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At present it is known that in addition to establish and maintain a normal intestinal health, the intestinal microbiota can exacerbate a multitude of diseases, ranging from colorectal cancer to autoimmune and allergic diseases [1]. The interest in studying the human microbiome, its diversity and human-microorganism interactions has been developing in the last years, as such it has been made available immense information in this area. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O organismo humano adulto sustenta, de forma saudável, uma comunidade de microrganismos incluindo bactérias, archaea, eucarya, vírus e seus elementos genéticos que constituem o microbiota humano. O trato gastrointestinal humano contém cerca de 1014 células microbianas, principalmente habitando o cólon, e representam mais de 1000 tipos de bactérias. As bactérias mais predominantes são os membros do filo dos Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes. Este microbiota mantém uma relação de simbiose com o hospedeiro em que ambas as partes beneficiam, pois este estabelece e mantém a saúde intestinal normal, contribuindo para o desempenho de funções metabólicas, nomeadamente, na absorção de nutrientes e no desenvolvimento da resposta imunitária e pode exacerbar variadas doenças, quando ocorre disbiose, ou seja, o seu desequilíbrio info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Franciene Aguiar (franciene.aguiar@ucb.br) on 2019-03-07T17:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AliceVieiraNunesTCCGraduacao2018.pdf: 582355 bytes, checksum: 88d622fc36d9365b979f291a81eb60bc (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2019-03-18T17:30:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AliceVieiraNunesTCCGraduacao2018.pdf: 582355 bytes, checksum: 88d622fc36d9365b979f291a81eb60bc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T17:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AliceVieiraNunesTCCGraduacao2018.pdf: 582355 bytes, checksum: 88d622fc36d9365b979f291a81eb60bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 Este trabalho refere-se a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática de Psicologia da Aviação na área militar das Forças Armadas do Brasil, em que buscou compreender como se dá a atuação do profissional psicólogo neste campo. O trabalho tem como objetivo verificar, a partir da literatura da área, o papel do psicólogo da aviação, mais especificamente da Aviação Militar das Forças Armadas do Brasil. O tema foi discutido por meio de artigos analisados e apresentados em categorias partindo-se do detalhamento da atuação prática do psicólogo. Por fim, foi abordada a regulamentação do exercício do cargo. Os resultados finais apontam uma atuação voltada para promoção e garantia da segurança aérea. Notou-se também a importância da psicologia no meio aeronáutico pela busca em compreender as capacidades e limitações dos seres humanos, processos comportamentais, reações individuais e seus efeitos quando expostos ao ambiente aéreo. Trata-se de um assunto que requer mais estudos e pesquisas, logo, sugere-se uma maior fundamentação teórica sobre a temática e realização de pesquisas empíricas. This work refers to a bibliographical research on the subject of Aviation Psychology in the military area of the Armed Forces of Brazil, in which it sought to understand how the professional psychologist works in this field. The paper aims to verify, from the literature of the area, the role of the aviation psychologist, more specifically the Military Aviation of the Armed Forces of Brazil. The theme was discussed through articles analyzed and presented in categories starting from the detail of the practical action of the psychologist. Finally, the regulation of the exercise of the position was discussed. The final results point to an action focused on promoting and guaranteeing air safety. It was also noted the importance of psychology in the aeronautical environment for the search to understand the capacities and limitations of human beings, behavioral processes, individual reactions and their effects when exposed to the air environment. This is a subject that requires more studies and research, so it is suggested a greater theoretical foundation on the subject and conducting empirical research.

