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Mandibular fractures account for over 50% of all facial fractures in children, with the majority of these occurring at the condyle. There is currently no consensus on the management of mandibular condyle fractures in the paediatric population. Treatment options range from conservative management, with or without maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) and physiotherapy, to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). This was a retrospective review of all patients who attended Alder Hey Children's Hospital with fractured condyle(s) between the years 2000 and 2015. All patients were managed non-surgically and included those managed conservatively and/or with MMF. The following variables were recorded: age, sex, mechanism of injury, concomitant mandibular fractures, imaging, SORG classification, complications and follow-up intervals. The following exclusion criteria applied: patients who underwent open reduction internal fixation of their condylar fracture and patients aged 16 years or over. Forty-nine patients (38 male, 11 female) underwent non-surgical management of condylar fractures during the 15-year study period. The mean age at time of injury was 12 years (range 2–15 years). The etiology of fractures comprised mechanical falls (n = 22), assault (n = 14), sport (n = 5), road traffic accident (n = 3), epileptic fit (n = 1), and unknown mechanism (n = 4). The mean length of hospital stay was 3 days, ranging from 0 to 14 days. Thirty-seven patients had a concomitant mandibular fracture and 12 had an isolated unilateral condylar fracture. Follow-up intervals ranged from 1 to 133 weeks, with a median length of 12 weeks. Fifteen patients underwent MMF, while 34 had soft diet and physiotherapy only. Ninety-two per cent of patients had no complications. No patient had failure of treatment requiring a return to theatre and/or ORIF. Occlusion, interincisal distance, asymmetry and TMJ symptoms were examined in 43/49 patients who attended their postoperative appointments. Four patients (8%) had complications in the postoperative period, namely: lateral open bite (n = 2), deviation to the affected side on wide opening (n = 1), and non-specific TMJ dysfunction (n = 1). None of these patients presented with any subjective symptoms and none developed asymmetry or needed any further surgical intervention. Paediatric and adolescent mandibular condyle fractures can be safely and predictably managed using conservative methods. In our, albeit small, study cohort all patients were managed conservatively, and all had a satisfactory outcome with no requirement for further operative intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical evaluation of bibliographic aids in the field of Latin Americana outlines the content and value of six recent aids published in Mexico which are useful tools for acquisitions librarians, bookshops, and individuals and organizations. Full bibliographical details and addresses of lesser known publishers are given in footnotes. (EJS)

The acquisition and implementation at Arizona State University of a fourth-generation language product to facilitate end-user access to institutional data are described. Some problems encountered are included, as are discussions of training and security considerations. (Author/MLW)

The article offers information on effort to reducing the energy use of separations by modifying distillation columns and replacing them with membranes. Topics include implementing retrofitted hybrid separation systems and demonstrate potential cost and energy savings; and to increase the distillate temperature to meet membrane system specifications.

We describe a method for extending radial distribution functions obtained from molecular simulations of pure and mixed molecular fluids to arbitrary distances. The method allows total correlation function integrals to be reliably calculated from simulations of relatively small systems. The long-distance behavior of radial distribution functions is determined by requiring that the corresponding direct correlation functions follow certain approximations at long distances. We have briefly described the method and tested its performance in previous communications [R. Wedberg, J. P. O'Connell, G. H. Peters, and J. Abildskov, Mol. Simul. 36, 1243 (2010); Fluid Phase Equilib. 302, 32 (2011)], but describe here its theoretical basis more thoroughly and derive long-distance approximations for the direct correlation functions. We describe the numerical implementation of the method in detail, and report numerical tests complementing previous results. Pure molecular fluids are here studied in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble with isothermal compressibilities evaluated from the total correlation function integrals and compared with values derived from volume fluctuations. For systems where the radial distribution function has structure beyond the sampling limit imposed by the system size, the integration is more reliable, and usually more accurate, than simple integral truncation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impacts of political risks on airline strategies are analyzed. • Significant differences in performance between LCC and FSCs during a crisis were identified. • Operational strategies during a political crisis can differ depending on the type of airlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses role of vapor property nonidealities in chemical process simulations. It mentions that distillation, supercritical extraction, gas separation, and reactions are all common chemical processes that involve gases and vapors. It reveals that chemical engineers obtain these properties from equations of state (EoS).

Highlights • We use an ARMA-GARCH model that examines changes in tourism to European terrorism. • Traffic flows are found to fall despite significant fare reductions. • Traffic varies substantially based on the flight origin and ticket-type purchased. • Business travel slows substantially due to duty of care for corporate transport. • Fare response was unable to mitigate substantial reductions in passenger demand. Abstract This paper estimates the influence of terrorist attacks on European tourism through the short-term post hoc response of the airline industry and passengers. We use a seasonally-adjusted ARMA-GARCH methodology on unique datasets that examine changes in tourism as measured by ASKs, seats filled and changes in both fares and revenues. Traffic flows are found to fall despite significant fare reductions; however, this response varies substantially based on the flight origin and ticket-type purchased. We found that business travel slows substantially due to duty of care legislation for corporate transport. While we found evidence indicating substantial airline fare reductions, in the majority of investigated cases this response was unable to mitigate substantial reductions in passenger demand and flows across varying ticket types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]