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This paper aims to focus on inclusive growth and its impact on multidimensional poverty and inequality in Iran's provinces on the basis of social mobility index. The results suggest, that although the multi-dimensional poverty has decreased, participation of active labor force has a decisive role in inclusive growth and reduction of absolute multi-dimensional poverty of the provinces. But labor participation has been accompanied by inequality of income, which indicates that the opportunity for economic growth has been unevenly distributed, as higher income deciles have more benefits. Income inequality has moderated the positive and significant effect of GDP growth on its inclusiveness. Inflation also has a negative and significant effect on the inclusive growth of the provinces. The research findings indicate that the economic and financial policies, including the ratio of bank credit to GDP and government social expenditures, have a positive and significant effect on the acceleration of inclusive growth and have been able to generate inclusive, albeit unsustainable growth in the provinces. This inclusive growth has led to a reduction in poverty and inequality. However because of its volatility and instability, it has no significant impact on poverty and inequality and did not directly reduce poverty and inequality in the provinces.

A 63-day experiment was carried out under controlled conditions to compare the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) at four levels (5, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg) on growth performance, nutritional efficiency indices, haemato-immunological parameters, stress resistance, digestive enzymes and cultivable autochthonous intestinal microbiota of juvenile (68.52 ± 1.52 g) Khaju fish Schizothorax zarudnyi. Fish fed the diet containing 20 g/ kg FOS had significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight. Dietary FOS supplementation (5-20 g/kg) showed significant effects on SGR compared with control treatment. Hb, Haematocrit, MCV, MCH and lymphocytes in fish fed with the diet containing 20-30 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than those in fish fed with control treatment. After 63-day feed ing period and also, 5-min air exposure challenge test, the activities of IG, LYZ and ACP in serum of fish fed with the diet containing 10-30 g/kg FOS showed a significantly higher trend than other treatments. The ratio of lactobacillus count to total autochthonous intestinal microbiota in fish fed with 10-30 g/kg FOS was significantly higher than that in other treatment groups. Furthermore, dietary FOS supplementation significantly increased survival rate of juvenile Khaju fish. Polynomial regression of SGR, FCR, PPV and PER suggested that the optimum dietary FOS level could be higher than 18.2 and < 23.8 g/kg in fish reared in culture conditions. These results indicate the beneficial effects of FOS, and emphasizes the need for further research to analyze the use of prebiotics on growth performance of fish.

Introduction: Current evidence suggests that ghrelin could contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults, but limited experience exists in adolescents. This study aims to explore the association of ghrelin levels with the MetS components among Iranian adolescents. Methods: In this case-control study, 32 adolescents with MetS and 148 healthy controls were selected randomly from the childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non communicable disease (CASPIAN-III) study. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria modified for children and adolescents. Anthropometric measures (including body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and waist to height ratio [WHtR]), blood pressure (BP) and biochemical data (including fasting blood sugar [FBS], triglyceride [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC] and gerlin) were measured. Results: Total ghrelin level was significantly higher in students without MetS compared to those with MetS (748.89 ± 85.04 vs. 728.72 ± 90.36 [pg/mL]; P

The 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) is an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormones, whose administration to rodents fed high-fat diet (HFD) prevents body weight increase and reverts the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory factors associated to HFD. The diet-induced obese (D.I.O.) zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been recently used as an experimental model to investigate fundamental processes underlying central and peripheral obesity-driven inflammation. Herein, we aim to understand the role of 3,5-T2 in regulating central and peripheral inflammation in D.I.O. model of zebrafish. 3,5-T2 (10 nM and 100 nM) was administered with the obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. with 3,5-T2) or after 4 weeks of obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. flw 3,5-T2). 3,5-T2 significantly increased the body weight and serum triglyceride levels in D.I.O. zebrafish in both conditions. Moreover, 3,5-T2 sustained or increased inflammation in the anterior (AI) and mid (MI) intestine when administered with the obesity-inducing diet, as indicated by the immunoexpression of the inflammatory markers tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), calnexin, caspase 3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). On the contrary, when 3,5-T2 was administered after the obesity-inducing diet, partly reverted the intestinal alteration induced by D.I.O. In addition, brain inflammation, as indicated by the increase in the activation of microglia, was detected in D.I.O. zebrafish and D.I.O. treated with 3,5-T2. These findings reveal that the effects of 3,5-T2 on fish intestine and brain can deviate from those shown in obese mammals, opening new avenues to the investigation of the potential impact of this thyroid metabolite in different diseases including obesity.

