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In this study, it was aimed to produce a low cost customized orthopedic insole and perform its pressure analyzes. In this analysis, it was used thin film pressure sensor and Arduino programming platform equipped with ATmega328 microcontroller. For the sensor layout, 5 zones were determined in the sole and the proportional values with the pressure were recorded and these values were used for the insole design. For the pressure analysis, 17 volunteers aged 19 to 34 years, with flatfoot and normal foot participated for the experiments. A center line was determined to provide a balanced distribution of the pressure in the sole and a mathematical model was created for this distribution. Through this model, the data obtained from the experiments was normalized and the appropriate height values were calculated for the insole zones. In addition to this study, the reduction degree of pressure applied to the sole of a 9 mm high foam material placed on the heel of the foot was measured.

This work shows the development of a foot plant deformation classification system using image processing and fuzzy logic in LabVIEW programing environment. The system works in three stages: image acquisition, image processing, and classification of the deformation. For image acquisition, webcams were placed under a transparent acrylic surface, to get the foot plant. The image processing starts binarizing by threshold the acquired photography, taking as threshold criteria the intensity in the foot plant. The classification begins with the measurement of the distance of the foot wide and the foot arch. Then, the relation of this measurements is calculated and introduced to a fuzzy SISO system, identifying five categories: flat foot, normal foot, supinated foot, high supinated foot and extreme supinated foot; eliminating the uncertainty of other classification systems based on intervals. This classification system allows the development of an expert diagnosis system.

Research background and hypothesis. Literature analysis shows that researchers try to determine which method used for foot type estimation is the most reliable, and look for correlations between directly received foot measurements (indexes, angles) ignoring assessment scales. Given different medial longitudinal arch (MLA) assessment scales, the comparison, discussion and conclusions of the obtained data might be unreliable. Research aim of this study was to determine the reliability of foot type classification: a) to assess correlation links between results from various methods used to analyse foot; b) to identify foot type distribution according to medial longitudinal arch. Research methods. The MLA of 182 feet was assessed using four prevalent foot type evaluation methods: the Chipaux-Smirak Index (CSI), the Staheli Index (SI), the Clarke angle (CLA) and arch index by D. S. Williams (WAI). Pearson’s correlation was used to determine links between foot indexes. Research results. Very strong link was found between CSI and SI footprint indexes, while medium negative correlation was determined between Clarke angle with Chipaux-Smirak (CSI) and Staheli (SI) indexes. Average amount of low arch foot assessed according to the foot type classification scales by the four methods was 64.0 (SD = 65.5), normal foot 92.25 (SD = 51.77) and high arch foot 25.75 (SD = 35.33). Discussion and conclusion. Research showed that current foot arch classification was not reliable. The foot type classification scales presented by F. Forriol, L. T. Staheli, N. M. Clarke and D. S. Williams define different medial longitudinal foot arch distribution by testing the same pairs of feet despite the correlative link intensity between foot arch indexes. Keywords: footprint, foot arch, assessment scale.

Background: Motor tasks involving the lower legs activate a closed kinetic chain, with the foot being the terminal part of that chain. It is known that when a part of this chain is disturbed, it will affect other parts of the chain, including the effect on the motor performance of lower extremities.Aims: To see the difference of physical performance on athlete age 14 – 17 years with flatfoot and normal foot on strength, balance and agility factors.Methods: Male athletes age 14 – 17 years enrolled in Sport Senior High School at Sidoarjo who underwent athletes screening at Sport Clinic of dr. Soetomo General Hospital and fulfill the inclusion criteria. The subject were 29 boys, the normal foot were 22 boys and the flatfoot were 7 boys. Subjects were examined for Clarke’s angle and Chippaux-Smirak index to diagnose flatfoot and did Single-leg Hop for Distance, One Leg Test, Star Excursion Balance Test, and Hexagon Hop Test.Result: The statistical analysis showed no difference of lower extremities’ physical performance in strength using Single-leg Hop for Distance (p>0.05), balance using One Leg Test and Star Excursion Balance Test (p>0.05), and agility using Hexagon Hop Test (p>0.05) on male athletes age 14-17 years with normal foot and flatfoot.Conclusion: There are no difference of lower extremities’ physical performance in strength, balance and agility on male athlete age 14-17 years with normal foot and flatfoot.

