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Yoga is an effective complementary approach to health maintenance and promotion for College women and has been demonstrated to support many dimensions of psychological wellbeing, from everyday stress to anxiety, aggression, and coping with health challenges. The Purpose of the present investigation was to find out the effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing and Meditation practices on psychological variables (stress and aggression). To achieve this purpose, 45 women students were selected randomly as subjects from various department from Annamalai university, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram. And their age between 18 to 25 years. They were divided into three equal groups namely Alternate Nostril Breathing practices group, Meditation practices group and control group. The Alternate Nostril Breathing practices group and Meditation groups did train for all Six weeks. The pre and post test were taken for all subjects before and after the training, respectively. The data pertaining to the variables in this were examined by using dependent T- test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The six weeks of Alternate Nostril Breathing practices group and Meditation practices group practices on psycho logical variables improved the among the students.

The goal of this study is to address the soft tissue element of this deformity (in addition to the essential skeletal element) and evaluate its value in the final outcome. Soft tissue element includes modifying the shape of the nostril by direct incisions and augmenting the nasal sill by composite grafts. The current study is a randomized controlled trial study performed. Twenty patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity were included during the period from November 2016 to December 2018. Patients were recruited from Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinics in Beni-Suef University Hospital and randomly allocated into two groups: group (A) included 10 patients underwent skeletal reconstruction only (standardized technique), while group (B) included 10 patients underwent, in addition to skeletal reconstruction, and soft tissue manipulation (the new technique). The results showed that there was no statistical difference between both groups regarding hemicolumellar length, hemitip height, alar width length and domal angel. Linear and angular measurements showed improvement in both groups without difference. Subjectively, patient satisfaction and peer review showed no significant difference.

Background and Aim: EETA (Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach) is a preferred choice for pituitary tumors. EETA offers minimal invasiveness, fewer complications, and better outcomes than the sublabial or transseptal microscopic approach. EETA has three approaches: mononostril endoscopic transsphenoidal approach, binostril endoscopic transsphenoidal approach, and one and a half nostril approach. This study aims to compare three different EETAs and compare between microscopic transsphenoidal approach, transcranial approach and EETA. Methods and Materials/Patients: To provide up-to-date information, we concisely reviewed these three EETAs. Using the keywords of “neuroendoscopy”, “META” (Mononostril Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach), “OETA” (One and a half nostril Approach), “BETA” (Binostril Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach), “pituitary adenoma”, “EETA”, “endoscopy”, “transsphenoidal approach”, “transcranial approach for pituitary adenoma” and “microscopic transsphenoidal approach”. We retrieved all the relevant articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. Then, we reviewed them and critically analyzed them. Results: In BETA there is free and easy movement of surgical instruments in the surgical field and a broader view of the sphenoid sinus and it is an excellent approach to resect large tumors. The META is suitable in tumors with limited involvement of the intra-sellar and supra-sellar area. The mononostril approach is not suitable and has some limitations for the following situations: a crowded narrow nasal cavity, a harder tumor with the invasive appearance or significant suprasellar extension, and lesions other than pituitary adenomas. The OETA provides a sufficient surgical corridor for a 2-surgeon/4 or 3-hands technique with a minimal injury of the nose and good operative results, free and easy movement of surgical instruments in the surgical field, low post-operative morbidity, and good post-operative quality of life. Conclusion: In EETA, knowing the size and consistency of tumor, general versus invasive pituitary adenoma, and the extent of parasellar and suprasellar extension, is essential. If we cannot reach a pituitary macroadenoma with a trans-sphenoidal approach, then we can use a transcranial approach for the removal of the tumor. The microscopic transsphenoidal approach is suitable for pediatric pituitary adenoma

Background For an attractive and natural tip contour in Asian rhinoplasty, insertion of a nasal implant and reinforcement of the cartilaginous framework are essential. However, scar contracture, which often results from augmentation with implant insertion and inadequate soft tissue coverage of the framework, is one of the most common causes of alar retraction. This study reports a novel method of redraping soft tissue along the alar rim to prevent alar retraction in Asians. Methods Twenty young Asian men who underwent primary rhinoplasty with septoplasty were retrospectively reviewed. After the usual rhinoplasty procedures, alar rim redraping was conducted for the soft tissue along the transcolumellar and bilateral infracartilaginous incisions. The longest axis of the nostril (a) and the height of the nostril from that axis (b) were measured in anterior-posterior and lateral views. The preoperative and postoperative ratios (b/a) were analyzed using the paired t-test. Results All 20 patients showed natural contours of the nasal tip, nostrils, and alae after a mean follow-up of 53.6 weeks (range, 52–60 weeks). The ratio of the nostril axes significantly decreased postoperatively in all patients except one, by an average of 11.08%±6.52% in the anterior-posterior view and 17.74%±8.49% in the lateral view (P Conclusions A quantitative analysis of alar retraction by evaluating the ratio of nostril axes showed that alar rim redraping is a simple and effective adjuvant technique for preventing alar retraction in rhinoplasty for young Asian men.

Nose's Paranasal sinus & malignant melanoma are rarely seen, bold tumor with a prevalence rates of 0.68 percent across every malignant tumor. The neuroectodermal cells which are termed as Melanomas are found in skin's base layer, iris’s vascular intraocular coat, skin adnexa, & infrequently into outer covering of mucous. Blockage feeling of nose & bleeding from the nose are the symptoms which are most commonly reported, however patient may have symptoms that are nonspecific, leading to a delay in diagnosis which results in appropriate prediction of treatment's outcome. This study defines a 70 years female with the history of nose blockage feeling. Physicians suggest performing Nose’s CT scan, in which they came to know that large polypoidal portion in right nostril, extending to the nasopharynx, and eroded part of the sinus wall, septum and right medial pterygoid plate. Immunochemical study done revealed positive results for S100, vimentin, & HMB-45, which made the outcome suitable for tumor. An individual suffering from this will have no recurrence.