In High Nature Value Farmland areas such as the woodlands locally known as ‘montado’, increasing tree cover is a nature-based solution to mitigate land degradation which leads to loss of productivity and increase susceptibility to climate change. In the Mediterranean dryland areas, native tree species such as Holm-oak provide important ecosystem services. Tree cover provides shadow and food for animals, contributes to soil organic matter and protects soil from erosion, increasing water infiltration and biodiversity, thus increasing woodlands’ resilience. However, Holm-oak trees are facing high mortality rates and low natural regeneration due to both environmental and anthropogenic factors, which call for reforestation actions. Yet, because of its high costs, reforestation must focus on the most degraded areas. Tracking tree canopy cover over space and time using remote-sensing techniques could allow land managers to understand which factors promote or hinder mortality, growth and regeneration at large spatial scales, and help to prioritize areas for restoration. Most studies evaluating tree cover use a space-for-time substitution, are rarely done over time, and address small areas, thus disregarding climate effects; those performing large-scale analysis (i.e. over space) of satellite images seldom provide ground-validated information. To overcome these limitations, this study uses satellite imagery to quantify spatial and temporal changes in tree cover. This was done relating normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to aerial photography photointerpretation, over a precipitation gradient in a Mediterranean dryland area. Dry-season NDVI was positively related with tree canopy cover changes, both over space and time. The spatial–temporal models developed here were then validated with independent data and applied over a large area to create regional maps of changes in Holm-oak canopy cover over space and time. Thus, NDVI based-data can be used in large-scale assessments of Holm-oak canopy cover. Our findings provide an important tool to improve forest management strategies, e.g. by enabling to map and quantify tree cover decline, and to prioritize areas for reforestation, thus improving ecosystem services delivery in Holm-oak woodlands, such as improving farmland productivity and resilience to climate change.

Over the last decade there has been an increase in the use of short sales by mutual funds, however research on this phenomenon is still scarce. Previous empirical studies on traditional mutual funds provide evidence of a negative net performance but overall research on short sellers indicates the existence of skill. Thus, the question arises of whether mutual funds engaging in short sales are able to earn abnormal returns. Using detailed data on portfolio holdings, one shows that these mutual funds generate statistically significant annual abnormal returns of 4 and 3 percent in both their short and long positions, respectively.

Doutoramento em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais É crucial entender o impacto das alterações climáticas nos ecossistemas áridos, pois estas poderão agravar a desertificação e degradação dos solos, comprometendo o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e os serviços a eles associados. Os atributos funcionais ligam as espécies aos processos do ecossistema, fornecendo um entendimento mecanicista da sua resposta ao clima. O principal objectivo desta tese foi modelar a resposta de ecossistemas áridos ao clima com base em atributos funcionais de plantas (AFP), usando um gradiente climático espacial para prever alterações no tempo. Pretendeu-se assim selecionar um indicador baseado em AFP para monitorizar os efeitos do clima, e contribuir para melhorar as estratégias de gestão e restauro de zonas áridas. Embora a maioria das métricas de diversidade funcional requeiram a quantificação dos AFP no campo, não existia consenso sobre qual o melhor método para ser usado à escala global. Comparámos diferentes métodos, e demonstrámos as vantagens do método dos quadrados pontuais na monitorização de fina-escala dos AFP em zonas áridas. Desconhecia-se quais os principais AFP que respondiam à aridez, o que é essencial para o seu uso como indicadores de alterações no ecossistema. Identificámos nove AFP que respondem à aridez. Esta afectou a respectiva média, e reduziu a diversidade funcional. O uso de gradientes climáticos no espaço para prever alterações no tempo, requer a comparação de ambos os padrões, para a respectiva validação. Verificámos que as variações climáticas entre anos afectam os AFP, indicando que as mudanças funcionais são transitórias. Contudo, a diversidade funcional diminuiu em condições climáticas mais limitantes. Assim, face a uma maior aridez, espera-se que os padrões de resposta no tempo convirjam para os verificados no espaço. Os AFP podem responder de forma mais previsível ao clima do que a diversidade de espécies. Desenvolvemos um indicador de diversidade funcional baseado em múltiplos AFP, que diminuiu de forma monotónica não-linear com a aridez, mostrando ter maior capacidade preditora da resposta ao clima do que a diversidade de espécies. Os factores biofísicos locais modulam o efeito do clima na vegetação. Verificámos que os factores topo-edáficos têm um papel chave nos AFP envolvidos na colonização por arbustos. Os factores climáticos pouco influíram, sugerindo que as alterações climáticas não promoverão a colonização por arbustos. Os AFP podem ser uma ferramenta essencial no restauro de zonas áridas. Apresentámos uma visão geral sobre projectos de restauro, mostrando a necessidade de uma melhor integração dos AFP no restauro de zonas áridas. Ao demonstrar que os AFP são indicadores consistentes do impacto do clima nos ecossistemas, contribuímos para melhorar as previsões dos efeitos das alterações climáticas nas zonas áridas, e desenvolvemos um indicador que pode ser usado para mapear áreas em risco de desertificação e degradação do solo, potencialmente a uma escala global. It is crucial to anticipate the impacts of climate change on drylands, as it may aggravate desertification and land degradation, hampering ecosystems functioning and associated