INTRODUCTION: One of the key elements in family-centered care is educating parents with hospitalized infant at intensive care unit. Education is a fundamental role of nursing at intensive care units to satisfy parents and accelerate disease progression that eventually reduces hospital re-admission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018, and the study population was admitted infants (n = 90) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences hospitals. We used a questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics and performance of nurses in educating parents. Nurses' performance was assessed in five major areas composed of family-centered care, delivering cares according to individualized needs, education on equipment, basic needs of infants, and finally, nutritional education. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Findings from the current study indicated that nurses performed their educational role weakly (37% of standard level). We also found that nurses who participated in neonatal educational courses had better performance compared to their counterparts. The results showed that year of experiences working as a clinical nurse was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with performing standard education. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that nurses performed their educational role weakly which might be due to staff shortage, heavy workload, and lack of time for educating parents. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of education among nurses working at the NICUs and provide the necessary standards and indicators to evaluate this important task.

Hypocretins/Orexins neuropeptides are known to regulate numerous physiological functions, such as energy homeostasis, food intake, sleep/wake cycle, arousal and wakefulness, in vertebrates. Previous studies on mice have revealed an intriguing orexins/endocannabinoids (ECs) signaling interaction at both structural and functional levels, with OX-A behaving as a strong enhancer of 2-arachydonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) biosynthesis. In this study, we describe, for the first time in the brain of zebrafish, the anatomical distribution and co-expression of orexin (OX-2R) and endocannabinoid (CB1R) receptors, suggesting a functional interaction. The immunohistochemical colocalization of these receptors by confocal imaging in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), thalamus, hypothalamus, preoptic area (PO) and cerebellum, is reported. Moreover, biochemical quantification of 2-AG levels by LC-MS supports the occurrence of OX-A-induced 2-AG biosynthesis in the zebrafish brain after 3 h of OX-A intraperitoneal (i.p.; 3 pmol/g) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.; 0.3 pmol/g) injection. This effect is likely mediated by OX-2R as it is counteracted by i.p./i.c.v administration of OX-2R antagonist (SB334867, 10 pmol/g). This study provides compelling morphological and functional evidence of an OX-2R/CB1R signaling interaction in the brain of adult zebrafish, suggesting the use of this well-established vertebrate animal model for the study of complex and phylogenetically conserved physiological functions.

Background & Objective: Using internet have had a significant impact on the lifestyle changes of internet clients which can affect their health. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between lifestyle related to internet with loneliness and social support of the internet clients in Ilam University of medical sciences. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study which was performed in 2014 on 400 university students and personnel of Ilam University of medical sciences using stratified random sampling method.Data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprising of four sections: demographic information, lifestyle related to internet questionnaire , loneliness and social supports questionnaires.All data were analyzed using SPSS software by Mann Withney and Kruscall- Wallis tests and linear regression test. Results: The linear regression results showed that there was a significant relationship between loneliness and lifestyle related to the internet, gender, marital status, occupational statues and age (P

Introduction: Medical profile is an important source of data regarding the patient, the illness, the doctor’s performance and leads to adequate diagnosis and treatment. Filling out medical profiles correctly, greatly decreases medical errors and leads to accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of the patients. This study aims to evaluate the quality of the patient records of trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of Emam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the medical profiles of trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of Emam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran in November 2013 were evaluated aiming to determine the quality of filling the profiles. All the patients’ medical profiles were evaluated regarding accurate recording of trauma mechanism; size, site of injuries; vital signs recordings; diagnostic and treatment plan. Based on the Likert scale, the quality of data recording was rated as: not recorded, recorded with high quality, recorded with low quality. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: In this study, 795 profiles were studied and evaluated (66.7% male). The most accurate data recording belonged to mechanism of trauma (92.5%) and the least accurate data recording belonged to diagnostic plan (9%). The highest frequency of incomplete data belonged to the site of injuries caused by trauma (71.7%), the number of injuries (34%) and anatomical depth and severity of trauma (34%). Most cases of missing data belonged to diagnostic plan (91%). In 142 (17.8%) profiles only 1, in 241 (30.3%) profiles 2, and in 277 (34.8%) profiles 3 categories were incomplete and data recording in 135 (16.9%) profiles were incomplete in all categories. In total, 82% of the profiles had 1 or more incomplete categories. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the quality of data recordings of trauma patients admitted to the studied emergency department was not satisfying. The highest rate of incomplete data belonged to the site of injury caused by trauma and the highest rate of missing data belonged to diagnostic plan.