Introduction: It is a known fact that elderly males have a faster reaction time than females, and females exhibit greater pain sensitivity than males. Results on body core temperature between genders are inconsistent. Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) exercises were known to modulate the autonomic nervous system. The present study was done to find whether such differences between elderly males and females on pain sensitivity, body temperature and reaction time still persisted after ANB exercises. Objectives: 1. To measure the pain sensitivity, body temperature and reaction time in elderly males and females; 2: To compare the effects of 30 minutes of ANB exercises on all these parameters between elderly males and females. Materials and Methods: 30 elderly males (n=14) and females (n=16) with a mean age of 70.3 years participated in the study. Pain sensitivity was measured with digital algometer, temperature with clinical thermometer and reaction time with choice time apparatus before and immediately after ANB exercises. Results: A significant decrease (

Physiological studies of the last century mapped a somatosensory cortical gyrus representing the pig's rostrum. Here, we describe the extraordinary correspondence of this gyrus to the rostrum. The pig rostrum is packed with microvibrissae (~470 per hemi-rostrum) and innervated by a prominent infraorbital nerve, containing about 80,000 axons. The pig's rostrum has three major skin-folds. The nostrils have a rectangular medial wall and a funnel-like lateral opening, nasal channels run obliquely from lateral (surface) to medial (inside). The rostrum gyrus mimics rostrum geometry in great detail. The putative representation of skin folds coincides with blood sinus and folds of the rostrum gyrus. The putative nostril representation is an oblique sulcus running from lateral (surface) to medial (inside). As observed in rodents, Layer 4 is thin in the nostril sulcus. The side of the nostril sulcus representing the medial wall of the nostril is rectangular, whereas the side of the nostril sulcus representing the lateral wall is funnel-like. Proportions and geometry of the rostrum and the rostrum gyrus are similar, albeit with a collapsed nostril and a larger interindividual variability in the gyrus. The pig's cortical rostrum gyrus receives dense thalamic innervation, has a thin Layer 1 and contains roughly 8 million neurons. With all that, the rostrum gyrus looks like a model of the pig rostrum at a scale of ~1:2. Our findings are reminiscent of the raccoon cortex with its forepaw-like somatosensory forepaw-representation. Representing highly relevant afferents in three-dimensional body-part-models might facilitate isomorphic cortical computations in large-brained tactile specialists.

Purpose Patients with poorly controlled allergic rhinitis (AR) experience nasal symptoms, sleep disturbances, activity impairment, and decreased quality-of-life (QoL). MP-AzeFlu is safe and effective for moderate-to-severe seasonal and perennial AR, but its impact on QoL requires investigation in the real-world, especially among phenotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated AR. This subanalysis of an observational study evaluated response to MP-AzeFlu via assessment of sleep quality and trouble with daily activities. Patients and methods This multicenter, prospective, non-interventional, real-life study included a convenience sample of patients with a history of moderate-to-severe AR presenting with acute AR symptoms (visual analog scale [VAS] ≥50 mm). Over approximately 14 days of treatment with MP-AzeFlu (137 µg azelastine HCL and 50 µg fluticasone propionate administered via single 0.137-mL spray in each nostril twice daily), changes in sleep quality and trouble with daily work, school, social, and outdoor activities were evaluated using a VAS for the entire study population and for four subgroups based on IgE response phenotype. VAS scores ranged from "not at all troubled" (0 mm) to "extremely troubled" (100 mm). Results Following MP-AzeFlu treatment, mean VAS scores for sleep quality impairment and work or school impairment decreased from 55.2 mm at baseline to 22.1 mm and 57.6 mm at baseline to 23.0 mm, respectively, after ~14 days. Similar results were observed for mean VAS scores for impairment of social activity (55.1 mm to 22.4 mm) and impairment of outdoor activity (64.4 mm to 25.0 mm). For all VAS scores, results were similar across populations, regardless of phenotype of IgE-mediated disease, comorbidity, age, and sex. Conclusion MP-AzeFlu relieves symptoms and improves patient-reported QoL, illustrated by better sleep quality and less impairment of work, school, social, and outdoor activities after 14 days. The QoL benefits of MP-AzeFlu were consistent regardless of the phenotype of IgE-mediated disease. Registration Clinical Trial Registration (CTR) Number: EUPAS23075. Trial Register Date: March 12, 2018. First patient visit; Last patient visit: February 2018; April 2019.

The olfactory organ of Channa punctata (Bloch) has been studied under light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The olfactory apparatus of C. punctata comprises of olfactory rosette, olfactory nerve, and olfactory bulb. Paired, oval shaped olfactory rosette present in the olfactory chamber on fish rostrum. Olfactory chamber opens externally via an anterior inlet and a posterior nostril outlet. Olfactory epithelium comprises of sensory and non-sensory regions. Sensory region is at basal part and non-sensory region is at proximal area of olfactory lamellae. In olfactory lamellae, sensory epithelium consists of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, goblet cells, mucous cell and white cell. Olfactory receptor cells are of two types microvillous and ciliated. In C. punctata, olfactory bulb is sessile and is attached to the telencephalon. Cells of olfactory bulb are organized in four concentric layers. Outer layer is olfactory nerve layer formed by axons of olfactory receptor cells. Inner to it is glomerular layer where axons of olfactory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of mitral cells. Next towards deeper part is mitral cell layer which comprises larger multipolar mitral cells. Central core is formed by granular cell layer with small granular cells.

Background The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been accepted as an alternative option for diseases at the craniovertebral junction. However, the inferior destination through the endoscopic endonasal approach is anatomically higher than that of the transoral approach. Therefore, preoperative assessment of accessibility is mandatory for appropriate selection of indication. Using a navigation system, we examined the inferior limit through the endonasal route and evaluated the relationships between surrounding anatomicl structures and the lowest point. Methods This study included patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for intrasellar lesions at our hospital (N = 23). At the start of surgery, the lowest point (target point [TP]) was marked with a straight probe under guidance of the navigation system. We measured 4 parameters on preoperative computed tomography: nasal length, hard palate length, anterior-posterior diameter of the nasopharynx, and nasopalatine angle. Patients were classified into groups depending on whether the TP was at or above (group A) or below (group B) the hard palatine line. Results TPs were above the hard palatine line in 15 patients (group A) and below the hard palatine line in 8 patients (group B). No TPs reached the nasopalatine line. Nasal length (P = 0.03) and nasopalatine angle (P = 0.01) were larger in group B than in group A. There were no significant differences in anterior-posterior diameter of the nasopharynx or hard palate length. Conclusions The hard palatine line is a reliable parameter for assessing the inferior limit of the endoscopic endonasal approach. Nostril size affects accessibility with surgical instruments.

Herein, we describe a case of an 81-year-old woman who was found hanged in the kneeling position, at the height of about 1.3 m, with anterior position of the knot. There were two downward directed stripes of dried blood coming out of the left nostril and left ear, while the right ear was filled with a small pool of blood. Since the hanging occurred in the kneeling position with the head "on top," it is likely that the anterior position of the knot, with only (partial) weight of the head pulling the noose, resulted in complete obstruction of the venous flow, but only partial obstruction of the arterial flow, probably including both carotid and vertebral arteries. The venous pressure rise was not caused by the position of the head, meaning that it required a "pump," that is, preserved circulation and heart function. The first finding that speaks in favor of this mechanism is the small pool of blood in the right external auditory canal, since its position is completely antigravitational. The second one, even more convincing, is the finding of the so-called trout phenomenon, that is, petechial bleeding on upper and lower eyelids and on the skin between the eyebrows, because this phenomenon requires impaired or obstructed venous return in the presence of continued arterial input. We can conclude that in this case of atypical, incomplete, suicidal hanging, otorrhagia was a vital reaction.

