border of the right lobe in Angora and Hair goats and also in Dağhç sheep. 8-In the sheep and the goats, it was observed that the left lobe was a triangle in shape and a notch which was caused by the gastrosplenic vein was located at the left border of this lobe. The junction between the left lobe and the body of the pancreas was narrow ovving to this deep notch. This junction was narrower in the sheep than in the goats.82 9-It was seen that the left lobe was vvider in the goats than in the sheep. 10-It was observed that the dorsal surface of the pancreas was in touch to the right kid- ney, the caudate processe of the liver, the caudal vena cava, the coeliac artery, the cranial mesenteric artery and the crara of the diaphragm. The ventral surface was touch to the ascending duodenum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the jejunal loops and also the rumen. 11-it was found that the right lobe neighboured on the descending duodenum and the sigmoid loop in ali speciemens except öne Angora goat which neighboured only on the sig- moid loop. 12-It was observed that the hepatorenal ligament attached to the caudal part of the left border of the right lobe betvveen the Lı and the junction of the L2 and L3. 13-it was seen that the caudal end of the right border of the left lobe extented to the left adrenal gland and it was in touch to the gland at the level of the L2 in Karaman sheep, the junction between LI and L2 in Dağlıç sheep but the L2 in öne Dağlıç sheep, the L! in Angora and Hair goats but the L2 in öne of the Hair goats. 14-Altough the right kidney and the caudate processe of the liver located dorsally to the pancreas, it was not seen any distinct impression of these two structures. 15-It was seen that the coeliac artery, the cranial mesenteric artery, the portal vein and also the branches of these three vessels made impressions on the pancreas. Additionally, the impressions of the ascending colon, the proximal colic loop, the distal colic loop, the transver¬ se colon, the descending colon and the jejunal loops was observed on the ventral surface of the pancreas.83 16-The percentage of the pancreas weight, as compared to the body weight, was 0.085 ± 0.0036 % in Karaman sheep, 0.114 ± 0.0038 % in Dağlıç sheep, 0.109 ± 0.0031% in Hair goat and 0.101 ± 0.0039% in Angora goat. 17-Except that two female Dağlıç sheep and öne male Hair goat had a second small düet, ali sheep and goats had only öne pancreatic düet vvhich was joined to the bile düet. The second düet was entered to the duodenum in Dağlıç sheep and to the common bile düet in Hair goat, but it was not seen any opening of these second dtıcts in the duodenum and the common bile düet both in Daghç sheep and Hair goat. 18-The lenght of the common bile düet from the beginning to the entering in to the duo¬ denum was found 2.21 ± 0.07cm in Karaman sheep, 3.12 ± 0.13cm in Dağlıç sheep, 3.70 ± 0.16cm in Hair goat and 3.69 ± 0.13cm in Angora goatThis lenght was 2.70 ± 0. lOcm in sheep and 3.69 ± O.lOcm in goats. 19-From the entering into the duodenum to the opening on the duodenal mucosa, the common bile düet run /vithin the duodenal wall about 1.60 ± O.Oöcm in Karaman sheep, 1.70 ± O.Oöcm in Dağlıç sheep, 1.27 ± O.Oöcm in Hair goat and 1.57 ± O.Oöcm in Ankara goat.The same lenght was also measured 1.65 ± 0.04cm in sheep and 1.43 ± 0.05cm in the goats. 20-The shortest length of the common bile düet was seen in Karaman sheep as 3.81 ± 0.13cm and the longest as 5.26 ± 0.19cm in Ankara goat. 21-The distance between the second curve of the sigmoid loop of the duodenum and the opening of the common bile düet was 3.25 ± 0.15cm in Karaman sheep, 3.7ö ± 0.14cm in Daghç sheep, 3.16 ± 0.23cm in Hair goat, 3.47 ± 0.12cm in Angora goat.The same distance was also found 3.53 ± O.llcm in sheep and 3.32 ± 0.13cm in goats. 22-The distance between the pylorus and the opening of the common bile düet was 21.82 ± 0.85cm in Karaman sheep, 22.01 ± 0.62cm in Daghç sheep, 23.96 ± 0.86cm in Hair84 goat and 28.04 ± 0.89cm in Ankara goat.lt was also fbund that the same distance was 22.25 ± 0.51 cm in sheep and 26.12 ± 0.71 cm in goats. 