Feet are a part of the human body that allows daily movement and functioning. Feet are considered intimate, and ethical aspects related to them are rarely investigated. This chapter describes ethical issues from the perspective of the individual in the context of foot health care. The foot-related ethical issues are approached from the perspectives of individuality and availability of services. This chapter will also highlight the meanings and values how individuals experience their own foot health. Some long-term health problems, such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes mellitus, cause foot disorders that change normal foot structure. Therefore individual’s body image and aesthetic perspective are discussed.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike između dvije skupine entiteta u nekim motoričkim sposobnostima na osnovu različite morfologije stopala. Istražile su se i utvrdile razlike između učenika sa normalnim stopalom (NST) i učenika sa spuštenim stopalom (SST) u eksplozivnoj jakosti donjih ekstremiteta, u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) i u bilateralnoj izvedbi (BIZ), kao i razlike u dinamičkoj ravnoteži u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) na osnovu njihovih antropoloških obilježja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 208 ispitanika, godišnjeg uzrasta 13 – 14 god. (+/- 6 mjeseci) odnosno dječaci sedmog i osmog razreda osnove škole na području grada Zagreba. Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine: skupinu (1) činilo je 107 ispitanika s normalnim stopalom (NST) i skupinu (2) 101 ispitanik sa spuštenim stopalom (SST). U istraživanje su bili uključeni samo ispitanici s fiziološkom, odnosno fleksibilnom spuštenošću stopala, dok su iz istog bili isključeni ispitanici s fiksiranom, tj. rigidnom spuštenošću stopala, kao i ispitanici s izdignutim stopalom. Istraživana je isključivo medijalna spuštenost stopala. Svi rezultati, analize, rasprava i zaključci rada bazirani su na rezultatima odrazne (dominantne) noge i na rezultatima neodrazne (nedominantne) noge. Morfologija stopala odnosno medijalna spuštenost stopala bilateralno je procijenjena uz pomoć tehničkog pomagala (podoskopom s polariziranim svijetlom) te je evaluirana pomoću Clark-ove metode. Za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti eksplozivne jakosti i dinamičke ravnoteže donjih ekstremiteta koristio se veći broj mjernih instrumenata. Za utvrđivanje eksplozivnih svojstava koristile su se varijable za procjenu brzinsko-snažnih svojstava mišića, koncentrično-ekscentrične kontrakcije mišića donjih ekstremiteta, u UIZ i u BIZ vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti. Za procjenu komponente dinamičke ravnoteže koristio se zvjezdoliki test (engl. Star Excursion Balance Test - SEBT) u UIZ odrazne i neodrazne noge. U analizama rezultata dinamičke ravnoteže korištene su samo normalizirane vrijednosti rezultata zvjezdolikog testa - SEBT-a (udaljenost dosega / dužina noge x 100). U istraživanju je procijenjena razina tjelesne aktivnosti (RTA) ispitanika posebnim anketnim upitnikom (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) i indeksom tjelesne mase (engl. Body Mass Intex BMI = m / h²), ITM kg / cm2. Primarno je utvrđeno da između dviju grupa ispitanika ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u ITM kao i u RTA na nivou značajnosti (p > 0.05) i time je potvrđeno da ne postoji inicijalna razlika između grupa. Na osnovi postavljenih hipoteza i koeficijenta p–vrijednosti (p < 0,05) utvrdilo se da od ukupno 16 varijabli dinamičke ravnoteže koje se odnose na odrazne i neodrazne noge, u šest varijabli pronađene su statistički značajne razlike među grupama. Na temelju kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa, od ukupno osam pravaca, varijable u kojima se statistički značajno razlikuju ispitanici sa stajnom odraznom i neodraznom nogom su medijalni (DRONM- DRNNM), posteriorni (DRONP – DRNNP) i lateralni (DRONL- DRNNL) pravac. Ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom NST pokazali su bolje rezultate u odnosu na ispitanike sa spuštenim stopalom SST. Naime ovaj prostor obuhvaća cijelu stražnju polovicu kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa. U prednjoj polovici kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa odnosno u varijablama anteriolateral (DRONAL-DRNNAL), anterior (DRONA-DRNNA), anteriomedial (DRONAM -DRNNAM), iako su ispitanici sa NST pokazali nešto bolje rezultate, nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između grupa. U eksplozivnoj jakosti tipa vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti u UIZ ustanovilo se da od ukupno šest varijabli u pet ne postoji statistički značajna razlika, te da su ispitanici obje grupa skoro jednako efikasni. Ipak uočeno je da su ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom postigli statistički značajno bolje rezultate samo u jednoj varijabli horizontalne skočnosti. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa horizontalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa NST efikasnije izvodili zadatak od ispitanika sa SST. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa vertikalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da između grupe ispitanika ne postoji statistički značajna razlika. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa sprinta utvrdilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa SST postigli bolje rezultate, odnosno trčali su brže od ispitanika sa NST. Rezultati rada eksplozivne jakosti pokazali su da se grupe ispitanika razlikuju u dvije od pet varijabli horizontalne skočnosti u kojim su ispitanici sa NST postigli znatno bolje rezultate. U svim varijablama vertikalne skočnosti obje grupe ispitanika postigli su iste rezultate i ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između grupa ispitanika. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between two entity groups in some motor skills based on different foot morphology. Differences were studied and determined between students with normal feet (NST), and students with flat feet (SST) in explosive strength of the lower extremities, in unilateral performance (UIZ) and bilateral performance (BIZ), as well as differences in dynamic balance in unilateral performance (UIZ) based on their anthropological features. The study involved 208 respondents, 13 to 14 years of age (+/- 6 months), i.e. the seventh and eighth grade elementary school boys from the city of Zagreb. The respondents were divided into two groups: the group (1) comprised 107 respondents with normal feet (NST) and the group (2) 101 respondents with flat feet (SST). The study included only subjects with physiological, i.e. flexible lowering of the arches, while those with fixed, i.e. rigid lower arches, as well as those with high arches, were excluded from it. Only the median lowering of the arch was studied. All the results, analyses, discussions and conclusions of the study are based on the results of the dominant leg and the results of the non-dominant leg. Foot morphology, i.e. median lowering of the arch, was assessed bilaterally with the help of technical aids (polarized light podoscope) and was evaluated using the Clark's method. A high number of measuring instruments were used to assess the motor skills of explosive strength and the dynamic balance of the lower extremities. Variables for assessing the velocity-strength muscle properties, concentric-eccentric lower extremity muscle contraction, in UIZ and in BIZ vertical and horizontal jump were used to determine the explosive properties. To evaluate the dynamic balance component, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was used in UIZ of the dominant and the non-dominant leg. The analyses of the dynamic balance results only used the normalized values of the star test - SEBT (distance/leg length x 100). The study estimated the physical activity level (RTA) of the respondents with the use of the special questionnaire (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) and Body Mass Index (BMI = m/h²), ITM kg/cm2. Primarily, it was established that there were no statistically significant differences between ITM and RTA at the level of significance (p> 0.05) between the two groups of respondents, confirming that there was no initial difference between the groups. Based on the set hypothesis and p-value coefficient (p