services. Functional traits determine species’ responses to environment, and their influence on ecosystem processes, thus providing a mechanistic tool to monitor ecosystems’ response to climate. The main aim of this thesis was to model the response of Mediterranean dryland ecosystems to climate, based on plant functional traits (PFT), using a spatial climatic gradient to predict changes over time. It aimed at selecting a traitbased indicator to track climate change effects on drylands, and contribute to improve land management and restoration strategies to mitigate land degradation. Although most trait-based metrics require the quantification of PFT in the field, there is no consensus about the best plant-sampling method to do it, to be used at a global scale. By comparing the performance of different methods, we demonstrated the advantages of the point-intercept method to perform fine-scale monitoring of PFT in drylands. Understanding which PFT respond to climate is essential to their use as indicators of ecosystems´ changes. Yet, this is not well established in drylands. We identified nine PFT responding to aridity. It affected PFT means, and reduced functional diversity. Studying climatic gradients in space to infer changes over time, requires a validation between the two. We found that inter-annual climatic fluctuations greatly affected PFT, indicating that functional changes are transitory. Yet, functional diversity was reduced under more limiting climatic conditions. Hence, we hypothesize that if drier conditions prevail in time, changes over time will approach those found along space. PFT are likely to respond in a more predictable way to environment than species diversity. We built a multi-trait functional diversity indicator, which showed a monotonic non-linear decrease with increasing aridity, responding in a more predictable way to climate than species diversity. Local biophysical factors modulate the effect of climate on plant communities. We explored the relative effect of these factors, and found that topo-edaphic factors played a major role shaping PFT associated to shrub encroachment. Climatic factors had a minor influence, suggesting that climate change will not promote shrub encroachment in Mediterranean drylands. PFT may be an important tool to improve dryland restoration. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current restoration practice in Mediterranean drylands, showing the need for a better integration of trait-based ecology into dryland restoration. By showing that PFT are consistent indicators of the impact of climate on dryland ecosystems, this work contributed to improve predictions on the effects of climate change on drylands, and enabled the development of a trait-based indicator which can be used to map areas at risk of desertification and land degradation, potentially at a global scale.

Fundamento: A espiritualidade pode influenciar a maneira com que os pacientes lidam com sua doença. Objetivos: Avaliamos a possibilidade de a espiritualidade influenciar a adesão ao tratamento de pacientes ambulatoriais com insuficiência cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes ambulatoriais com insuficiência cardíaca, cuja adesão ao tratamento multidisciplinar foi avaliada. Os pacientes foram avaliados sobre qualidade de vida, depressão, religiosidade e espiritualidade, utilizando questionários validados. Foram obtidas correlações entre adesão e variáveis psicossociais de interesse. Modelos de regressão logística exploraram preditores independentes de adesão. Resultados: Cento e trinta pacientes (idade 60 ± 13 anos; 67% masculinos) foram entrevistados. Observou-se adequado escore de adesão em 38,5% dos pacientes. Nem a depressão ou a religiosidade foram correlacionados à adesão, quando avaliados separadamente. É interessante notar que quando a espiritualidade foi avaliada por ambos, o somatório total de score (r = 0,26; p = 0,003) e os domínios específicos, ela estava positivamente correlacionada à adesão. Por fim, a combinação de espiritualidade, religiosidade e crenças pessoais mostrou-se um preditor independente de adesão quando ajustado às características demográficas, clínicas e a instrumentos psicossociais. Conclusão: Espiritualidade, religiosidade e crenças pessoais foram as únicas variáveis consistentemente associadas à adesão em relação à medicação em uma coorte de pacientes ambulatoriais com insuficiência cardíaca. Nossos dados sugerem que abordar adequadamente esses aspectos no cuidado com o paciente pode auxiliar a melhorar o padrão de adesão no complexo tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca. Background: Spirituality may influence how patients cope with their illness. Objectives: We assessed whether spirituality may influence adherence to management of outpatients with heart failure. Methods: Cross sectional study enrolling consecutive ambulatory heart failure patients in whom adherence to multidisciplinary treatment was evaluated. Patients were assessed for quality of life, depression, religiosity and spirituality utilizing validated questionnaires. Correlations between adherence and psychosocial variables of interest were obtained. Logistic regression models explored independent predictors of adherence. Results: One hundred and thirty patients (age 60 ± 13 years; 67% male) were interviewed. Adequate adherence score was observed in 38.5% of the patients. Neither depression nor religiosity was correlated to adherence, when assessed separately. Interestingly, spirituality, when assessed by both total score sum (r = 0.26; p = 0.003) and by all specific domains, was positively correlated to adherence. Finally, the combination of spirituality, religiosity and personal beliefs was an independent predictor of adherence when adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics and psychosocial instruments. Conclusions: Spirituality, religiosity and personal beliefs were the only variables consistently associated with compliance to medication in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure. Our data suggest that adequately addressing these aspects on patient’s care may lead to an improvement in adherence patterns in the complex heart failure management.