23-it was found that the comtnon bile düet opened on the duodenal mucosa in different shape in each strain.The mucosal fold was observed 72.72%, the papilla which was not a dis- tinct majör duodenal papilla 13.64% and the shape like a grooved probe 13.64% in Karaman sheep.In Dağhç sheep, the mucosal fold 28%, the majör duodenal papilla 72% was seen.In Hair goat, the mucosal fold 45.45% and the majör duodenal papilla 54.55% was finindin An- gora goat, the mucosal fold 70%, the majör duodenal papilla 20% and the grooved probe form 10% was seen. 24-It was observed that the right lobe was suppHed by the branches of the cranial mes- enteric artery, the left lobe by the branches of the coeliac artery and the body of the pancreas by the branches of both arteries in most of the animals. 25-It was seen that the pancreas was vascularized by the rami pancreatici of the hepatic, the left ruminal, the right ruminal, the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and the cranial mesenteric arteries. in addition to these arteries, the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery which was orgina- ted from the cranial mesenteric artery supplied to the pancreas in Karaman sheep.In öne Karaman sheep the ramus pancreaticus from the reticular artery, in öne sheep from the right gastroepiploic artery and the another öne sheep from the middle colic artery was also obser¬ ved 26-It was found that the pancreas was supplied by the rami pancreatici of the coeliac, the lienal, the right ruminal, the left ruminal, the left gastric, the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and the cranial mesenteric arteries in Dağhç sheep. Additionally, the caudal pancreaticoduo¬ denal artery vvhich was orginated from the cranial mesenteric artery vascularized to the panc¬ reas. The ramus pancreaticus from the reticular artery, from the gastroduodenal artery and from medial colic artery was also observed in each of the three Dağhç sheep.85 27-It was seen that, in Hair goats, the pancreas was vascularized by the rami pancreatici from the coeliac, the lienal, the left ruminal, the gastroduodenal, the cranial pancreaticoduo- denal, the cranial mesenteric arteries and the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery which was given off the cranial mesenteric artery. 28-The pancreas was supplied by the rami panreatici from the coeliac, the hepatic, the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and the cranial mesenteric arteries. in addition to these arteries, the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery vvhich was origated from the cranial mesenteric artery vascularized to the pancreas in Angora goat. 29-In ali sheep and goat, the tbin and dense capsule comprising of the irregular connec- tive tissue was found enveloping the pancreas.lt was also observed that the septae arose from the capsule dividing the lobules into complete sublobulations which was more amount in the goats than in the sheep. 30-It was observed that the secrotory units were mostiy tubular forms as compared to the acinar forms in Angora and Hair goats. These tubular forms were more distinct structure in Angora goat than in Hair goat. Additionally, the tubular and the acinar forms were almost the same number both in Ankara and Dağlıç sheep. 31-in the present study, it was seen that the pancreas tissue was a loose form in Angora and Hair goats but it was a dense form in Ankara and Dağlıç sheep. 32-A few binucleated acinar cells were observed in Ankara and Dağlıç sheep and also the acinus with a large lumen were seen irregularly separated in Hair goats. 33-In ali examined specimens, the heterochromatic and oval nuclei located in the basal part of the cell.lt was found that the euchromatic and spherical nuclei were in different positi- on.86 34-It was seen that the emergence of the intercalated ducts from the acinus was distinct in Angora and Hair goats but it was not distinct in Karaman and Dağhç sheep. 35-The thick and dense coat of the connective tissue surrounding the interlobular ducts was observed in Angora and Hair goats, however this coat was thin in Karaman and Dağhç sheep. 36-In ali examined specimens, the ıslets of Langerhans which constituted the endocrine portion of the pancreas had no distinct encapsulation, however, it was encapsulated by the connective fibres coming from the interlobular septae. 137