Hypertension is an abnormal increase in blood pressure in the arteries continuously for more than one period. Handling of hypertension can be done with secondary prevention such as nostril breathing and back massage techniques. This study aims to determine the effect of nostril breathing and back massage on lowering blood pressure in hypertension in the working area of Pertamina Jaya Hospital. The research design used was a quantitative research design with the research method Quasy Experiment pretest and posttest with the control group. The total sample was 76 respondents who experienced hypertension. The nostril breathing and back massage intervention group consisted of 38 respondents and the control group 38. Blood pressure was measured using a tool. The statistical test used is the dependent t-test and the results obtained are systolic 0.000 and p-value diastolic 0.000. Based on the results of the analysis, this non-pharmacological therapy affects reducing blood pressure.

Anatomical, histological, and histochemical investigations on the olfactory organ of the great blue spotted mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris were conducted using a stereo microscope, light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Analysis showed that B. pectinirostris has 1) a downward tubular anterior nostril, 2) slit posterior nostril, 3) ethmoidal and lacrimal accessory nasal sacs, 4) a continuous type of SE distribution, 5) olfactory receptor neuron cilia three to four times longer than the diameter of the knob, 6) a surface of supporting cells with long cilia, 7) a specific-histochemistry of mucous cell, and 8) cylindrical and large ion-exchanging cells with numerous mitochondria. Among these characteristics, some (3∼8) show clear differences in comparison to the sympatric mudskipper, Periophthalmus modestus. Such differences of the olfactory organ may reflect adaptive responses to aerial exposure and microhabitat for amphibious life. Also, the olfactory organ is considered a morphological differentiating characteristic, at least in the subfamily Oxudercinae.

In this study, a thermal imaging instrument was used to obtain facial thermal image information which was then used to calculate the number of breaths taken. However, small movements were inevitable and the first issue addressed was the means by which image calibration and region selection was to be made. To this end, thermal image sequence data calibration was done using technology that resolved small natural deviations in the nostril area. After these problems had been solved, a Hampel filter was used to process the nostril area signals. The independent component method was used to filter the effects of non-respiratory signals, and the least squares method was employed for smoothing. Savitzky-Golay filtering was used to adjust the signal baseline and the processed nostril region thermal image signals were compared with standard abdominal breathing band signals. Results showed that the difference in the number of breaths per minute was less than 1.5 times. The usual normal respiratory frequency range lies within a range of 0.1–0.5 Hz. In the calculation of ‘coherence obtained from MVAR model’, the spectral coherence analysis results showed the methods proposed in this study can substantially enhance the relevance between 0.15 and 0.2 Hz.

Background: Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) technique gave a new perspective to presurgical infant orthopedics. Nasal reconstruction presents a challenge for the plastic surgeons in case of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). PNAM facilitates the reshaping of the nasal cartilage and molding of maxillary arch preoperatively. This therapy not only aids the surgical repair of lip but also enhances the overall postsurgical results with negligible postoperative scar. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze nasal changes before and after PNAM in patients with complete UCLP. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of 22 ULCP patients who underwent PNAM before lip surgeries. A series of standard basilar view photographs in 1:1 ratio were taken, and linear measurements were done directly on the photographs. Results: After PNAM therapy, there was highly significant increase in the nostril height, nostril dome height, and columella length (P < 0.001*) and highly significant reduction in the nostril width and nasal basal width (P < 0.001*). Conclusion: Significant improvement in the nasal symmetry was found after PNAM therapy in patients with complete UCLP.

In an era with smartphone photography and social media (specifically, "selfies"), basal view aesthetics is becoming increasingly important. Achieving balance between the nasal base and the remainder of the nose and face while preserving or restoring external valve function are essential to a successful rhinoplasty. Without a systematic approach to the nasal base, it is more difficult to achieve an ideal outcome from both aesthetic and functional standpoints. This article outlines an organized and systematic approach to the nasal base, beginning with comprehensive nasofacial analysis. The authors continue by describing idealized basal view aesthetics and provide a treatment algorithm for common deformities that include alar flaring and a wide nasal base. The authors attempt to provide a comprehensive approach to the treatment of the nasal base by discussing the implications of treating columellar deformities, tip positioning, or alar-columellar discrepancies on the overall aesthetics of the lower third of the nose. Furthermore, technical considerations are given for common surgical maneuvers addressing the alar base to help guide treatment and prevent complications such as poor scarring, notching, nostril asymmetry or stenosis (external valve obstruction), and alar deformities ("parenthesis" or "bowling pin"), to name a few.

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) in the sinonasal tract (SNT) is a rarity that has been firstly described in 1958. Since then, there have been only a few articles about this entity. Most of the data available about LMS in the SNT is derived from case reports. We believe that our case will support the data set and help guiding the management of this rare condition. A 84-year-old female presented with nasal airway obstruction on the left side. She experienced several episodes of epistaxis from her left nostril, what made her to seek medical care. A rhinoscopy revealed an obstructing mass in the left nasal cavity. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses revealed a homogenous mass occupying the left nasal cavity, bone destruction of the left middle, and inferior nasal turbinates. An infiltration of the left nasolacrimal duct was also present. The patient refused to undergo open surgery and the mass was removed during an endoscopic approach. The histopathological analysis combined with immunohistochemistry was consistent with LMS. The resection margins were positive for tumor cells. A staging with CT-neck-thorax, abdomen ultrasound, and MRI of the head ruled out metastases. She underwent a second endoscopic tumor resection surgery with positive resection margins and obtained adjuvant radiotherapy. On 9 months of follow-up, there was no recurrence or metastases.

Background Nasal deformity associated with cleft lip deformity is a challenging issue, encompassing controversies, theories, and a diversity of techniques. Historically, esthetic outcomes have ranged from being below expectations to barely acceptable. Method Based on the concept that the nasal cartilaginous framework in clefts is similar to that of a collapsing pyramid, a novel suspension technique has been described. The entire cartilaginous structure is lifted from the infratip segment with a loop suture and is secured in a cantilever fashion onto the periosteum overlying the nasal bone. This part of the operation is performed in a semiclosed manner. The technique is applied during primary surgery in bilateral and unilateral nasal cleft lip deformities, with changes in the orientation of the cantilever loop suture. Studies conducted by Masters S. Tajima, H. McComb, H. Thomson, D. Fisher, and J. Mulliken, which are most relevant to this article, have been reviewed and discussed throughout. Results The technique was first applied over 10 years ago. A case series of nine children whose parents consented to the developing technique is presented with follow-up ranging from months to years, along with technical descriptions and illustrative drawings. None of these cases had preoperative orthopedic correction, molding, or postoperative nostril splints. The esthetic outcome was optimal enough; none of the cases requested a secondary correction. Conclusion The nasal cantilever technique is a novel concept in cleft nasal deformity, which can be used in conjunction with an appropriate lip technique, per the surgeon’s discretion. Other than a learning curve, we believe that it provides a solid correction by securing the cartilaginous structures after they have been mobilized to a stable base, the nasion.

