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BACKGROUND: Structural racisms influence on workforce policies and practices presents possible upstream targets for assessing and reducing racial health disparities. This study is the first to examine workforce racial diversity in association with racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of 39 693 hourly autoworkers from three Michigan automobile plants, includes 75 years of follow-up (1941-2015). Workforce racial diversity (per cent black autoworkers) was a plant and year level variable. Annual exposure was cumulated over each individuals working life and divided by time since hire. This time-varying measure was categorised into low, moderate and high. We estimated age-standardised rates of CVD and Cox proportional HRs by race. RESULTS: CVD mortality per 100 000 person-years decreased among autoworkers over the study period; however, black workers rates remained higher than white workers. Among black workers, we observed a strong protective association between greater workforce racial diversity and CVD mortality. For example, at the Detroit plant, the HR for moderate exposure to racial diversity was 0.94 (0.83, 1.08) and dropped to 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) at the highest level. Among white workers, results were mixed by plant, with protective effects in plants where less than 20% of workers were black and null results where black workers became the majority. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence that workplace racial diversity may reduce CVD mortality risk among black workers. Workplace practices encouraging diverse hiring and retention have potential to improve all workers health; particularly the socially racialised groups in that workforce.

Background: To prospectively examine the association between physical fitness and risk of disability retirement in a large population-based cohort. Methods: This study utilized data from Health 2011 survey Physical Activity subsample (n = 4898), combined with information on disability retirement derived from 2 national registers. In total, 2455 individuals aged 18–74 years underwent the physical fitness test protocol concerning measures of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and balance. The outcome variable was disability retirement, during the follow-up period of 9 years. After excluding those not at risk of disability retirement (ie, age ≥63 y) or who had already been granted disability pension, and those who had not completed the fitness protocol, the analytical sample included 1381 participants. Data were analyzed using Cox regression model with SPSS (version 29). Results: During the 9-year follow-up period, 61 individuals (4.4%) transitioned to a disability retirement. Cox regression analysis showed an association between the various physical fitness subdomains and the risk of disability retirement. In model 1, all fitness tests were associated with the risk of disability retirement, except the one-leg stand test with hazard ratios ranging from 1.69 (95% CI, 0.86–3.34) to 5.75 (95% CI, 1.84–17.90). Further adjustment for sociodemographic, health behavior, and health-related covariates attenuated the associations and statistical significance was lost, except for the vertical jump test (hazard ratio = 4.33; 95% CI, 1.32–14.10) and 6-minute walk test (hazard ratio = 3.81; 95% CI, 1.35–10.70). Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of physical fitness for preventing work disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A growing literature suggests associations between occupational pesticide exposure and respiratory health. In this study, we aimed to examine the association of exposure to insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, individually and as a mixture, with respiratory health outcomes and rhinitis in avocado farmworkers from Michoacán, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 105 avocado farmworkers between May and August 2021. We quantified 12 insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide metabolites in urine samples collected during two study visits (8-10 weeks apart). We collected survey data on self-reported pesticide use during the 12 months prior to the baseline survey and estimated annual exposure-intensity scores (EIS) using a semi-quantitative exposure algorithm. We also assessed respiratory symptoms, including wheezing, chest tightness, wheezing after exercise, and night cough. We used generalized linear regression models to examine associations of individual urinary metabolite concentrations and annual EIS with respiratory health outcomes and rhinitis. Mixture effects were assessed using Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression. RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple comparisons, we observed mostly null associations of individual pesticide metabolite concentrations and annual EIS with the outcomes of interest. However, in BWQS analyses, we found evidence of a mixture association of urinary pesticide metabolites with increased odds of night cough (OR: 5.34, 95 % CrI: 1.67, 20.62). Pyrethroid metabolites 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid were the main contributors to this association (43 %). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that exposure to a mixture of pesticides, particularly pyrethroid insecticides, may be associated with night cough in avocado farmworkers.

Alcohol use among women has been increasing rapidly. As the social context of women has changed, and the number of working women has risen, the prevention of alcohol-related problems among them has become increasingly important for their lifelong health. This study identified factors related to drinking intention, as perceived by working women in Japan. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling. Factors related to the intention to drink and those that discourage drinking as perceived by working women were investigated. Categories for each factor were generated using the content analysis method. Thirty-one working women participated in this study. Six categories of factors related to drinking intention as perceived by working women were generated, including ‘work-related stress coping’, and four categories of factors for abstaining from drinking were generated, including ‘having a role as a mother’. The study’s findings are significant for enhancing alcohol-related health literacy among working women. It is important to note that this study focused specifically on working women in Japan and did not include comparisons with men. Therefore, further research is needed to explore gender differences, multicultural perspectives, and a diverse range of occupations to build a more comprehensive body of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenging child behaviours can disrupt teaching effectiveness in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings, limiting the learning of the child exhibiting these behaviours and those of classmates. Challenging behaviours are also stressful for educators. We examine early childhood educator’s interpretations of children’s challenging behaviours and how these are associated with their occupational wellbeing. Analysing data from a national sample of Australian educators (N = 1291) we find those most likely to experience challenges are younger and less experienced. Applying attribution theory to code educator’s qualitative descriptions of challenging behaviour (N = 132), we find most (83%) see challenging behaviour as having a cause outside their professional responsibility, nearly half (42%) believed the problem was changeable, but few (12%) saw such change as within their control. Findings also indicated that behavioural policies determined at an organisational level were associated with low perceived control. We conclude there are three important actions required to support educators encountering behaviours that challenge: (1) targeting of supports for new entrants to ECEC, (2) increased focus on behavioural challenges in initial- and in-service teacher training, and (3) development of evidence-based resources targeted to specific presenting problems, rather than generalised organisationally determined behaviour management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses novel microdata to estimate the prevalence of occupational injuries among informal workers in a developing country with a segmented labour market like Argentina, and analyses their socio-economic consequences, exploring the heterogeneity according to the formality status of the