The aim of this report is to illustrate by means of a series of case studies the implementation of mapping and assessment of forest ecosystem services in different contexts and geographical levels. Methodological aspects, data issues, approaches, limitations, gaps and further steps for improvement are analysed for providing good practices and decision making guidance. The EU initiative on Mapping and Assessment of the state of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), with the support of all Member States, contributes to improve the knowledge on ecosystem services. MAES is one of the building-block initiatives supporting the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020., JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climate

Este relatório discorre sobre a experiência profissional da proponente na área da arquitetura paisagista através do exercício de funções de prática projetual e de gestão numa divisão essencialmente vocacionada para a intervenção operacional no espaço aberto público, assim como pretende evidenciar o percurso de aprendizagem que lhe está associado. A explanação de um diversificado conjunto de estudos e projetos, na sua grande maioria implementados ou divulgados, procura refletir sobre a abrangência do conhecimento e dos níveis de atuação do arquiteto paisagista, colocando em evidência as competência profissionais necessárias para uma boa execução e operacionalização dos projetos. O presente trabalho coloca em evidência o facto de que a prática das intervenções levadas a cabo está sempre necessariamente associada a um processo de reflexão e investigação de natureza mais teórica, implícito nos modelos conceituais dos projetos de arquitetura paisagista, nos programas de sensibilização ambiental e nas considerações sobre o território e a paisagem; ### ABSTRACT: Syntheses of Professional Activities Carried out in the Municipality of Vila do Conde between 1995 and 2012 This report presents the learning process and the personal experience of the applicant in the field of the landscape architecture. Mostly, managerial practice and project conception are described. Personal intervention took place across the last twenty years in an official department mostly oriented towards operational intervention in green spaces. The capacity to perform a large and diversified number of studies and projects, most of them implemented, highlights the need of a broad level of knowledge and competences landscape architect must possess to be successful in its daily tasks. This report seeks to demonstrate that all kind of field interventions must be supported by a theoretical reflection framework and a continuous searching process of information. This approach must be applied to landscape architecture projects, environmental awareness programs and studies on the territory and the landscape.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of drug use among young college students is increasing. This gives cause for special concern to medical students who will later confront the consequences of the drug problems both in the classroom as well as in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is the evaluation of medical students ' attitudes towards drug abuse in the academic environment; comparing these with respect to different kinds of drugs - illegal, legal, and alcohol exclusively. METHODS: Three different versions of a self-completed questionnaire (approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Project Evaluation) were ministered to groups of equal numbers of medical students attending the University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine - FMUSP (Brazil). Each questionnaire focused on illegal drugs, legal drugs, and alcohol. RESULTS: The results indicated a significant difference in the students ' attitudes regarding intervention for the different types of drug abuse. There was also indication of a difference in the students ' opinions regarding the roles that colleagues, relatives, and health professionals undertake in dealing with these issues, including the respective treatment plans for drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students tend to be more tolerant of alcohol consumption, considering themselves to be less vulnerable to alcohol abuse. Therefore, harmful consequences may not be apparent until an incapacitating level of dysfunction affects the individual on both a personal and professional level. CONTEXTO: A prevalência do uso de drogas tem aumentado entre os jovens universitários, trazendo preocupação adicional aos estudantes de medicina que irão se deparar com as conseqüências desse problema durante o período de formação e na prática clínica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as atitudes dos estudantes de medicina diante do abuso de drogas por colegas do meio acadêmico, comparando-as quanto às diferentes drogas envolvidas (ilícitas, lícitas e exclusivamente álcool). MÉTODOS: Três versões de um questionário de auto-administração, aprovado pela Comissão de Ética para Análise de Projetos de Pesquisa, foram distribuídas em igual número para diferentes grupos de estudantes de medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), sendo o enfoque de cada um deles as drogas lícitas, as ilícitas e o álcool. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que existe diferença na atitude intervencionista dos estudantes diante do abuso de diferentes drogas. Também houve diferença ao considerarem a participação dos colegas, familiares e profissionais na abordagem do problema e quanto ao plano de tratamento nos casos de abuso. CONCLUSÕES: Os estudantes são mais tolerantes e consideram-se menos vulneráveis ao abuso do álcool, e, portanto, os prejuízos podem não ser percebidos até que haja uma disfuncionalidade incapacitante no campo pessoal e profissional.