Background:The metatarsal parabola or formula is an important principle in assessing normal foot structure and pathology. To understand what effect the positions of the distal ends of the metatarsals have on foot function, the relative length of each metatarsal must be considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate what the normal metatarsal formula is and compare these findings with previous research.Methods:Measurements of metatarsal lengths were taken from 20 feet of five male and five female cadavers. The mean lengths were used to identify each donor's metatarsal formula.Results:On average, the most common formula presented was in the order of metatarsals II>III>IV>V>I.Conclusions:These findings differ from historic measurements and raise questions regarding which metatarsal formula is considered normal. Further investigation is needed to standardize a more reliable method of measuring metatarsal lengths for evaluating foot biomechanics and planning forefoot surgeries.

Foot plantar classification is crucial to prevent dangers to patient's health that originated from an abnormal type of foot. When patients comprehend their type of foot, they will be able to form personal insole to prevent a hazard. On the contrary, some patients who ignore their risk will possibly have the problem. We design the system to classify type of foot by measuring foot pressure and foot curvature. For the software, we use webcams to capture the foot images that will be further processed by Raspberry Pi with OpenCV and color coding which correspond to foot pressure. For the hardware system, we use the component which is inexpensive and easily available. The hardware structure is composed of steel as a base where the transparent acrylic plate and glossy white paper is placed on. The black polypropylene sheet covering on the uppermost is used to block light from outside. Aligned on the side of the transparent acrylic plate LED strip is used for light source for the system. Underneath the steel base there are four webcams which is used to record feet images (two webcams for each foot). The images are sent to Raspberry Pi for image processing and displaying. The system is able to classify three types of the foot for patients including normal foot, high arch foot, and flat foot.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018. The skin is the major organ of integumentary system of human body and helps to maintain the body temperature, excretes the waste through sweating, protects deepest structures of the human body, and prevent from various problems such as water loss, infection. However, excessive sweating leads to infection in human body especially in the foot such as dermatophyte infection. This study aimed to investigate the foot skin temperature and humidity after wearing socks with shoes. It is a pre-post experimental design study. Ten subjects were selected for this study by convenience sampling methods. In this experiments, humidity and temperature, infrared images were recorded at baseline and post experiment. For this experiment, Infrared camera, HC 520 IN/OUT Temperature/ humidity, and the thermometer were used as outcome measurement and the total duration of pre and post-session consists of 3 h. The results revealed that the foot skin temperature was slightly increased in the left foot: 97.02 (mn), 2.51 (SD). Thus, there was no difference observed in temperature changes. However, humidity level increased in socks with shoes experiment in the post-experiment results. At the same time, we observed in the infrared thermal image analysis that there were physiological changes and post-test temperature changes on the skin of foot. In conclusion, this study revealed that socks with shoes are altered the humidity and foot skin temperature.