worker. The results indicate that the prevalence of injuries is roughly similar between informal and formal workers. However, the socio-economic consequences are substantially more severe for informal workers and their families. These consequences include: a reduction in consumption of basic goods and services; and the need for household members – including school-age children and older people – to search for work to compensate for the income drop resulting from the injured worker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionThe significance of measuring Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) has grown, particularly in monitoring respiratory diseases like asthma. FeNO levels indicate inflammation and a rise in response to respiratory irritants. This study investigates whether repeated exposure to irritants in metal casting and coating leads to respiratory inflammation and assesses the benefits of including FeNO measurement in periodic occupational health screenings.This cross-sectional study involved 99 workers aged 18-65 in the foundry and metal coating sectors in the İkitelli Organized Industrial Zone. The study group included 54 workers exposed to metal dust and fumes, while the control group comprised 45 workers in non-exposure roles (e.g., secretarial, assembly, packaging). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, recording demographics, smoking habits, symptoms. FeNO levels were measured and analyzed with pulmonary function test parameters.FeNO levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (p = 0.02). No significant relationships were found between FeNO levels and age, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, years of work, or symptom presence, but a significant negative correlation was observed between FeNO levels and FEV1/FVC. Additionally, current smokers had significantly lower FeNO levels compared to those who had quit or never smoked (study, p = 0.014; control, p = 0.011).Monitoring FeNO levels in occupational health assessments may facilitate early intervention and preventive measures, protecting worker health. Incorporating FeNO measurement into periodic screenings could enhance occupational health practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to explore which sociodemographic, health-related, and work-related factors were associated with the number of sickness absence days during 18 months among employees on sickness absence due to common mental disorders. Methods: A longitudinal study with participants from a cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants from both intervention and control groups were treated as one cohort. Factors included in the analysis were sociodemographic, health-related, and work-related variables collected through questionnaires at baseline. The outcome was cumulative net sickness absence days for sickness absence spells exceeding 14 days and was collected from a national register. Data was analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results: The sample consisted of 197 employees. Lower-rated work ability in relation to physical demands ([exp (B) 1.19], 95% CI 1.02–1.40) and higher-rated job demands ([exp (B) 1.28], 95% CI 1.01–1.61), were associated with increased number of sickness absence days during the 18 months follow-up. Higher certainty of return to work within three months ([exp (B) 0.63], 95% CI 0.48–0.83) was associated with a decreased number of sickness absence days during the 18 months follow-up. Conclusions: Our study suggests that work-related factors, i.e., high job demands and impaired work ability, are associated with an increased number of days on sickness absence. Additionally, the certainty of returning to work within three months is associated with fewer days on sickness absence. The results highlight the importance of addressing specific workplace factors when designing interventions aimed at decreasing sickness absence for employees on sickness absence due to CMDs. The results could be used to inform a dialogue between healthcare personnel and employees on sickness absence due to CMDs, and to serve as basis for a structured inventory to assist healthcare personnel in addressing workplace factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research indicates that women report more psychosomatic complaints at work compared to men. However, there is a lack of research examining this gender gap across different occupational subgroups and over time. Methods: The study utilized data from the nationwide German Employment Survey of the Working Population on Qualification and Working Conditions conducted in 2005/2006, 2011/2012, and 2017/ 2018. First, gender differences in psychosomatic complaints were analysed within the occupational subgroups categorized as white-collar high-skilled, white-collar low-skilled, blue-collar high-skilled and blue-collar low-skilled workers. Second, gender stratified time trends of psychosomatic complaints were analysed. A total of 58,759 participants were included in the analysis. Results: Women consistently reported significantly higher levels of psychosomatic complaints compared to men across all years examined. The largest differences were observed in white-collar high-skilled occupations. From 2005/2006 to 2011/2012, gender differences increased; from 2011/2012 to 2017/2018, they stagnated. Conclusions: The study revealed that women experience more psychosomatic distress at work than men in all occupational subgroups and time points. White-collar high-skilled workers showed the highest gender gap in psychosomatic complaints. The gender gap widened from 2005/2006 to 2011/2012 and remained stable from 2011/2012 to 2017/2018. Future research should investigate the reasons and implications of this phenomenon, especially considering the increasing proportion of high-skilled white-collar workers, where the gender gap is most evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “La Esperanza” native mercury mine in Aranzazu, (Caldas, Colombia) was active from 1948 until 1975. Before the final closure of the mine, the company began using dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite) and penicillamine for the treatment of hydrargyrism among workers. Mercury poisoning among miners was frequent due to precarious working conditions, inadequate technology, difficult terrain, and the high toxicity of native mercury within the mine. The costs associated with the treatment was one of the causes of the closure of the mine. The early use of these chelators corresponds to the first systematic use of an antidote in occupational health in Colombia. This paper describes the context in which dimercaprol and penicillamine were used, a milestone in the history of toxicology, medical geology and occupational health in Colombia and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult-onset asthma, notably prevalent among healthcare professionals, especially nurses, is often attributed to occupational factors such as exposure to cleaning agents. Studies consistently underscore the substantial role of such exposure in work-related asthma among hospital staff. We aimed to (a) identify and characterize current practices in cleaning and aerosolized medication administration; (b) assess changes in practices since a similar 2003 study of Texas healthcare workers; and (c) identify factors contributing to diverse exposures within healthcare job categories. We conducted focus groups with 38 participants in 6 healthcare settings, analyzing current practices, changes since 2003, and factors contributing to exposure diversity. We used a three-step approach for data analysis, including sociodemographic characterization, a scissor-and-sort technique for exposure description, and qualitative content analysis. Participants were primarily healthcare providers (76%) and housekeepers/cleaners (11%) who reported exposure to aerosolized medications, cleaning products, adhesives, and solvents. Participants reported transitioning from cleaning practices to new formulas with reduced odors and shifting from spray cleansers to wipes. Personal protective equipment (PPE) used during cleaning tasks varied, with training differing among job categories. Aerosolized medication administration varied among facilities, with reported medication types and protocol changes over time. The results emphasized the significance of maintaining uniform protection, disseminating knowledge, and consistently adhering to PPE protocols in the healthcare environment. Addressing the identified gaps in comprehension and potential sources of exposure variability requires additional