Clinically “Sinusitis” is described because the condition show up through an inflammatory response of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, fluid within the cavity, and / or underlying bone. It is also defined as institution of disorders characterised by using irritation of the mucosa of the nostril and paranasal sinuses lasting for atleast 12 weeks. Pansinusitis is defined as circumstance wherein irritation of all of the paranasal sinuses takes place, which may be unilateral or bilateral. When one or extra sinuses isn't always worried it's far referred to as restricted disorder. When there's terrific brought infection, it leads to mucosal swelling and apposition, which causes ostial occlusion. This impairs the air flow and drainage of the sinus leading to reduced pO2, multiplied pCO2, improved PH and retained secretions. This environment decreases ciliary motility and bacterial overgrowth ensuing in viscid secretions. Bacterial exotoxins also are launched, further reducing the ciliary activity, resulting in a vicious cycle, which results in sinusitis. Hence, the basic concept in Endoscopic sinus surgical procedure is the upkeep of the everyday ventilation and drainage of sinuses, to help the diseased mucosa to get better and regenerate. There was no specific sex predominance in patients suffering from CRS, Endoscopic sinus surgery improves the quality of life by decreasing the post-operative symptoms score, the post-operative sinonasal outcome in non – atopic patients was better when compared to the atopic associated CRS patients, the post-operative sinonasal outcome in patients with limited disease in the sinuses was better than in patients with pansinusitis.

Purpose Testing olfaction should be an integral part of a clinical work-up in rhinosurgical procedures. Importantly, intact olfactory experience also includes retronasally perceived odors (retronasal olfaction). This study aimed at comprehensively assessing olfaction in patients undergoing rhinosurgical procedures in a comparative manner and evaluating relations to patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs). Methods Each nostril odor threshold and discrimination, and birhinal identification were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks in 14 subjects assigned for septoplasty (SP), 21 for septorhinoplasty (SRP), and 30 for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The 27-Candy-Smell-Test was used to quantify retronasal abilities. Tests were repeated 3 months after surgery. Results Olfactory dysfunction was preoperatively present in 21% of SP, in 47.6% of SRP, and in 80% of ESS patients. Odor threshold side differences were most frequently found in SRP. Frequently, SRP and ESS patients showed severely impaired retronasal olfaction. Half of included subjects re-visited after 3 months, but olfactory function did not improve overall and rarely on an individual basis to a meaningful extent. Subjective ratings on nasal patency and PROMs were not associated with olfaction nor with changes in olfactory scores. Conclusion Olfactory function can decisively be impaired a priori not only in patients awaiting sinus surgery, but also in those assigned for functional septorhinoplasty. This impairment may not improve in the short term, which has to be taken into account in patient counseling. This study adds to the current literature on olfaction in rhinosurgery with the extension of retronasal testing.

Olfactory sensitivity is influenced by intranasal trigeminal sensation. For instance, sniffing is central to how humans and animals perceive odorants. Here, we investigated the influence of olfactory costimulation on the perception of intranasal somatosensory stimulation. In this study, 22 healthy human subjects, with normal olfactory function, performed a localization task for stimulation using weak air puffs, a pure odorant, phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or their combination. Visual cues were used to inform participants to briefly hold their breath while weak, poorly localizable, air puffs and/or PEA were delivered to either nostril. Although PEA alone could not be localized to the correct nostril, when it accompanied a weak air puff in the ipsilateral nostril, localization accuracy significantly improved, relative to presentation of the air puff without the odorant. The enhancement of localization was absent when the air puff and PEA were presented to opposite nostrils. Since ipsilateral but not contralateral costimulation with PEA increased the accuracy of weak air puff localization, the results argue against a non-specific alerting effect of PEA. These findings suggest an interaction between olfactory and intranasal somatosensory stimuli leading to their integration.

Blocking airflow into the sinonasal cavity after surgery may help to keep the cavity moist and thus decrease postoperative crusting. Here we investigated the efficacy of Rhino-Protect ointment following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). A total of 93 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent identical ESS were enrolled. After surgery, all patients were instructed to perform nasal saline irrigation and deliver a nasal spray to each nostril, then to apply Rhino-Protect ointment to one nostril only; the other nostril served as a control. Subjective symptoms, postoperative Lund–Kennedy (LK) endoscopic scores, and adverse reactions 14 and 28 days after treatment were evaluated. The Rhino-Protect ointment significantly reduced pain (p = 0.015 at 28 days), dryness (p = 0.009 at 14 days and p = 0.045 at 28 days), and crusting (p = 0.047 at 14 days), and was associated with significantly lower LK scores 14 and 28 days after treatment (p = 0.037 and p = 0.007, respectively). Statistically significant differences were noted in the LK edema subscore at 14 days (p = 0.043) and in LK crusting subscores at 14 and 28 days (p = 0.005 and p = 0.006, respectively). No patient reported any serious adverse event associated with Rhino-Protect use. Applying Rhino-Protect after ESS significantly reduced the formation of edema and crusts, leading to improving the patients’ discomfort for pain, dryness, and crust.

Background Many Asian patients desire a narrower nasal base with less flaring of the alar lobules. However, patients who underwent multiple rhinoplasty surgeries with nostril contracture or an overreduction of the alar base may experience nostril contracture and deformity, which may lead to further airway obstruction. We present a technique that combines paranasal augmentation with composite chondrocutaneous graft transfer to overcome this problem. Methods Nine patients underwent composite chondrocutaneous graft transfer to the soft triangle or alar base combined with paranasal augmentation using preshaped porous polyethylene implants to correct nostril contracture and airway obstruction between September of 2014 and May of 2018. Preoperative and postoperative alar base distances and cross-sectional areas of the nostrils were measured and compared. Results The average thickness of paranasal augmentation was 5.5 mm (range, 4.0-7.0 mm). Eighteen composite grafts were located over the soft triangle (n = 3) and the alar base (n = 15). The average number of composite grafts for each person was 2 (range, 1-4). All composite grafts survived totally or partially, and no graft failed. The average follow-up was 10.9 months (range, 3-28 months). The alar base increased 13.9% (range, 2.2%-23.9%), and the nostril area increased an average of 78.1% (range, 4.5%-316.8%) postoperatively. Patients had satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes. Conclusions Combining paranasal augmentation and composite graft transfer increased the cross-sectional area of the external valve and improved nostril contracture and airway obstruction after the overresection of the alar base or nose contracture after multiple rhinoplasty surgeries.