This study analyzes the characteristics by age and type for middle aged and elderly women foot shapes aged40-69 years. ANOVA, factor, and cluster analyzed middle aged and elderly women's foot shapes. The results of the studyare as follows. First, higher age groups tended to have smaller foot lengths, ball/instep circumferences, circumferences,and ball heights with larger heel height values and higher degrees of gathering of toe 1 and toe 5 toward the feet referenceaxis. Second, foot lengths were 220 mm-240 mm and the ball circumference’s size symbol in high frequency sections weredistributed from E to EEEE in the 40s and 60s groups and from D to EEEE in the 50s group. Third, eight factors wereextracted through the factor analyses of middle aged and elderly women's foot measurement items. Fourth, a cluster anal-yses classified the subjects into four types. Type 1 is a normal foot type with medium foot length and small ball cir-cumference and type 2 is a long and flat foot type with a type with large foot length and ball circumference values as wellas small ball height values. Type 3 is a thick foot type with a medium foot length, large ball circumference, large ball heightand type 4 is a toe deformation foot type with medium foot length, small ball circumference, and a high degree of toe gath-ering toward the center.Key words : middle aged and elderly women, foot shape, foot measurement, 3D scan, shoes size

Introduction Musculoskeletal disorders of the locomotive apparatus are common in young people with Down syndrome (DS), especially in the feet. Early diagnosis by examination of podiatric footprints can help prevent orthopaedic symptoms. Our objective was to analyse, measure and classify footprints on the basis of podiatric indices (gold standard) in young people with DS. Method Cross-sectional study; 86 footprints were analysed from 2 groups; there were 21 healthy subjects, 11 men 20.45 (2.16) years and 10 females 20.00 (1.70) years; and 22 subjects with DS, 11 men 23.82 (3.12) years and 11 females 24.82 (6.81) years. Footprints were recorded in standing position using an optical pedoscope and a digital camera system. We calculated the Hernandez-Corvo index, Chippaux-Smirak index, Clarke's angle and Stahelli index. We then compared the results of both samples and analysed the concordance between types of feet and right and left feet by Chi-square test. Results Footprints in individuals with DS showed flatfoot and/or pronated foot of 38.6% according to Hernandez-Corvo index; 50%, to Chippaux-Smirak; 70.4%, to Stahelli; and 59.1%, to Clarke's angle. In healthy subjects the rates of cavus foot were 57.1%, according to Hernandez-Corvo index; 59.5%, to Chippaux-Smirak index; and 81%, to Stahelli index; while 57.1% showed a normal foot based on Clarke's angle. Differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant ( P Conclusions Young people with DS had a higher percentage of pronation and a lower percentage of cavus foot than the control group.

Background The goal of therapy for calcaneal fractures is elimination of pain and restoration of normal foot shape and walking ability. The occurrence of wound complications is a serious concern in treating calcaneal fractures.

PURPOSE:According to advanced research, the effect of foot type on balance is 3 type. There are squared foot, morton’s foot and Egyptian foot. Above all, Morton’s foot accounts for 22% of people. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of Morton's Foot on Balance Ability. METHODS:Twenty healthy woman participate in this study(Mean age:23.93; Mean height: 163.35; Mean weight: 56.20) . They doesn’t have musculoskeletal or neurogical disorder. Ten of participants have morton’s foot group, and another ten person are normal foot group. Measurment of balance was used by Balance trainer(BT4) and balance pad(AIREX). Data analyzed in 3 way ANOVA.RESULTS:In foot type and support type of variables, Morton’s foot was significant differences in C90 area and

The intent of this study was to determine if the use of a single or combination of static foot posture measurements can be used to predict rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot plantar surface area in individuals with pronated or normal foot types.Twelve foot measurements were collected on 52 individuals (mean age 25.8 years) with the change in midfoot width used to place subjects in a pronated or normal foot mobility group. Dynamic plantar contact area was collected during walking with a pressure sensor platform. The 12 measures were entered into a stepwise regression analysis to determine the optimal set of measures associated with regional plantar surface area.A two variable model was found to describe the relationship between the foot measurements and forefoot plantar contact area (r(2)=0.79, p0.0001). A four variable model was found to describe the relationship between the foot measurements and midfoot plantar contact area (r(2)=0.85, p0.0001) in those individuals with a 1.26cm or greater change in midfoot width.The results indicate that clinicians can use a combination of simple, reliable and time efficient foot measures to explain 79% and 85% of the plantar surface area in the forefoot and midfoot, respectively.

Because of their professional activities, athletes use a personalized insole in order to get the best performance while practicing. To develop a personalized insole, athletes' gait must be measured first and then an efficient personalized insole can be developed based on the gathered information from the measurement results. Therefore, a reliable measurement of the gait is necessary. There has been extensive research conducted to measure people's gaits, but they usually need to be done in an equipped laboratory imposing artificial constraints, which causes, in most cases, to get non-realistic measurement results. The long purpose of this research is to create a shoe pad with embedded sensitive electronics that can be placed in a shoe to measure and store an athlete's gait information without imposing any artificial constraints to be used in designing an efficient personalized insole for the athlete. However, as the first step of the research, in this paper, an in-shoe insole consisting selective number of force sensitive resistors is introduced, developed, and validated under static condition. Choosing silicone as the material for the shoe pad and force sensors for data acquisition, a prototype shoe pad was to measure the weight distribution for the different sections of the foot. A computer program was developed to visually depict the force distribution of the foot. To validate the capability of the created insole in measuring the desired data, weight distribution of a healthy person with a normal foot force distribution was measured experimentally. Collected data from sensors embedded under selected areas, as the candidates of highest pressure bearing areas of foot sole, complies with the expectations as from the literature. This indicates that a viable shoe pad as described could indeed be made, and utilized to gather data from the person's gait usable in making an efficient personalized insole.