focus on occupational health and safety initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Headache disorders are common, including in the working population. Clinicians caring for patients with headache need to be aware of work-related factors as potential causes or triggers of headache disorders, and consider the impact of headache on fitness-to-work, especially in safety-sensitive and decision-critical roles. Such fitness-to-work determination should include individualized consideration of the nature of the headache disorder itself, the pattern of the headache, the impact of sleep deprivation on the headache as it relates to fitness to do shiftwork, medication and substance side effects, fitness-to-work implications of associated medical or psychiatric conditions, and the potential of symptom feigning or malingering for secondary gain. As clinicians often struggle with fitness-to-work determinations, a structured approach to fitness-to-work assessments in headache conditions and other pain conditions would improve clarity for clinicians and increase the quality of care provided to patients, with potential benefits for workplace safety and policy in this arena as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have advocated the benefits of resilience-based interventions for creating a healthy and sustainable workforce. However, resilience is defined and measured in diverse ways. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is (1) to identify how resilience is defined within different workplace interventions, translated into intervention content, and measured in these interventions; and (2) to synthesize the effectiveness of these interventions. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted and included articles from 2013 – 2023. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, covering a total of 26 unique interventions. Definitions were categorized as: resilience as a trait, process, or outcome. Cohen's D was calculated to depict the effect sizes within the intervention groups from pre-test to post-test and, when possible, from pre-test to 3-month follow-up. Results: Included studies applied a wide range of definitions; most definitions fitted within the trait-orientation, conceptualizing resilience as an individual characteristic or ability, or the process-orientation, conceptualizing resilience as a dynamic process. No studies solely used the outcome-orientation, but some did combine elements of all three orientations. Various definitions, measures and intervention strategies were applied, however, almost half of the studies (46%) showed inconsistencies within these choices. Furthermore, findings show that most resilience-based interventions in the workplace have a positive impact. While educational workshops with a higher frequency and duration had medium to large effects, solely digital interventions had small effects, changing to small to medium when combined with non-digital elements. Conclusions: Findings suggest that resilience-based can benefit employees by enhancing their psychological well-being. This, in turn, can lead to improved work-related outcomes such as productivity, thereby offering advantages to employers as well. This underscores the growing recognition that resilience should be viewed as a shared responsibility between the individual and the organization. Further advancement in the field of resilience-based interventions in the workplace calls for future research to focus on maintaining consistency when choosing a definition of resilience, developing intervention content, and choosing an outcome measure. Preregistration: The search protocol was preregistered in the Open Science Framework, see Hollaar et al. (2023). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UKYF7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of workload on leadership roles within the Austrian IT sector, by also paying attention to differences between genders. The research adopted a prospective design, selecting IT professionals, stratified by those with and without personnel responsibility and examined further through the lens of gender. A total of 200 participants completed the survey, where the modified German version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) served as the primary tool, which evaluated dimensions such as demands, influence, interpersonal relations, work interface, and conflicts. The results indicate that individuals with personnel responsibility experience significantly lower scores in the dimensions demands and influence , suggesting challenges in managing qualitative or emotional demands alongside perceived limitations in their scope of action. This trend persisted, albeit less marked, within the dimension work interface , indicating concerns regarding occupational stability (job security) among leading individuals. Gender analysis revealed that male participants reported fewer conflicts compared to females, highlighting discordance regarding experiencing workplace challenges. Discussion revolves around the difficulties faced by individuals with personnel responsibility in managing multifaceted demands of their role and the specific challenges encountered by female leaders. The findings emphasize the necessity of strategies to support leaders on acknowledging gender-specific challenges to enhance occupational health in the IT sector. This study contributes to the understanding of workload dynamics within leadership roles in the IT industry, recommending targeted measures to address the particular stress factors of leaders and highlight the need for gender-specific considerations in organizational support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the usage of occupational therapy treatment with psychologically injured public safety personnel (PSP) from Ontario, Canada. We used a descriptive quantitative approach with summary data provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) of Ontario documenting occupation therapy (OT) treatment of psychologically injured PSP who had an approved WSIB Mental Stress Injury Program (MSIP) claim between 2017 and 2021. Variables examined included demographics, career type, injury type, and return to work (RTW) outcomes. Chi-square Tests of Independence were used to compare differences between PSP who received OT treatment and those who did not. Analysis revealed that in the total cohort of 6674 approved PSP MSIP claims, 15% (n = 991) of PSP received OT treatment. Communicators (21%) and correctional workers (17%) were most likely to receive OT treatment while paramedics (13%) were less likely. PSP claimants who received OT treatment were more likely to have a cumulative event injury (71%) compared to the rest of the cohort (55%) and were more likely to not have started a RTW process (62%) compared to the rest of the cohort (43%). PSP who received OT treatment had more days away from work on average than those who did not (913 days vs. 384 days). This data reveals that PSP with cumulative injuries and higher lengths of time away from work more frequently received OT treatment as part of their WSIB MSIP claim; it is possible that this higher degree of claim complexity influenced their RTW outcomes. Worker's compensation organizations should consider their health care decision-making processes to foster prompt access to treatment and proactive RTW pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To verify the association between different types of ambient ventilation in Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) values, and respiratory symptoms of workers . Methods: CSSD workers from five hospitals were evaluated in three different ventilation systems: negative air pressure, air conditioning, and natural ventilation. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was evaluated by The European Community Respiratory Health Survey. The respiratory inflammatory response was evaluated utilizing FeNO level measurements. Results: There was a general prevalence of respiratory symptoms in 5% of the workers investigated; there was no association between respiratory symptoms and ventilation systems (p = 0.170). Of the total workers investigated, 22% had FeNO levels ≥ 25 parts per billion (ppb), considered above the normal range, and there was a statistically significant difference between ventilation systems (p = 0.009) favoring natural ventilation. Conclusion: Exposure to the natural ventilation system reduced the chance of developing FeNO levels ≥ 25 by 94.