The endoscopic endonasal approach for optic nerve decompression is suited for the management of non-traumatic optic neuropathy but remains underreported, presumably due to transcranial approaches still being favoured at individual centres. The optic canal is approached endoscopically and transsphenoidally through the contralateral nostril. Its inferomedial wall is opened using an irrigated diamond drill, and neuronavigation is used to confirm anatomical bearings. This technique provides rapid and easy access to the inferomedial aspect of the optic canal and nerve. Optic nerve decompression through this approach is associated with low morbidity and should be considered as an alternative to transcranial approaches.

Background: Intranasal antihistamines and steroids should be delivered in a volume and with a technique that allow for optimal drug retention within the entire nasal cavity, maximize local absorption by the nasal mucosa, and, subsequently, increase the potential for the most desirable local availability and therapeutic effect. Objective: This in vitro evaluation simulated nasal medication deposition and evaluated the extent of runoff. MP-AzeFlu, a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride (AZE) plus fluticasone propionate (FP), was compared with sequential sprays of available commercial products with the individual medication components. Methods: A model of a normal adult human nasal cavity was used to visualize deposition of nasal spray products. A single spray of MP-AzeFlu (0.137 mL [137 μg of AZE/50 μg of FP]) or single sequential sprays of AZE nasal spray (0.137 mL [137 μg]) followed by brand name or generic FP nasal spray (0.100 mL [50 μg]) were manually actuated into the model. The interior was coated with a water-sensitive dye that changes to magenta when exposed to aqueous-based formulations. A slight vacuum was applied during spray delivery to simulate sniffing. The results were photographed by using anterior and lateral views. Results: Three replicates of MP-AzeFlu showed no dripping from the front of the nostril or backflow from the nasal cavity. However, three replicates of AZE nasal spray, followed by a brand name or generic FP nasal spray, showed significant dripping from the front of the nostril and backflow from the nasal cavity. Conclusion: A single spray of MP-AzeFlu resulted in no runoff compared with sequential dosing of the two other therapeutic products. Product runoff is likely due to the volume exceeding the capacity of the nasal cavity model. Furthermore, the common clinical dosing regimen of two sprays per nostril of each of the individual components would promote even greater increased undesirable flooding and leakage.

Background: Numerous alar base modification techniqueshave been reported in the literature. Specifically, three different techniques were described to manage cases with alar flaring in addition to a wide nasal base. Tissue excision from the alarlobule as well as from the inside of the nostril is executed todecrease the alar flaring and the nostril width, respectively.Further techniques include cinching sutures that help advancethe alae together and flap advancement.The aim of this study is to emphasize the aesthetic impactof the basal nasal view and to reach a maximum aestheticresult concerning nasal alar flare.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conductedon 25 patients. All patients had alar flaring seeking alarreduction, either alone or as a part of a full rhinoplasty. Duringrhinoplasty, alar base reduction was done at the end of rhinoplastysurgery, after the closure of all rhinoplasty incisionsand after osteotomy was done. A caliper was used to sharplystab the skin from the lateral limb to the desired sill creaseto determine the medial limb of the triangular wedge to beexcised. The base of the triangular wedge was directed downwardand the apex was directed intra-nasally.Results: The current study showed that the internal alarresection significantly decrease the alar flare; as the inter-alardistance ranged between (35-43mm), Mean±SD (39.2±2.3)before surgery and becomes between (31-37mm) Mean±SD(34.8±2.0) after the surgery, with a significant improvement(p-value

The morphology of the tetrapod nasal cavity has adapted to the environment in terms of olfaction and respiration. Reports indicate that the internal structure of the nasal cavity of green sea turtles is more complex than that of turtles in general, but whether or not it is similar among sea turtle species remains unknown. The present study aimed to define the internal structures of the nasal cavity of green (Chelonian mydas), loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles using computed tomography. The nasal cavity of green and loggerhead sea turtles contained anterodorsal, anteroventral, posterodorsal diverticula and a posteroventral excavation in the middle. In contrast, the nasal cavity of leatherback sea turtles had more complicated dorsal region comprising anterodorsal and posterodorsal diverticula, and two excavations between the nostril and anterodorsal diverticulum, but no distinct structures at the ventral region. The airway in the nasal cavity was shorter and thicker in the leatherback, than in the green and loggerhead turtles. These species differences might reflect ecological variety and different evolutionary strategies.

Hamartoma condromesenquimal nasal (NCMH) é um tumor benigno extremamente raro dos seios nasais e paranasais. É caracterizado por uma estrutura morfológica mista, composta por tecido cartilaginoso e mesenquimal em diferentes proporções. Seu tratamento se dá pela ressecção cirúrgica completa da lesão e a análise histopatológica é necessária para um diagnóstico preciso. Sabendo que este é um caso raro, se objetivou apresentar o caso clínico de um recém-nascido do sexo masculino internado em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal com quadro de insuficiência respiratória e obstrução nasal importante tratada como bronquiolite, com melhora parcial dos sintomas. Notado estreitamento em narina direita, foi realizado investigação radiológica que evidenciou formação nodular hipodensa com calcificações, sendo realizado excisão cirúrgica endoscópica e diagnóstico confirmado como NCMH por exame anatomopatológico. Neste relato, discutiremos as características e o tratamento desse incomum tumor, afim de auxiliar em diagnósticos futuros e no conhecimento a respeito da doença para acadêmicos e profissionais da área médica.

Growing number of students, increasing costs of education, demand for quality education and limited facilities (tools are the most common education challenges for the Egyptian higher education). To perform this work, resected heads of five donkeys (3-5 years old) were grossly studied using variable anatomical techniques and the obtained data were used for developing a theoretical and practical interactive and electronic learning (E-Learning) module focusing on the anatomy of the nasal cavity of the donkey. Media, electronic tools, computer programs and authoring apps were usedas aiding tools for development of a web-based module for teaching and learning veterinary anatomy that enables students to learn anywhere and at any time. The present work revealed that, each nostril is divided by the alar cartilage into a dorsal false nostril (leads to a blind diverticulum in the Naso-incisive notch) and a ventral, true nostril (leads to the nasal cavity proper). The nostrils and nasal cavities of the donkey were supported by group of nasal cartilages (nasal septum, alar cartilages, dorsal lateral cartilages, ventral lateral cartilages and medial accessory cartilages). The nasal cavity as a respiratory passage extended from the nostrils rostrally to the cribriform plate caudally. It continued with the nasopharynx caudally through the posterior nares or choanae. Structurally, the nasal cavity possesses nasal conchae (dorsal, middle, ventral and ethmoidal conchae), folds (straight, alar and basal folds) and meatuses (dorsal, middle, ventral and common nasal meatuses). The present study concluded that: The nasal cavities of the donkey are not completely identical to that of the horse. •Although e-learning provides several benefits the online education has not solved the problem of practicing soft skills. •High percentage of the students (80-90%) were satisfied with the various elements of the e-learning evaluation survey, though they agreed about the presence of technical problems regarding the internet connection and facilities.