Several multi-segment foot models (MFMs) have been introduced for in vivo analyses of dynamic foot kinematics. However, the normal gait patterns of healthy children and adolescents remain uncharacterized. We sought to determine normal foot kinematics according to age in clinically normal female children and adolescents using a Foot 3D model.Fifty-eight girls (age 7-17 years) with normal function and without radiographic abnormalities were tested. Three representative strides from five separate trials were analyzed. Kinematic data of foot segment motion were tracked and evaluated using an MFM with a 15-marker set (Foot 3D model). As controls, 50 symptom-free female adults (20-35 years old) were analyzed.In the hindfoot kinematic analysis, plantar flexion motion in the pre-swing phase was significantly greater in girls aged 11 years or older than in girls aged11 years, thereby resulting in a larger sagittal range of motion. Coronal plane hindfoot motion exhibited pronation, whereas transverse plane hindfoot motion exhibited increased internal rotation in girls aged11 years. Hallux valgus angles increased significantly in girls aged 11 years or older. The foot progression angle showed mildly increased internal rotation in the loading response phase and the swing phase in girls aged11 years old.The patterns of inter-segment foot motion in girls aged 11 years or older showed low-arch kinematic characteristics, whereas those in girls aged 11 years or older were more similar to the patterns in young adult women.

Background The Footscan® platform system is one of the most commonly used clinical tools for the measurement of the foot pressure. The present study was designed to assess the repeatability of the system and identify the range of loading parameters observed in the normal foot. Methods Measurements were collected from 32 healthy participants, 15 females and 17 males, twice at an interval of 1 week. Peak pressure (PP), contact time (CT), contact area (CA), pressure-time integral (PTI), and maximum force (MaF) were recorded; these parameters were investigated in 10 areas of the foot: medial heel, lateral heel, midfoot, first to fifth metatarsals, hallux, and toes 2–5. The intra-session repeatability was evaluated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CVs) across the three repeated trials within the same session. The inter-session repeatability was assessed using the average of the three trials in each session to determine the ICCs and CVs. Results The ICCs showed moderate to good repeatability for every variable of interest, and the CVs were all

The management of neuromuscular foot deformities in children and adolescents must be individualized because of differences in etiology and pathomechanics. If conservative treatment fails or reaches a plateau early soft tissue procedures are recommended. Treatment should focus not only at correction of the deformity but also at reestablishment of muscular balance. Early postoperative mobilisation is usually possible provided adequate orthotic control is maintained. Regular clinical follow-ups help to minimize postoperative problems. The general aim should be an optimization of functions and only rarely to achieve a normal foot. The basic principles of management can be described as correction of deformity, stabilization of unstable joints and balance of muscle power.

The relapse rate after Ponseti method of correction has reduced in recent years which is attributable to the better appreciation of the need to achieve the correct degree of abduction. Ponseti recommended clinical ‘overcorrection’ of the foot to 700 of abduction. However, no scientific basis for this figure was found in literature. As the indications of Ponseti method extend to older children, we conducted a study to find out the amount of foot abduction to be achieved before applying a foot abduction brace in various age groups. The normal 197 feet of children up to eight years of age were considered for study. The measurements included foot–bimalleolar angle in neutral and maximum possible abduction, thigh foot angle and leg foot angle. The foot bimalleolar angle in neutral had a mean of 82.6 degrees and in maximum abduction a mean of 99.0 degrees. The mean leg foot angle was 66.4 degrees and the mean thigh foot angle was 60.5 degrees. It was found that these variables do not change with age. From the study we concluded that achieved abduction should be about 60–70 degrees before applying foot abduction brace in all children till age eight years with clubfeet treated with Ponseti technique, keeping the leg foot angle or the thigh foot angle as a guideline. This is against the common perception of keeping the abduction at 70 degrees for infants and reducing the abduction to 30 to 40 degrees for older children. Both the leg foot angle and thigh foot angles are reliable indicators of correction.