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This research is important for industries relying on repetitive tasks, as it provides insights into ergonomic risk factors and promotes interventions to enhance worker health and productivity. (1) Background: This study examines the association between asymmetrical movements of an assembly line and machining workers and their overall well-being. The primary aim is to quantify the extent to which asymmetrical movements serve as predictors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among these workers and their overall well-being. The study emphasises the predictive relationships between asymmetry metrics and health outcomes. (2) Methods: The study included 86 employees from an automotive manufacturing plant, categorised into machining workers (MWEs) and assembly workers (AWEs). The employment duration spanned from 6 months to 40 years. Inertial motion capture technology was employed alongside the Goldberg 28-item General Health Questionnaire for a retrospective observational analysis and assessment of worker well-being. Movement dynamics were evaluated using a Motion Activity Index (MAI) to measure movement intensity, asymmetry, and quality. (3) Results: The machining group demonstrated nearly double the range of motion (median ROM: 36.6° vs. 25.5°, p = 0.019) and peak angular velocities up to eight times higher (median: 40°/s vs. 5°/s) in lumbar and thoracic rotations compared to the assembly group. Significant differences in ROM and movement speeds were observed (p < 0.001). The MAI showed higher dynamic and symmetrical movements in the machining group (36.6% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.019). No significant mental health issues were identified, aside from complaints related to somatic symptoms. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights significant occupational risks due to movement asymmetry in industrial settings, revealing substantial differences in joint angular displacements, velocities, and accelerations between machining and assembly workers. The findings emphasise the importance of targeted ergonomic interventions to enhance worker well-being and advocate for preventive health measures in occupational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace mental health is a critical social issue with significant human and economic costs, making its sustainable management essential for long-term well-being and productivity. Nature-based interventions (NBIs) offer a promising cost-effective approach to enhancing employee creativity and well-being. This paper systematically reviewed NBIs—such as outdoor exercise, green space engagement, and nature-centered activity—and their effects on workplace creativity, subjective well-being, and mental health. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar yielded 508 studies published from 2017 to 2024. Seven studies met our inclusion criteria, involving real workplace settings, NBIs as primary interventions, and clear comparison groups. Analysis covered study design, sample size, intervention type, and outcomes, focusing on creativity and well-being. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Bias Risk Tool and the ROBIN-I tool. Results were grouped into five themes: mental health metrics, cognition and creativity, rehabilitation and regeneration, job and life satisfaction, and physiological outcomes. Findings highlighted the positive impact of NBIs on mental health and creativity, though results for other outcomes were mixed. Methodological variability and potential bias limited the strength of conclusions. Future research should prioritize large-scale, methodologically rigorous trials aligned with contemporary theories on workplace environments and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating human pathogens in wastewater is crucial for identifying and predicting potential occupational health risks faced by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and levels of Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium spp., Arcobacter butzleri, and Aeromonas hydrophila in untreated municipal wastewater. Grab influent, activated sludge, and secondary settling tank (SST) effluent samples were collected bi-weekly over 6 months from 5 WWTPs in Tshwane, South Africa. Mycobacterium spp., A. butzleri, and A. hydrophila were detected using quantitative PCR (qPCR), while Legionella was detected using both a culture method and qPCR. The four pathogens were identified in most samples at varying levels. Legionella pneumophila had a positivity rate of 92%, ranging from 2 to 5.4 log10 MPN/100 mL. Detection rates of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and L. pneumophila serogroup 1 were 97%, 75%, and 69%, respectively, with up to 5.3 log10 gene copies (GC)/mL. Importantly, this study demonstrates molecular typing of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in wastewater, a topic that has been rarely documented. Mycobacterium spp. were detected in all samples at varying levels (log10 GC/mL) in influent (2.8–7.6), activated sludge (4.8–8.9), and SST effluent (3.8–8.9) samples. Arcobacter butzleri and A. hydrophila were detected in 96% and 82% of the samples, respectively, with GC levels in influent, activated sludge, and SST effluent ranging from 0.8 to 6.6, 1.5 to 6.5, and 0.7 to 6.6 log10 GC/mL for A. butzleri, and similar levels for A. hydrophila. These findings underscore the presence of respiratory and enteric pathogens at various treatment points, suggesting potential occupational exposure for WWTP workers. This emphasises the need for microbiological risk assessments (RAs) or reviewing existing RAs and implementing necessary control measures to protect WWTP workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, information and circumstances changed from moment to moment, including the accumulation of scientific knowledge, the emergence of variants, social tolerance, and government policy. Therefore, it was important to adapt workplace countermeasures punctually and flexibly based on scientific evidence and according to circumstances. However, there has been no assessment of changes in workplace countermeasures. With a view toward preparedness for future pandemics, we surveyed COVID-19 workplace countermeasures that occupational physicians considered as needing to be changed but went unchanged. Methods: We invited 685 professional occupational physicians certified by Japan Society for Occupational Health to complete an online questionnaire by sending postcards with QR codes. The main questions concerned countermeasures that the participants wanted to change but could not. The survey period was from February 21 to April 28, 2022. The responses were analyzed using the KJ method. Results: Of the 168 invitees (24.5%) who responded to the survey, 125 reported countermeasures that needed to be changed (total count: 254). The responses were categorized into basic systems, occupational health services, workplace countermeasures, vaccines, and incidents, with a code count of 7, 8,147, 10, and 82, respectively. The type of countermeasure was 115 for countermeasures to be strengthened (CBS), 110 for measures to be mitigated (CBM), and 29 for neither. Conclusions: Often-mentioned CBS were increased teleworking, strengthened ventilation, smoking cessation, and promotion of vaccines. Often-mentioned CBM were relaxation of protective equipment rules, discontinued environmental disinfection, and shorted isolation and reinstatement. In the early pandemic phases, CBSs were frequently mentioned, whereas CBMs were featured more prominently in the latter phases. The survey revealed countermeasures that occupational physicians thought needed to be changed but were not changed in practice. For future responses to emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, it will be necessary to establish rules compatible with flexible modification of workplace countermeasures in response to changing circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies generally focused on the indoor temperature of buildings and air supplies to their environment. The effect of outdoor pollutants on thermal conditions has also attracted some interest in recent years. However, the number of studies on other factors that may potentially affect thermal comfort and health in high-rise buildings is limited. A structured analytical hierarchy process and an improved data envelopment analysis method are used in this study to determine the indoor and outdoor spatial features and climatic effects that influence thermal comfort in multi-storey business buildings. The impact levels of these factors on thermal conditions are determined with heuristic