Objective The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate versus delayed addition of the nasal stent to the nasoalveolar molding plate on the nose shape and alveolar cleft area in unilateral cleft lip and palate infants. Method Twenty nonsyndromic newborn infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate were scanned 3 dimensionally using Proface software. In the experimental group, the nasal stent was added on the day the molding plate arrived, and in the control group when the alveolar gap reached 5 mm. Two months after adding nasal stents in each group patients' faces were scanned again and some parameters were measured. In addition, immediately after treatment, 1 month later and at the end of investigation, impressions were taken, and stone casts were scanned by cone-beam computed tomography and the alveolar gap was measured. Fisher exact test, paired t test, and ANOVA were used for data analyses. P Results In this study, changes in the parameters showed significant differences between the case and controls for the columellar angle, nostril width on the cleft side, nostril height on the cleft side, soft tissue cleft width, and nasal surface area. However, the nostril's width and height in the noncleft side, intercommissural distance, nasal surface area on the noncleft side, nostril area between the cleft and noncleft side after treatment, and the alveolar gap did not show significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Early use of nasal stents showed more desirable results in decreasing the width of the nostrils and increasing its height and correcting the angle of the columella without any adverse effects on the nostrils after treatment.

The trigeminal system is a chemosensory system, next to smell and taste, allowing intranasal sensations such as freshness, spiciness, etc. The lateralization task is used to measure trigeminal sensitivity and consists in identifying the nostril stimulated by an odorous substance in a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. However, when performed in the standard method, this task takes almost 25 to 30 min to administer and only gives access to few information. The aim of this pilot study was to compare two alternative methods of administering the lateralization task with the standard method in a group of 53 participants (41.6 years; 32 women). Specifically, we compared (1) the standard method of 40 constant stimuli with a duration of 500 ms, (2) a short version of 20 variable stimuli ranging from 200 to 600 ms (different duration method—DD), and (3) an automatic adaptive staircase method where the test adjusts the duration of stimulation according to the participant’s responses (adaptive duration method—AD). Based on the number of correct answers and the thresholds obtained with the automatic staircase method, the average scores for the two alternative methods correlate with the score at the standard method. In addition, both alternative methods are able to discriminate between participants with a high sensitivity and those with a lower sensitivity. Finally, the DD method is significantly shorter in terms of administration time than the other two methods. This pilot study presents two novel methods to evaluate trigeminal sensitivity which each have a specific superiority over the established technique. The DD method cuts testing time in half whereas the AD method provides threshold estimates for individual nostrils.

The use of mometasone furoate (MF) intranasal spray in treating adenoid hypertrophy (AH) has a variable outcome due the different methods of adenoid size evaluation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of MF intranasal spray in children and adolescents with AH using a reliable and consistent endoscopic evaluation.A prospective interventional study was conducted. Evaluation took place during the first visit (week 0) and second visit (week 12). Symptoms of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, cough and snoring were assessed, and an overall total symptoms score was obtained. A rigid nasoendoscopic examination using a four-grading system of adenoid size from 1 to 4 was performed. Patients were treated with MF intranasal spray for 12 weeks. Patients' aged 7-11-years old used 1 spray in each nostril once daily, while patients aged 12-17 used two sprays in each nostril once daily. Reassessment was carried out during the second visit (week 12).A total of 74 patients was recruited. There were significant improvements from week 0 to week 12 in the symptoms' score for nose obstruction, rhinorrhoea, cough, snoring including the total nasal symptoms' score (p0.001). AH significantly reduced in size from week 0 (2.89±.87) to week 12 (1.88±.83) (p0.001).MF intranasal spray is effective in improving the symptoms attributed to AH as well as reducing the adenoid size. MF intranasal spray is advocated as a treatment option before adenoidectomy is considered.

Background The present study is designed to identify the morphological description of the digestive tract in two species of different birds; these birds were Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch) which is granivorous and Sturnus vulgaris (Starling) which is omnivorous. Results The results showed that the digestive canal of both birds was similar in the essential structure. It begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, which starts with the beak. The beak appeared different in the outer shape, which depends on the feeding. The mouth palate in both birds contains slit localized in the hard palate. This slit represents as beak nostril. The tongue appeared at the bottom of the oropharyngeal cavity. The esophagus appeared as a muscular tube containing the crop, which is divided into two parts the cervical part and the thoracic region, while the stomach was composed of two clear parts in both birds. The first one was a conical shape called proventriculus. The second was a spherical shape called the gizzard, and they are separated by a transitional zone called the isthmus, which was more apparent in the zebra finch, while the small intestine developed mostly in both birds. It is divided into three parts, which were the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as well as the large intestine, which appeared as tube shape, which is the rectum. There was a pair of caecum located in the contact area of the ileum and rectum. The digestive canal ends with the cloaca in both birds. Conclusion These results indicate that there are differences in the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract organs between the two birds to be compatible with the quality and method of obtaining food.

Background Pharyngeal residue can trigger aspiration and choking after swallowing. Various studies to assess the amount of pharyngeal residue have been conducted; however, an easy and quantitative method is yet to be established. The aroma released from the pharyngeal residue is thought to be delivered from the pharynx to the nasal cavity via velopharynx by expiration, that is, retronasal pathway. Objective This study verified that the amount of pharyngeal residue could be estimated by aroma intensity. Methods Ten healthy adult subjects had tubes in from the oral cavity to the pharynx. Varying amounts of essence were dispensed into the pharynx through the tube either at rest or after swallowing the essence. Pharyngeal residue was simulated by retention essence in the pharynx without swallowing. An odour sensor was placed in the nostril, and the aroma intensity of the retained essence was measured over time. Results The aroma intensity level flattened after a certain period of time had elapsed, and a significant correlation was found between the amount of essence dispensed and the flattened aroma intensity, both at rest and after swallowing. Furthermore, to estimate in a short period of time, changes in aroma intensity over time were estimated by fitting to a decay curve. The estimated intensity at convergence, calculated from the fitted curve from 80 to 120 seconds after swallowing, was significantly correlated to the measured intensity. Conclusion The amount of pharyngeal residue can be estimated in a short period of time by measuring the aroma intensity.