The medial longitudinal arch of the foot has clinical significance because it functions to absorb shocks to the feet and protect the feet from injury. The objective of this study was to look for a correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the medial longitudinal arch of the foot in children aged 5–6 years. Data were collected from 31 students of Khairunas Nurul Hayat Kindergarten, Surabaya, and a cross-sectional analytic observational study was undertaken using total sampling. BMI measurements were performed by weighing weight and height using a ruler The medial longitudinal angle was measured by using a footprint angle with a pegograph from Clarke. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis with SPSS. The data indicated that the participants’ weight was 16.42 ± 3.93 kg and their height was 109.16 ± 5.20 cm. The mean of BMI was 13.56 ± 2.29 with a distribution of 90.32% within normal BMI range, while the rest was not normal. The angle of the medial longitudin al arch was 15.32 ± 9.10°, with a distribution of 35.48% of students with flat feet and 64.52% with a normal foot arch. The result of a Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney comparative test for the flat-feet group and the normal group was p=0.951. The result of a Spearman’s correlation test for BMI and medial longitudinal arch was p=0.355. There was no difference in BMI between flat feet and normal feet; and there was no correlation between BMI and medial longitudinal arch. In the future, research could be carried out using a larger number of research subjects, because the results suggested that the bigger the participant’s BMI, the smaller their medial longitudinal arch

According to literature, little is known regarding the effects of orthotic management of flatfoot on kinetics of vertical jump.To compare the kinetic and temporal events of two-legged vertical jumping take-off from a force plate for heading a ball in normal and flexible flatfoot subjects with and without insole.A functional based interventional controlled study.Random sampling method was employed to draw a control group of 15 normal foot subjects to a group of 15 flatfoot subjects. A force platform was used to record kinetics of two-legged vertical jump shots.Results indicate that insole did not lead to a significant effect on kinetics regarding anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions (p0.05). Results of kinetics related to vertical direction for maximum force due to take-off and stance duration revealed significant differences between the normal and flexible flatfoot subjects without insole (p0.05) and no significant differences between the normal foot and flexible flatfoot subjects with insole adoption (p0.05).These results suggest that the use of an insole in the flexible flatfoot subjects led to improved stance time and decrease of magnitude of kinetics regarding vertical direction at take-off as the main feature of two-legged vertical jumping function.Adoption of the insole improved the design of the shoe-foot interface support for the flexible flatfoot athletes, enabling them to develop more effective take-off kinetics for vertical jumping in terms of ground reaction force and stance duration similar to that of normal foot subjects without insole.

With the aim of investigating the postural status of preschool children and the effectiveness of corrective exercises as part of guided activities in physical education preschool children performed a study on a sample of 60 children (39 girls and 21 boys), aged 6 years, from preschool institution 'Our Joy' in Kruševac in a period of one month. Postural status of the legs were assessed using the methods of Napoleon Volansky. According to them, there are three grades: 0, 1 and 2. The degree of foot arch descending properly estimated using plantogram (interpretation methods - Thomsen's). The results were extracted corresponding to the normal foot, and second degree descending properly. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the postural status of the legs and foot in children and determined that the program of corrective exercises in the guided physical activities has a positive effect on correcting these disturbances.

Introduction The flat foot (FF) is a very frequent reason for consultation in clinical posturology. The aim of FF management is to refocus the anteroposterior axis of the foot and to minimize the effects of pronation on stability. In this context, we hypothesized that biomechanical plantar stimuli such as “Internal Band” (BI®) could change knee flexion and postural control by correcting the FF. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects (33 ± 7 years) were evaluated in the Navicular drop test: 5 were classified as abnormal PP (NDTA) and 9 as normal foot (NDTN). Four conditions were compared: BI® 0 (Ctrl), 1 (BI1), 3 (BI3) and 6 mm (BI6). Knee flexion was measured with a smartphone (Goniometer pro®) and four variables were computed from the CoP displacements. Results A difference between conditions (ANOVA) was observed for three of the four variables computed: the LFS, the sagittal (Y) mean position of CoP and the variance of speed of CoP. Post-hoc tests showed a difference in BI 3 condition for all subjects, and in BI 3 and BI 6 for NDTA subjects. In addition, a change in knee flexion was observed between Ctrl and BI 1 conditions, and between BI 3 and BI 6 conditions. Conclusion Using BI® contributes to changing knee flexion and postural control in correcting the FF.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foot type and ankle joint fatigue levels on the trajectories of center of pressure and center of mass during a single-leg stance. The study subjects included 24 healthy women (normal foot group, n=10; pronated foot group, n=14). Ankle joint muscle fatigue was induced by using an isokinetic dynamometer, where the fatigue levels were measured on plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at angular velocities of 30°/s at 50% and 30% of the peak torque of ankle plan- tar flexion. Following assessments in the anteroposterior direction according to the level of fatigue, the pronated foot group showed decreased single-leg stance ability at 50% and 30% of the fatigue level. Moreover, the normal foot group showed better single- leg stance ability than the pronated foot group at 30% of the fatigue level. Following assessments in the mediolateral direction, we noted that the single-leg stance ability did not differ significantly according to the levels of fatigue or foot type. In conclusion, ankle plantar flexion at 50% and 30% of the peak torque reduced the ability of the pronated foot group to achieve a single leg stance in the anteroposterior direction. Moreover, the normal foot group showed better single-leg stance ability than the pronated foot group.