algorithms. Further, two climate zones in two countries are compared in terms of the factors that affect thermal comfort and their individual impact levels. The most critical criterion for Kuwait is external insulation features, whereas for Turkey it is indoor air conditioning. The most critical sub-criterion is temperature for Kuwait, whereas for Turkey it is insufficient heat and light insulation of windows. Data envelopment analysis yields that respiratory health diseases are the most critical effect in Kuwait, and work accidents are the most important effect in Turkey. Temperature and humidity play a significant role in thermal comfort in Kuwait. Insulation and air conditioning are crucial factors in thermal comfort conditions in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that causes lung cancer. It has been measured extensively in homes and mines but research in other workplaces has been limited. The present study examined 453 workplaces in Ontario, Canada, to characterize radon levels. Radon monitors (n = 687) were placed in occupied ground floor and basement workplace locations for a minimum of three months. The radon measurements ranged from <4 to 566 Bq/m3, with a median of 26 Bq/m3, arithmetic mean of 40.2 Bq/m3, and geometric mean of 26.9 Bq/m3. Using the Health Canada and Ontario labor guideline of 200 Bq/m3, 2.5% of participating workplaces had at least one measurement above this level; 7.2% were above the World Health Organization guideline. Workplaces were also asked to fill out questionnaires to identify possible determinants of exposure. Radon levels varied significantly based on municipality and background radon zone, highlighting the importance of geography in influencing radon levels. Radon levels also varied significantly based on window-opening behavior, business access type, the presence of an elevator, air conditioning, additions to the building, and cracks and/or gaps in the foundation/wall and around drains, indicating building characteristics with some influence on air circulation may impact overall radon levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the critical clinical importance of identifying, evaluating, and addressing occupational influences on mental health. It brings attention to the role of working hours, especially high overtime hours, which can be a manageable factor in decreasing the development of psychological distress among workers. Objectives: There is a paucity of longitudinal studies examining the relationship between working hours and the development of psychological distress (PD) among US workers. This study utilized a longitudinal approach to examine this relationship. Methods: The 2010–2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data was utilized. PD was analyzed among full-time US employees without PD at baseline using a fixed effect approach. Results: The sample comprised 27,548 full-time workers. Individuals working 61 hours or more weekly had the highest risk of PD onset, at 9.9% (95% CI = 1.9%–17.8%, P < 0.05), compared to those working 30 to 35 hours weekly. Interestingly, an increased risk of PD onset was found among individuals working 36 to 40 hr/wk at 6.6% (CI = 1.5%–11.6%%, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Long working hours were associated with the increased development of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically investigate the prevalence of occupational diseases among head nurses in China, assess their job satisfaction and turnover intentions, and identify associated factors influencing these issues. Methods: This nationwide cross‐sectional survey was conducted between July 2016 and July 2017, involving 6672 head nurses selected from 1858 hospitals across 30 provinces. A self‐administered questionnaire collected data on demographic characteristics, occupational disease status, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Statistical analyses, including multivariate binary logistic regression, were performed to identify factors influencing occupational disease and turnover intentions. Results: The majority of participants were female (98.53%) and over 41 years old (78.22%). The prevalence of occupational diseases was significant, with insomnia reported in 66.80%, musculoskeletal disorders in 47.62%, and gastrointestinal issues in 49.36%. A staggering 59.83% indicated intentions to leave their positions, primarily due to high job demands, poor nurse‐patient relationships, and dissatisfaction with income relative to work intensity. Multivariate analysis revealed that factors such as gender, age, educational level, and working experience significantly influenced occupational diseases, and factors such as age, monthly income, occupational diseases, and work intensity significantly influenced turnover intentions. Conclusions: The findings highlighted a critical need to address the occupational health and working conditions of head nurses in China. Given the high prevalence of occupational diseases and turnover intentions, effective interventions aimed at improving job satisfaction and reducing occupational stress were essential to enhance the stability and quality of nursing care. Further qualitative investigations were recommended to gain deeper insights into these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As differential exposure to airport-generated aerosols may affect employee lung function, the main objective of this study was to longitudinally evaluate spirometry measures among Air France employees. In addition, an exploratory exposure assessment to airport aerosol was performed in a small cohort of workers using personal monitoring devices. Change in lung function over a ~6.6-yr period was documented for office workers (n = 68) and mechanics (n = 83) at Paris-Roissy airport, France and terminal (n = 29), or apron (n = 35) workers at Marseille airport, France. Overall, an excessive decline in lung function was found for 24.75% of airport workers; excessive decline occurred more often for terminal workers (44.83%) as compared to mechanics (14.47%; P = 0.0056), with a similar tendency for apron workers (35.29%) as compared to mechanics (P = 0.0785). Statistically significant differences/tendencies were detected among the yearly rates of change for %-predicted values of forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and from 25% to 75% forced expiratory flow. For the latter variables, the terminal and/or apron workers at Marseille generally had significantly faster lung function decline as compared to office workers and/or mechanics in Paris, although the latter were exposed to a higher level of elemental carbon. No relation between lung function decline and exposure to airport tarmac environments was evidenced. Multivariate exploration of individual variables representing sex, smoking, atopy, respiratory disease, residential PM2.5 pollution, the peak size of particles in lung exhalates or exhaled carbon monoxide at the time of follow-up failed to explain the observed differences. In conclusion, this study documents the first evidence of excessive lung function decline among certain airport workers in France, although the identification of emission sources (environmental factors, aircraft exhaust, etc) remains challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The workplace and the context in which oncology nurses work are unique due to the complex and dynamic nature of cancer care. Nurses who care for cancer patients are exposed to varying degrees of psychological pressure. The present study was conducted to explore oncology nurses' perceptions regarding mental health in the workplace. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2018–2019. The participants were recruited through purposive sampling from eight educational specialty cancer treatment centers in Iran. Data were collected through individual semistructured interviews and analyzed using the conventional qualitative content analysis method. The Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used to document the report of the study. Results: The extracted concepts were classified into three main categories and 17 subcategories. The main categories included attention to nurses' occupational stress-provoking factors, attention to emotional/psychological responses in the workplace, and healthy mental atmosphere in the workplace. Conclusions: The findings indicate that oncology nurses need to be supported to enhance their mental health in the workplace. The findings of this study could help policymakers and nurse managers to understand the importance of improving the mental health of nurses in cancer care. In this regard, it is essential to make the necessary plans and scientific decisions to design and provide strategies to alleviate workplace problems and improve nurses' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyse whether the harmful effect of job demands on recovery can be alleviated by healthy lifestyle, psychological recovery experiences and job resources. We also describe their prevalence among employees in different types of eldercare service and in the health and social services sector in general. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: The data were collected using a self‐report survey in 2020 in the health and social services sector organizations (n = 4478). Employees were classified as the following service types: general health and social services (N = 3225), home care (N = 452), service housing (N = 550) and outpatient and ward care (N = 202). The data were analysed using percentages, cross‐tabulations and logistic regression analysis. Results: Poor recovery, high job demands, low appreciation and low autonomy in terms of worktime and breaks were more prevalent in eldercare. Employers could alleviate the risk of high job demands by offering job resources—appreciation, autonomy in terms of worktimes and breaks—and motivating employees to maintain healthy lifestyle habits and use recovery experiences such as relaxation. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of appreciation in the health and social services sector context. Even with moderate levels of appreciation employers can protect employees from poor recovery from work in the demanding health and social services work environment. Impact: Eldercare employees face continuous and accumulating work strain at the same time as the sector struggles against a labour shortage. One way to prevent the harmful consequences of strain is to enhance recovery from work. Employers could alleviate the risk of high job demands and poor recovery by showing appreciation and giving employees more autonomy in terms of work time and breaks during the workday. This could also motivate employees to keep up healthy lifestyle habits and use their recovery experiences. Results are important especially in the daily management of HSS work. What Does this Paper Contribute to the wider Global Clinical Community?: Managers in the health and social services sector and eldercare can use these findings to promote recovery from work. Reporting Method: STROBE checklist. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) are highly prevalent among equipment operators in the mining industry, particularly in underground coal mining. The multifaceted nature of risk factors contributing to WRMSDs necessitates a robust and accurate predictive model to assess the likelihood of these disorders among operators. Methodology: This study presents a novel Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based predictive model developed to estimate the prevalence of WRMSDs among seated vehicle operators. Key input variables include demographic and ergonomic factors such as age, Body Mass Index (BMI), years of experience, posture scores (REBA), frequency-weighted Root Mean Square (RMS) acceleration, and Vibration Dose Values (VDV). Data on WRMSDs prevalence and severity were collected using the standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Results: The analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the severity of WRMSDs and the identified risk factors. The optimal ANN configuration included hidden layers with sizes [5, 10, 15], learning rates [0.01, 0.1, 0.2], and class weights [1, 1], [0.5, 1.5], and [1, 2]. The model's performance was validated using 12 unseen datasets, achieving excellent predictive accuracy (0.975 ± 0.014), precision (0.805 ± 0.083), recall (1.000 ± 0.000), F1 score (0.890 ± 0.053), and AUC-ROC (0.996 ± 0.005) (mean ± standard deviation). Conclusion: This ANN-based model offers a powerful tool for predicting WRMSDs across different body regions of seated vehicle operators. Its ability to incorporate diverse input factors will support the implementation of targeted occupational health and safety interventions, particularly for shuttle car operators and other mining professionals at high risk of WRMSDs. Major Findings: The study developed an ANN-based model to predict WRMSDs prevalence among seated vehicle operators in underground mining, incorporating demographic and ergonomic factors. The model achieved high predictive accuracy, with a strong correlation between WRMSDs severity and identified risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the experiences and needs concerning work-focused healthcare of patients experiencing problems with work participation due to cardiovascular disease based on all facets of person-centred care. Methods: Nineteen patients who experienced or continue to experience problems with work participation due to cardiovascular disease participated in semi-structured interviews preceded by preparatory written assignments. The transcripts were analysed by means of directed qualitative content analysis. Adapted principles of the Picker Institute for Person-Centred Care provided a template for the analysis. Results: 28 experiences and needs emerged and were grouped into the eight principles for person-centred work-focused healthcare. Randomly presenting one theme for each of the eight principles, the themes included: (1) frequent encounters with occupational healthcare professionals; (2) substantive work-related advice; (3) transparency in communication; (4) support for family; (5) information provision on the work-focused healthcare process; (6) personal control during the process; (7) empathy for the personal situation; and (8) tailored work-focused support. Conclusions: The identified experiences and needs for work-focused healthcare of patients experiencing problems with work participation due to cardiovascular disease clearly indicate the need to improve the delivery of person-centred work-focused healthcare to better meet the individual needs of patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Provided work-focused healthcare services do not always align with the patient's needs when experiencing disease-related sick leave, potentially impacting their ability to stay in or return to work. This overview of patients' experiences and needs for work-focused healthcare may provide professionals with better insight into the patients' needs and aids to adapt the healthcare provision to these needs. When professionals target the patient's needs, it may facilitate better provision of person-centred work-focused healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wildland fire is increasingly a consequence of the climate crisis, with growing impacts on communities and individuals. Wildland firefighters are critical to the successful management of wildland fire, yet very limited research has considered mental health in this population. Although a wealth of research in mental health risk and associated risk and protective factors exists for structural firefighters, unique demands of wildland firefighting such as the seasonal nature of work, the length and intensity of shifts, and the often geographically isolated working conditions, among other factors, require special consideration. The present review considers available literature on mental health in wildland firefighters, highlighting the importance of distinguishing occupation-related risks for firefighters from occupation-specific risks of wildland fire service work, and offers concrete evidence-based recommendations for future work in this high-priority research area. A comprehensive review of existing literature on mental health risk in the wildland fire service identifies concrete recommendations for advancing theory and practices related to occupational health for wildland firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Sponge iron industries are categorized as red industries (i.e. highly polluted industries) with the major pollutants including particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, the toxic effects of which are often rapid. Prolonged exposure to such pollutants leads to obstructive lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive respiratory disease. The current study aims to assess the morbidities prevalent among the workers in the Sponge iron industry in Goa and help them minimize those with suitable measures. Objective: To study the morbidity profile of workers in a Sponge iron industry in Goa. Materials and Methods: A retrospective record-based study