Hanging ala is one of the alar-columellar discrepancies encountered in a rhinoplasty procedure among the Asian population. The principle of lifting both the ala effectively while keeping its symmetry remains a challenge. The arrow tip technique is designed to address the bilateral hanging ala which allows greater alar mobility and lifting effect, producing a desirable outcome of the overall nasal feature. This retrospective review is aimed to analyse the effectiveness of the proposed alar surgical technique and assesses the possible complications that require revision surgery. Fifteen Asian patients underwent the ‘arrow tip technique’ alar surgery in conjunction of a rhinoplasty procedure in a single-centre 3-year study for bilateral hanging ala. Pre- and post-operative clinical and photographic nasal analyses were performed for changes of alar vertical height on lateral and frontal views. On the frontal view, the mean percentage of alar shortening was 13.11%, 95%CI [11.46%, 14.76%]. On the lateral view, the mean percentage of alar shortening was 20.36%, 95%CI [19.01%, 21.71%]. The mean frontal-lateral alar shortening was − 7.25%, 95%CI [− 8.76%, − 5.74%]. Two patients required revision surgery for scars (13.3%) and another for nostril asymmetry (6%). This innovative technique is effective, safe and predictable in correcting the hanging ala. Understanding the relevance of performing an effective alar surgery through safe surgical landmarks, the use of full-thickness skin grafts and taking proper precautions can avoid the unnecessary fear of the complications of an external approach to an alar surgery such as scarring, bleeding, alar asymmetry and recurrence. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Imagine smelling a novel perfume with only one nostril and then smelling it again with the other nostril. Clearly, you can tell that it is the same perfume both times. This simple experiment demonstrates that odor information is shared across both hemispheres to enable perceptual unity. In many sensory systems, perceptual unity is believed to be mediated by inter-hemispheric connections between iso-functional cortical regions. However, in the olfactory system, the underlying neural mechanisms that enable this coordination are unclear because the two olfactory cortices are not topographically organized and do not seem to have homotypic inter-hemispheric mapping. This review presents recent advances in determining which aspects of odor information are processed unilaterally or bilaterally, and how odor information is shared across the two hemispheres. We argue that understanding the mechanisms of inter-hemispheric coordination can provide valuable insights that are hard to achieve when focusing on one hemisphere alone., Dalal et al. provide a thorough review of bilateral hemispheric interactions in the context of odor perception and memory. They summarize reports on anatomy, physiology and behavior related to olfaction. This review provides insights on how odor information can be processed unilaterally and/or bilaterally despite the lack of topographical organization.

This study identified the differences in the morphometric characteristics of the truss and classical dimensions between diploid and triploid Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus, and provided methods for sorting diploid and triploid Far Eastern catfish based on morphometric observations. The significant variables were the direct distance between the anterior edge of the lower lip and the anterior insertion of the dorsal fin (DALAD), the horizontal distance between the anterior edge of the lower lip and the anterior insertion of the ventral fin (HALAV), the direct distance between the anterior edge of the upper lip and the first nostril (DAUF), the direct distance between the anterior edge of the upper lip and the second nostril (DAUS), the interorbital width (IW), and the mandible barbel length (ManBL). The more significant variables were HALAV, DALAD, DAUF, IW, and DAUS. The most useful combination of variables for separating the two groups was DALAD, IW, and DAUF, which correctly classified 85% of the catfish as triploid or diploid, and that percentage was the maximum degree of value possible (p

Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is one of the best and easiest breathing exercises (pranayama) of yoga that are good for health and physical fitness. ANB exercise has beneficial and therapeutic effects on respiratory function in both normal as well as diseased humans. This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the physiological effects of short-term ANB exercise on respiratory function in healthy adult individuals leading a stressful life. This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 participants aged 18-20 years, studying in the first year in CMC, were included by using a simple random sampling method. Among them, 50 participants were enrolled in the experimental group. Age- and BMI-matched 50 participants constituted the control group. Height, weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. The participants of the experimental group performed ANB exercise over 4 weeks for 10 min/day. The control participants were neither trained nor allowed to practice nostril breathing during the whole study period. Respiratory parameters like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured by using a digital spirometer (Chest graph HI-101, Japan). Readings were taken in a healthy upright sitting posture in the control and experimental group initially and after 4 weeks. Student's t-test was conducted by using SPSS for windows version-23. The mean value of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly (P < 0.001) changed after the ANB exercise when compared to the values before breathing exercise. The results of this study suggest that respiratory function is significantly improved after the ANB exercise. Therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing respiratory efficiency.

Adenotomy is one of the most common surgeries on the part of ENT organs in childhood, it is usually performed under endotracheal anesthesia.Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of the spray containing sea water and brown algae extract in the early postoperative period in children after adenotomy.Characteristics of the children and research methods. 24 patients aged from 4 to 10 years (12 boys and 12 girls) were examined and treated in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Perm Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital. All patients underwent adenotomy due to hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil of the II–III degree, they received antibiotics for 5 days after surgery. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (study group, n=12) used, Aqualor Protect spray for irrigation therapy of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx; Group 2 (comparison group, n=12) used a spray with isotonic sodium chloride solution for irrigation therapy. 2 doses of saline solution were sprayed into each nostril 4 times for 4 days. Results. According to the medical examination, the study group demonstrated more pronounced improvement of the following indicators (visual analogue scale scores): overall health (p Conclusion. The spray with seawater and brown algae extract is more effective than nasal spray with isotonic solution in the early postoperative period in children after adenotomy.

Background In full-thickness nasal defects, the internal lining is perhaps the most challenging aspect of the three layers to rebuild. Nasal damage is usually more concentrated on the tip, soft triangles, alar wings, and columella, but the lateral nasal arteries are often left intact and the damage to the dorsal sidewalls are normally superficial. Methods Twelve patients who required total nasal reconstruction received a forehead flap placement as external coverage and autologous rib cartilage as structural support. Residual normal/superficial scar tissue flaps on the dorsal sidewalls with lateral nasal artery pedicles were mobilized and designed for internal lining repair without creating secondary donor site damage. The flaps were then turned 180° downward and placed between the alar medial angles and the fornix. Results No total lining flap necrosis occurred in all the patients. Partial necrosis occurred on the distal edge owing to overpressure of the nostril splint to the flaps; however, the wounds eventually healed, and the nasal structural integrity was preserved. The patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results and had no complaints of airway stenosis. Conclusions Lateral nasal artery pedicle dorsal sidewall skin flaps are appropriately thick, providing enough nostril circumferential support to improve airway stenosis. It allows sufficient blood supply and creates no extra donor site damage. Blood vessels and skin flaps are often undamaged, thereby allowing maximum application in total nasal reconstruction.