مقدمه: شیوه صحیح تکمیل پرونده ها تاثیر قابل توجهی در کاهش میزان خطای پزشکی داشته و باعث تشخیص صحیح و درمان به موقع بیماران می شود. پرونده پزشکی منبع مهم اطلاعاتی در مورد بیمار، بیماری، عملکرد پزشک و تشخیص و درمان صحیح وی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کیفیت شرح حال پرونده بیماران ترومایی مراجعه کننده به اورژانس بیمارستان امام خمینی (ره) ارومیه انجام شده است. روش کار: در یک مطالعه مقطعی، پرونده بالینی بیماران ترومایی مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس بيمارستان امام خميني (ره) شهرستان ارومیه طی آبان ماه سال 1392 با هدف بررسی میزان و کیفیت تکمیل پرونده ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پرونده بالینی کلیه بیماران از نظر ثبت دقیق مکانیسم تروما؛ اندازه، محل و عمق تشریحی ضایعات جلدی؛ ثبت علائم حیاتی؛ برنامه تشخیصی و درمانی مورد ارزیابی و استخراج اطلاعات قرار گرفت. بر اساس سیستم تقسیم بندی و امتیاز دهی لیکرت، کیفیت ثبت اطلاعات به سه وضعیت ثبت نشده، ثبت شده با کیفیت مطلوب و ثبت شده با کیفیت نامطلوب تقسیم بندی شد. اطلاعات مذکور در نهایت با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. يافته ها: در این پژوهش پرونده 795 بیمار ترومایی بستری شده در بخش اورژانس مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت (66/7 مرد). بیشترین میزان ثبت کامل اطلاعات مربوط به مکانیسم تروما (92/5 درصد) و کمترین آن مربوط به برنامه تشخیصی (9 درصد) بود. بیشترین میزان ثبت ناقص اطلاعات نیز به ترتیب مربوط به محل ضایعات حاصل از تروما (7/71 درصد)، تعداد ضایعات (34 درصد) و عمق تشریحی و شدت تروما (34 درصد) بود. بیشترین موارد عدم ثبت اطلاعات مربوط به برنامه تشخیصی(91 درصد) گزارش گردید. در 142 (17/8 درصد) پرونده فقط 1 مورد، در 241 (30/3 درصد) پرونده 2 مورد و در 277 (34/8 درصد) پرونده 3 مورد از آیتم ها ناقص ثبت شده بود و ثبت اطلاعات در 135 (16/9 درصد) پرونده در تمامی موارد ناقص بود. در کل در 82 درصد پرونده ها یک تا چند نقص در ثبت موارد مورد نظر وجود داشت. نتيجه گيری: بر اساس یافته های مطالعه حاضر، وضعیت و کیفیت ثبت اطلاعات مربوط به بیماران ترومایی در واحد اورژانس مورد مطالعه در سطح چندان مطلوبی قرار نداشت. بطوریکه بیشترین میزان ثبت ناقص اطلاعات مربوط به محل ضایعات حاصل ازتروما و بیشترین میزان عدم ثبت اطلاعات مربوط به برنامه تشخیصی بود.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the varicella zoster virus (VZV) immunity in Iranian adolescents. It was conducted as a primary study for vaccine implementation, and to investigate the association of climatic and socioeconomic factors with the epidemiology of this infection. In this cross- sectional study, anti VZV antibodies were measured in serum samples obtained in a national school-based health survey (CASPIAN- III). Association of demographic, socio-economic, and climate of the living region with the frequency of VZV was investigated by multivariate multilevel analysis. Overall, sera of 2753 individuals aged 10-18 were tested for VZV antibodies, from those 87.4% were positive. The prevalence was statistically different in four socio-geographic regions (P

Concentration, source, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in 22 stations from surface sediments in the areas of anthropogenic pollution in the Klang Strait (Malaysia). The total PAH level in the Klang Strait sediment was 994.02±918.1 µg/kg dw. The highest concentration was observed in stations near the coastline and mouth of the Klang River. These locations were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. The results showed both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources are main sources of PAHs. Further analyses indicated that PAHs primarily originated from pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and vehicular emissions), with significant contribution from petroleum inputs. Regarding ecological risk estimation, only station 13 was moderately polluted, the rest of the stations suffered rare or slight adverse biological effects with PAH exposure in surface sediment, suggesting that PAHs are not considered as contaminants of concern in the Klang Strait.

Background: This paper presents the methodology and primary findings of a national project on determinants of weight disorders among Iranian children and adolescents at national and sub-national levels. Methods: This nationwide study was conducted in 2011-2012 in Iran as part of the fourth phase of a national surveillance program entitled Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Noncommunicable disease-IV study. It had two phases of qualitative and quantitative study. This multicentric study was conducted among 25,000 students aged 6-18 years, living in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran. Students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Data regarding weight disorders including sociodemographic variables, perinatal factors, lifestyle factors, family and student dietary habits, quality of life, and family history of chronic diseases as well as body image were gathered via validated questionnaires. Results: Overall, 23043 students completed the survey (participation rate: 92.17%). The mean age of participants was 12.55 ± 3.31 years; 50.8% were boys, and 73.4% were from urban areas. Underweight was found in 10.4% of boys and 9.2% of girls, the corresponding figure for overweight and obesity was 21% and 18.3%. Abdominal obesity was found in 17.6% of students. Among parents, obesity was more frequent than other weight disorders, with higher prevalence in parents of girls than boys (24.5% vs. 21.5%, respectively, P < 0.001). Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in urban than in rural parents (66.7% vs. 59.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions: This survey serves as confirmatory evidence on the prevalence of dual burden of weight disorders in Iran. Its findings on determinants of weight disorders would help policymakers to implement relevant programs at national and sub-national levels.