2016 ANDI ISTIMRAR RIDJAL Perbandingan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai Antara Normal Foot dan Flat Foot pada Atlet Basket (dibimbing oleh Atifa Darwis dan Bustaman Wahab) Kekuatan otot tungkai yang optimal dibutuhkan oleh atlet basket untuk bermain dengan prima dan memenangkan suatu pertandingan. Salah satu bagian yang paling penting dan mempengaruhi struktur muskuloskeletal dan biomekanik pada kaki adalah arkus pedis atau lengkung kaki. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara ketinggian arkus pedis dengan kekuatan otot tungkai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kekuatan otot tungkai antara normal foot dan flat foot pada atlet basket. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode cross sectional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 60 orang yang dibagi atas 30 orang kelompok normal foot dan 30 orang kelompok flat foot dengan usia 17-24 tahun. Variabel independen yang diukur adalah arkus pedis melalui wet footprint test. Variabel dependen yang diukur adalah kekuatan otot tungkai menggunakan leg dynamometer. Uji Spearman Correlation digunakan untuk analisis korelatif antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen. Uji Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk analisis komparatif antara dua kelompok variabel independen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara normal foot dan flat foot dengan kekuatan otot tungkai (p > 0,05) nilai p = 0,149 dan r = -0,2 (sangat lemah). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan kekuatan otot tungkai yang signifikan antara kelompok normal foot dan flat foot (p > 0,05) nilai p = 0,147. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran arkus pedis tidak efektif dalam melaporkan variabilitas kekuatan otot tungkai pada orang dewasa muda. ANDI ISTIMRAR RIDJAL The Comparison Leg Muscle Strength Between Normal Foot and Flat Foot in Basketball Athletes (supervised by Atifa Darwis and Bustaman Wahab) Optimal leg muscle strength needed by athletes to play basketball with excellence and won the match. One of the most important parts and affect the musculoskeletal structure and biomechanics of the foot is the arcus pedis or arch of the foot. Several studies show a significant correlation between the height of the arcus pedis with leg muscle strength. This study aimed to compare the leg muscle strength between the normal foot and flat foot on a basketball athlete. The method used cross sectional study. This study involved 60 male subjects divided to two groups. The first group was 30 persons with normal foot and the second group was 30 persons with flat foot, the age group 17-24 years. The independent variable measured arcus pedis by wet footprint test. The dependent variable measured leg muscle strength using a leg dynamometer. Spearman Correlation test used for correlative analysis between the dependent and independent variables. Mann-Whitney test used for comparative analysis between two groups of independent variable. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between the normal foot and flat foot with leg muscle strength (p > 0.05) p = 0.149 and r = 0.2 (very weak). There was no significant leg muscle strength difference between the normal foot and flat foot (p > 0.05) p = 0.147. In conclusion, the results indicated that the arcus pedis measurement is not effective in reporting the variability of leg muscle strength in young adults.

2016 NURFADILLAH DARWIS ???Perbandingan Agility antara Normal foot dan Flat foot pada Atlet Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Basket di Kota Makassar???(dibimbing oleh A. Besse Ahsaniyah dan Fitrah Nasaruddin) Agility adalah hal yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam permainan bola basket. Diperlukan tiga hal dalam agility yaitu keseimbangan, koordinasi gerak tubuh, dan kemampuan pergerakan kaki untuk menghindari lawan. Salah satu bagian yang paling penting dan mempengaruhi struktur muskuloskeletal dan biomekanik pada kaki adalah arkus pedis atau lengkung kaki. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan agility antara normal foot dan flat foot pada atlet Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Basket di Kota Makassar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode cross sectional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 60 orang yang dibagi atas 30 orang kelompok normal foot dan 30 orang kelompok flat foot dengan usia 17-24 tahun. Variabel independen yang diukur adalah arkus pedis melalui wet footprint test. Variabel dependen yang diukur adalah agility menggunakan Illinois run test. Uji Independent Sample T Test digunakan untuk analisis komparatif antara dua kelompok variabel independen.Uji Pearson Correlation digunakan untuk analisis korelatif antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan agility antara normal foot dan flat foot (p < 0,05) nilai p = 0,004. Skor agility kelompok normal foot (17,83??2,95) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan agility pada kelompok flat foot (19,97??2,57). Hasil korelasi positif yang signifikan juga diperoleh antara agility dengan arkus pedis (p = 0,004 ; r = 0,366). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran arkus pedis efektif dalam melaporkan variabilitas agility pada orang dewasa muda.