The cardinal reason accounting for the complexity of rhinoplasty is that each maneuver during this operation has both intended and unintended effects. The purpose of this report is to review the literature and update the dynamics of rhinoplasty. PubMed searches were conducted for “rhinoplasty dynamics” as well for keywords associated with each specific rhinoplasty maneuver. Titles were evaluated for relevance, and duplicates were consolidated with years of publication 1991 to 2019. Article types include case series (retrospective and prospective), cohort studies, and review articles. Beginning with the radix, its reduction apparently elongates the nose and widens the intercanthal space, while radix augmentation creates the opposite illusions. In a similar manner, dorsal hump reduction widens both the nose and intercanthal space. Nasal tip dynamics focus on the aftermath of changes to tip projection, width, and rotational position. Resection of the upper lateral cartilages can cephalically rotate the tip and reduce tip width. Manipulation of the footplates of the medial crura primarily influences the columella but can also affect tip projection. Placement of a columellar strut firmly establishes tip position. Placement of alar rim grafts advances the ala caudally, widens the nostrils, and elongates the short nostril. Alar base reduction can create the illusion of increased tip projection. Augmentation and reduction in the anterior nasal spine influence tip projection, upper lip length, and the nasolabial angle. As rhinoplasty techniques continue to evolve, surgeons undertaking this operation must continue to reassess the dynamics of various maneuvers. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The right hemisphere has traditionally been considered as dominant in odor and emotion perception, whereas little is known about odor influence on emotion recognition. This study aimed to examine a possible difference in the recognition of basic emotions presented to the left or the right visual field following short-term left or right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor. A total of 60 right-handed female participants completed an emotion recognition task in conditions of the right and left nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor (isovaleric acid). Results showed the right hemisphere advantage in speed, but not in the accuracy of basic emotion recognition after the right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor, while the left nostril treatment had no effect. The right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses in emotion recognition were not confirmed, whereas the model of the right hemisphere dominance in odor perception was confirmed. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 179002]

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic outcomes and stability of septal integration grafts (SIGs), a modified direct type of septal extension graft, in patients with cleft lip nose deformity. Methods Seventy-three patients underwent SIGs between January 2002 and July 2017. The exclusion criteria were patients who lacked clinical photographs preoperatively or postoperatively. We reviewed data regarding the patient demographics, combined procedures, and complications as well as preoperative and postoperative clinical photography. Eleven measurement items were evaluated from basal and right lateral views with photogrammetry and 3-dimensional anthropometry using standardized clinical photographic techniques. Results Sixty-one patients were analyzed in this study. Twelve patients were excluded owing to a lack of postoperative photographs. The mean ± SD follow-up period was 26.70 ± 29.43 months (range, 6-134 months). Compared with the preoperative value, the nasal tip projection index, height of nose index, and nostril axis inclination significantly improved. The columellar length (Rt-Lt) index significantly decreased, which implied improved columellar deviation. Complications included hematoma (n = 1), wound dehiscence (n = 1), tearing of septal mucosa (n = 3), and silicone implant deviation (n = 2). Conclusions We used SIGs to correct nasal deformity in patients with cleft lip nose deformity. The SIG can minimize the amount of the graft used for septal extension and can effectively correct nasal tip and columella deformities.

A new species of Tibetan loach, Triplophysa weiheensis sp. nov., is described from the Weihe River in Gansu Province, China, based on morphological and molecular analyses. The new species can be distinguished from all known congeners by a unique combination of the following characters: scaleless; snout abruptly sloping downward, anterior to anterior nostril; lower jaw crescentic, not sharp; body without obvious mottling; lateral line interrupted on posterior trunk at pelvic-fin distal extremity; caudal-peduncle length 2.0–2.7 times its depth; branched rays of pectoral fin 10–11; branched rays of pelvic fin 5–6; inner gill rakers on 1st gill arch 14–16; vertebrae 4+34–36; intestine with 6–7 loops, length ca. 1.8 times SL (n=3); bony capsule of air bladder small and thin; posterior chamber of air bladder absent.

Nasya karma is the special Panchakarma procedure where the drug is administered through Nasal Route. The medicated drug that is put into nostril moves in the channels up to the sringataka marma(Sira Marma) and spreads to whole of the interior of the head(Brain) and to the junction where all the channels related to the eyes, ears, oropharynx situated together thus shows influence on shiras by removing out the accumulated vitiated doshas localised in shiras of all sinuses in the skull.This action of Nasya karma is known as sirovirechana. According to Vagbhatacharya the nasal passage is considered as the Channel for head (brain) i.. e “Nasa Hi Siraso Dwaram’’. Therefore, Nasya Karma pacify all accumulated doshas and related diseases. Nasya Karma is a therapeutic procedure in which the medicated oils, Swarasa, Kwatha or Churna is administered through nasal cavity to eliminate the vitiated Doshas situated in Sira (Brain) for the treatment of urdhwa Jatrugata Vikar. The First Cranial nerve (olfactory nerves) are connected with the higher centers of the brain i.e., limbic system which contains amygdaloidal complex, hypothalamus and basal ganglia. so, the drugs administered through nose stimulate the higher centers of brain which in turn alters the endocrine and Central nervous system functions, by controlling the doshas. The medicated drug also enters into the systemic circulation, intracranial region by lymphatic and Vascular Pathway. The present review article is compiled from many articles and research papers collected from different websites along with related materials from ancient ayurvedic classics.

Background: Nasal foreign bodies are common domestic accidents in children. They can constitute a great challenge and management may require great skill. However, seldom does the Otolaryngologist keep track of the number and kinds of the foreign bodies he encounters. Objective: To evaluate cases of nasal foreign bodies among children managed in Otorhinolaryngology Department of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 215 Cases of paediatric nasal foreign bodies seen and managed in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to December 2018. Maximum age was 14years.The case notes of all children diagnosed with nasal foreign bodies within the period under review, from ENT Clinic, Ward and Children emergency Room were reviewed as related to age, gender, and type of foreign bodies, category of doctors, methods of removal and complications. Data were analysed and presented in descriptive, tabular and chart forms. Results: Of the 215 children, 43.7% were males and 56.3% females. The age range was 0 – 14 years, with a male: female ratio of 1:1.35.The peak age range at which nasal foreign bodies were found was 0 – 4 years (87%) and the least frequent age bracket was 10 – 14years (1.4%). Most of the children were asymptomatic (60%), and others had unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge (40%). The most common foreign body were beads (34.9%), followed by seeds (23.2%). Most presentations were within one day (90%), followed by one week (7%). Most foreign bodies (59.5%) were inserted into the right nostril, and 40.5% into the left. No bilateral insertion was observed. Most of the foreign bodies (80%) were mechanically extracted with Jobson–Horne's probes without general anaesthesia. Mainly Registrars did most removals 65% while 25% were by Senior Registrars. Mild epistaxis was a complication in 5% of cases. Conclusion: Nasal foreign bodies are common in Calabar. The most frequently observed foreign bodies were beads and seeds. Therefore, public health education is needed for parents and caregivers. Keywords: Paediatrics, Nose, foreign bodies.