was conducted on 217 workers. Selected health parameters were studied: socio-demographic details, anthropometry, blood pressure, serum Creatinine, Total cholesterol, vision tests, ECG, Spirometry, urine microscopy, and audiometry readings. Results:Among the 217 workers that were studied, 8% had Hypertension, 40% workers had a refractive error, 31% had Dyslipidemia, 14.7% had mild restriction, 0.9% had moderate restriction and 1.3% had a severe restriction in Spirometry testing, 10.1% had elevated Creatinine, 2.7% had mild to moderate hearing loss, 0.9% had changes in ECG and was referred to do echo. Conclusion: The study revealed that the conditions of employment have caused numerous comorbidities among the sponge iron industry workers, several of which had spirometry restrictions suggesting pulmonary changes which may lead to eventual respiratory deterioration and the advent of diseases such as COPD. The study revealed issues about overall health parameters including but not limited to other intricate issues. Consequently, further tests will have to be conducted along with the use of protective equipment to reduce and limit the effects of such occupational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context/Background: Occupational hazards refer to potential risks and dangers that exist in the workplace, which can harm the health, safety, and well-being of workers. Understanding and managing occupational hazards is necessary to ensure a safe and healthy working environment for employees. Aims/Objectives: The study is aimed at studying the demographic profile of the construction workers, awareness and knowledge regarding occupational health problems, occupational safety, and practices of occupational safety measures. Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in various construction projects of unorganized sector in Rewa City. About 180 construction site workers were included in the study. 14 construction sites in Rewa city were identified and randomly 13 construction workers from each site were selected by simple random sampling. Managers/supervisors of the selected projects were contacted, and data was collected using an interview administered questionnaire from construction workers giving consent to participate in the study. Conclusion: From the study, it is evident that it is essential to come up with measures that can create awareness among the construction workers on the importance of safety measures and preventions. To improve the safety of construction workers, it is necessary to identify certain factors that are essential to safety practice, be it education or personal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current research on mental health in the construction industry is fragmented, making it difficult to obtain a complete picture of young construction workers' mental health conditions. This situation adversely affects research progress, mental health-care planning and resource allocation. To address this challenge, the purpose of this paper was to identify the themes of mental health conditions among young construction workers and their prevalence by geographical location. Design/methodology/approach: The scoping review was conducted using meta-aggregation, guided by the CoCoPop (condition [mental health], context [construction industry] and population [construction workers 35 years old and younger]) and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews) frameworks. Findings: A total of 327 studies were retrieved, and 14 studies published between 1993 and 2022 met the inclusion criteria. The authors identified 13 mental health conditions and categorized them under nine themes. Mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance-related disorders constituted the most researched themes. Studies predominantly focused on young male workers in the Global North. The prevalence estimates reported in most of the studies were above the respective country's prevalence. Originality/value: This review extends previous studies by focusing specifically on the themes of mental health conditions and giving attention to young construction workers whose health needs remain a global priority. The study emphasizes the need to give research attention to lesser-studied aspects of mental health, such as positive mental health. The need to focus on female construction workers and on homogenous sub-groups of young workers is also emphasized. The findings can guide future systematic reviews on the identified thematic areas and help to plan the development of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the multivariate relationships between variables related to burnout and job stress in healthcare workers, evaluating whether the relationships between these dimensions, the variables related to personal factors (age, seniority of service), and work–family balance factors (overwork related to unused vacation days and accumulated overtime hours) change when the worker is engaged in double-caregiving activities. Indeed, the twofold activities of home caregiving and caring at work might expose workers to challenging situations. To accomplish our aim, we carried out network analyses on data from 466 workers (77.90% females). Participants completed the Link Burnout Questionnaire (LBQ) and the Job Satisfaction Scale (OSI). Contrary to expectations, the variables related to work–life balance played a marginal role with respect to job satisfaction and burnout risk for the whole sample. In addition, no significant differences emerged between workers who reported dual-caregiving tasks compared with those who did not. However, some peculiar aspects of the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction emerged in the two subsamples. The results enable an understanding of the interactions among the assessed variables and allow hypothesizing interventions for the sustainability of the work–life balance in healthcare workers with dual-care tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSoftware-driven wearable technologies are emerging as a control for heat-related illnesses. Such devices collect biometric data and estimate risk noninvasively. However, little is known about workplace implementation strategies and stakeholder acceptance of the devices. As part of a mixed-methods pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of wearable technologies, the authors invited six agricultural workers with no device experience to participate in a semi-structured focus group, after wearing two devices (e.g., MākuSafe, Des Moines, IA, United States; SlateSafety, V2, Atlanta, GA, United States) for a standard work week. The focus group was separated into two parts: the first assessed the overall understanding of heat stress, and the second captured workers’ perceptions of the wearable technologies. For each topic, the authors extracted relevant themes that describe farm workers’ general understanding of heat hazards and worker interaction with wearable technology used in heat-related risk. These themes provide relevant answers to the questions outlined in the semi-structured questionnaire that can guide future research into the use of these devices in occupational settings. Wearable technologies continue to be used to control heat-related illnesses. Therefore, it is critically important to gather key strategies for employer implementation and user-interface considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disability insurance represents a significant economic burden within Brazil's social security system, yet long-term cost trends across disease groups remain understudied, hindering informed prevention and management strategies. Hospital costs, which account for approximately 40% of direct healthcare expenses, were selected as a comparative reference to contextualize the economic burden of disability insurance. Objective: This study analyzes long-term cost trends of newly granted disability insurance by disease groups in Brazil, comparing them to public health system hospitalization expenses. Method: This ecological time series study applied the inflection point regression model and Annual Average Percentage Change (AAPC) analysis, utilizing open-access federal government datasets. Annual rates and costs of disability insurance and hospitalizations were examined, categorized by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) groups, and standardized per insured individuals and the general population. Results: Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of temporary disability insurance granted (406 per 10,000 insureds) was 94% higher than permanent