Forests contribute directly to ecosystem structure and functioning, maintaining biodiversity, acting as a climate regulator and reducing desertification. To better manage forests, it is essential to have high-resolution forest models and appropriate spatial-explicit variables able to explain tree cover at different scales, including the management scale. Most tree cover models rely only on broad-scale variables (>500 m), such as macroclimate, while only few studies include also local-scale variables (

Mestrado em Biologia dos Recursos Vegetais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia / Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade de Lisboa Mediterranean drylands are expected to become drier due to climate change. This may aggravate desertification by increasing dryland susceptibility to land degradation, leading to the loss of biodiversity and ability to provide ecosystem services. In Mediterranean Basin drylands, a large area is occupied by oak woodlands, a semi-natural agro-silvopastoral system called Montado in Portugal. In the drier areas, where Montado seems to act as a buffer against desertification, the dominant tree species is Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia), However, in the last decades, a declining trend has been reported for Holm oak woodlands, mostly attributed to unsustainable land management, biotic factors and to an increase in aridity at a regional scale. Also, at a local scale, it has been shown that microclimate conditions driven by topography have a major influence on this species natural regeneration rates. Over the last decades, many (re)afforestation with Holm oak have been implemented to revert Montado’s decline and combat desertification, although not always successful. The aim of this work was to study the effect of macro- and microclimate on Holm oak performance, specifically on acorn germination and first summer seedling survival. Holm oak acorns were collected along a climatic gradient based on long-term precipitation (30 yrs.), resulting in 6 macroclimate provenances. In 2 sites, the driest and the wettest sites of the gradient, areas with contrasting microclimates were selected using Potential Solar Radiation (PSR) as a proxy of microclimate conditions. Holm oak performance was, thus, studied along a macroclimate gradient and in microclimate contrasting conditions. Holm oak acorns from each provenance where characterized biometrically and acorn production evaluated. Germination of acorns and seedling survival were evaluated under greenhouse similar conditions and in the field under contrasting macro- and microclimate conditions. We found that macro- and microclimatic provenance influences acorn size and germination. Drier sites and more exposed areas (higher PSR) had bigger acorns with higher germination. Field conditions did not seem to affect germination but rather the first summer seedling survival. The survival of Holm oak seedlings to the first summer was significantly higher in the wetter site and in less exposed areas than in the drier site and in more exposed areas. This work provides guidelines to increase Holm oak seedling quantity and quality in nurseries to be used in (re)afforestation plans and to improve Holm oak young seedling survival, either by focusing (re)afforestation in microclimatic favorable areas (using remote sensing derived information like PSR), or by providing additional assistance to seedlings growing in drier and/or more exposed areas. In addition, it may also help to better understand Holm oak seedling mortality and/or natural regeneration patterns. Hence, these findings may contribute to improve the success of Holm oak (re)afforestation as a critical restoration tool to combat desertification in Portuguese drylands, and revert Holm oak Montado’s decline, particularly under a climate change scenario N/A