disability insurance (24 per 10,000), with women showing slightly higher rates but men incurring higher costs. The overall annual average rate of granted disability insurance (430 per 10,000 insureds) and its costs (BRL 5,084 per 100 insureds) were lower than those of hospitalizations (525 per 10,000 and BRL 5,870 per 100 Brazilians, respectively). Disabilities due to injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental health problems had the highest rates (126, 89, and 40 per 10,000 insureds, respectively) and costs (BRL 1,455, 1,076, and 533 per 100 insureds, respectively). Neoplasms showed the only increasing trend in granted rates (AAPC 2.5%). The cost growth of granted disability insurance (AAPC 6.2%) was twice that of hospitalization costs (AAPC 2.9%), with disability insurance costs surpassing hospitalization expenses by 2018. Although most disease groups exhibited stable or declining trends in granted rates, costs increased across nearly all conditions. Conclusion: The rising costs of disability insurance in Brazil highlight the growing economic burden of non-medical expenses and the need for evidence-based policies focused on prevention, management, and the sustainability of the social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing prevalence of posture-related spinal disorders among working professionals has emerged as a significant occupational health concern. Poor posture significantly impacts spinal anatomy and function, leading to musculoskeletal disorders and reduced quality of life. METHODS: The prospective observational study was conducted over 6 months at Katihar Medical College, Bihar. A total of 408 working professionals between the ages of 25 and 45 years were included in the study. The postural assessment was done through Postural Assessment Software and 3D motion capture systems. The spinal alignment was assessed with digital radiography and surface topography. Assessed the functional outcomes using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Neck Disability Index (NDI). Electromyography was used to record muscle activation patterns. Results:The 78.9% reported forward head posture, with 45.6% having moderate functional disability as measured by ODI scores. EMG analysis showed higher muscle activation in poor posture compared to normal posture (p<0.001). A strong association was found between extended working hours and postural problems with 84.7% reporting postural issues among those who work more than 9 hours a day. The lowest mean VAS scores were observed for lower back pain (6.2±1.1) followed by neck pain (5.8±1.2). Conclusion: Results indicate a high correlation between posture and spinal dysfunction among working professionals, suggesting immediate intervention and early preventive measures. Regular assessments of postural habits and ergonomic interventions in the context of workplace health programs appear to be a good solution for reducing posture-related spinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are different types of transportation facilities available in India, such as rail, water, and air transportation. In India, the auto rickshaw is a popular mode of public transport. Auto rickshaws are the next most commonly reported mode of transportation, used by 38% of rural households and 47% of urban households, respectively. This study addresses the occupational hazards experienced by auto-rickshaw drivers, as well as health issues such as musculoskeletal problems. Long rides and extended periods of sitting may increase the risk of lumbar spine damage, back discomfort, and stiffness. The purpose of the study is to assess and identify postural abnormalities, such as hypolordosis and hyperlordosis, among auto-rickshaw drivers in a suburban area of a state in India. Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of lumbar spinal posture deviation among auto rickshaw drivers. Method: It is an observational study. Specific selection criteria were set, and participants were chosen through convenience sampling, with a sample size of 167 auto-rickshaw drivers from Gautam Buddh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Auto-rickshaw drivers aged 20 to 50 years were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from each individual. A digital inclinometer was used to determine the lumbo-sacral angle (LSA) for the lumbar curvature. Anthropometric factors such as age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Result: The study shows a significant prevalence of hypolordosis, with 83.8% of drivers displaying this postural abnormality. In addition, 4.8% of drivers showed hyperlordosis, whereas 11.4% had a normal lumbar curvature. Furthermore, the study analyzes the prevalence of postural abnormalities among age groups. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need to address postural irregularities among auto-rickshaw drivers, highlighting the prevalence of lumbar spinal posture deviation and the need for efforts to improve working conditions and promote proper posture. Future studies should be planned and executed to focus on developing tailored treatments and ergonomic measures to enhance the well-being of auto-rickshaw drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Police officers constitute a work force at high risk due to their highly demanding work conditions. In a realistic paradigm, these conditions, and other determinants of their psychological health, can be linked to a multitude of variables that interplay altogether. However, current literature that simultaneously models–quantitatively from observed data–such a multitude of variables is sparse. This study took upon this objective to further theoretical and applied understandings through a measurement framework on empirical data, and allow the data to drive some features of model development, such as variable groupings into factors, and paths between factors. Methods: A total of 1312 officers from various police bureaus fully responded to a questionnaire composed of validated instruments for assessing factors related to psychological and occupational health, consisting of more than 25 variables. Statistical analyses were performed in progressing complexity, namely t-tests, correlations, multiple regression, factor analysis, and path analysis with latent factors. Results: The regression analysis identified 10 significant variables, in which decision latitude, organizational justice, and work recognition/meaning were the most protective, and these 10 variables coincided with those found significant in the t-test and correlational results. In higher complexity, the latent path analysis resulted in a model of 6 factors: Psychological Health, Organizational Constraints, Trauma Exposure, Perceived Resources, Sense of Agency, and Esteem. Organizational Constraints (β = -0.32, inferred by psychological demands and role conflict), Perceived Resources (β = 0.31, social support, a self/work-esteem subfactor, and organizational justice), Sense of Agency (β = 0.30, decision latitude, hierarchical position, right to carry a firearm), and Trauma Exposure (β = -0.14, frequency/time since event, used a firearm, years of service) were found significantly associated with Psychological Health. Within each factor, specific variables could be identified as the most associated, such as role conflict for constraints, self/work-esteem for resources, decision latitude for agency, and frequency of and time since trauma for trauma exposure. Our results therefore encourage us to take into account not only agency, but also past professional experiences in models for managing well-being. Conclusions: Providing police officers with social support at work, recognition, work meaning, fair proceedings and pay (organizational justice, especially for female and young officers), decision-making power (decision latitude), and minimizing conflictual information and procedures (role conflict) is of utmost importance. Officers with higher years of service, working in lower population cities, and who recently used their firearm, should be considered for trauma counseling. The degree of psychological demands of police officers should be regularly assessed, and reduced if possible. Reminders of support and integration in the force for officers with variables linked to a perceived lack of agency may be useful in their facing work challenges. Future integrative modeling research may be crucial to better understanding the relative contribution of each variable and their interplay in realistic settings, providing also a framework for measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]