Objectives: To know the scientific evidence of the plantar pressure values set as "normal", and the amendments thereto in the most common diseases of the foot. The study of plantar pressures will take additional exploration, and will assist in the diagnosis of various diseases. Material and Method: Narrative review conducted through 76 references (8 books, 55 scientific articles, one dissertation and 3 websites.). Using keywords such as pressure plantar, cavus foot, flatfoot, claw toe ... etc, in different databases, PubMed being the most used. Results: plantar pressure data reflect the architecture of the foot, so as a rule, Cavus Foot has increased pressure on the forefoot by upright metatarsal, while the flat foot has higher pressure peaks in the midfoot flattening of the arch. Conditions of the metatarsal and digital deformities reflect higher pressure in the metatarsal area by overloading which are under the metatarsal. Pressures in the asymmetries reflect changes according to long leg and short leg, earning higher long leg plantar pressures in the forefoot. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm that the study of plantar pressures we will assist in diagnosis and treatment effective as each condition shows significant differences from the normal foot plantar pressure. Objetivos: Conocer la evidencia científica de los valores de presión plantar establecidos como “normales”, así como la modificación de éstas en las patologías más frecuentes del pie. El estudio de las presiones plantares se realizará complementario a la exploración, y servirá de ayuda para el diagnóstico de diversas patologías. Material y Métodos: Revisión narrativa realizada a través de 76 referencias (8 libros, 55 artículos científicos, 1 tesis doctoral y 3 páginas de internet.). Usando palabras clave como pressure plantar, cavus foot, flatfoot, claw toe... etc, en distintas bases de datos, siendo PubMed la más usada. Resultados: Los datos de presiones plantares reflejan la arquitectura del pie, por lo que, por regla general, el pie cavo posee mayores presiones en antepié por la verticalización de los metatarsianos, mientras que el pie plano tiene mayores picos de presión en mediopié por el aplanamiento del arco. Las afecciones del metatarso y las deformidades digitales reflejan mayor presión en la zona metatarsal por la sobrecarga a la que los metatarsianos se encuentran sometidos. Las presiones en las disimetrías reflejan variaciones según la pierna larga y la pierna corta, obteniendo mayores presiones plantares la pierna larga en el antepié. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos confirman que al realizar el estudio de presiones plantares nos servirá de ayuda para realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento eficaz, ya que cada patología muestra diferencias significativas respecto a la presión plantar del pie normal.

The purpose of this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch height during walking. We selected 9 young and healthy people who have been normal foot. And we selected 7 young and healthy people who have been flatfoot. So, people were divided into 2 groups and walked platform during 2 minutes twice for checked by 3D motion analysis. These data were characterized by EMG measurements of three muscles( tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius) while they were walking. The collected data were analyzed by Independent t test using the SPSS statistics program(Ver 12.0). In foot arch change, there were no significant difference in three muscles 3D motion analysis also found that there were no significant difference in joint angles. In this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch, but there were no significant difference in 6 muscles neither joint angles.

Inquire into normal foot and the foot bottom of the flatfoot pressure difference to provide a reference. Carring on footprint diagraph to 206 volunteers, is divided into normal foot according to the foot bow blank width in the footprint 157, 49 flatfoots.Adopt foot bottom pressure's distributing to test system is checked the foot bottom pressure to carry on diagraph to 2 sets.Measure medium be checked request to take off shoes and socks to tread Tai to walk as usual, take three average value, dynamic state's recording 2 sets is checked foot bottom pressure.As usual fully the contact area of heel and front forefootis bigger than flatfoot, p

Background Ultrasonographic evaluation of clubfoot is an objective method of severity assessment. The objective of this article is to assess the reliability of clubfoot severity assessment by sonographic evaluation of talonavicular angle (TNA) and the reliability of assessing change in angle on simulated Ponseti manipulation. Materials and methods Twenty-six infants with unilateral idiopathic clubfoot, treated by serial manipulation and casting by Ponseti technique, were prospectively evaluated by clinical scoring (Dimeglio and Pirani scores) and sonographic measurements of TNA at the start of treatment, after midfoot correction and after complete correction achieved. The TNA and the change in TNA on simulated Ponseti manipulation were noted. Total number of POP casts required to achieve final correction were noted; and correlated with change in TNA on attempted Ponseti manipulation. Results Mean TNA in clubfoot (66.46°) in static position was significantly different from that of contralateral normal foot (101.3°). Mean change in TNA on simulated Ponseti manipulation was 22.54° (5-50°) and it showed negative correlation with clinical scores and total number of casts required for final correction (p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that the change in TNA on simulated Ponseti manipulation was the best predictor of treatment outcome in congenital talips equinovarus (CTEV) (with predictability of 60% compared to 19 and 25% of Dimeglio score and Pirani score respectively). Conclusion Sonographic evaluation of TNA and change in TNA on simulated Ponseti manipulation can better assess the severity of clubfoot in infants. This objective method of assessment is less expensive, clinically applicable reproducible and it can better predict the treatment outcome. How to cite this article Gupta N, Sudesh P, Prakash M, Tripathy SK, Dhillon MS. Is Sonographic Calculation of Talonavicular Angle During Ponseti Correction of Clubfoot a Reliable Prognostic Indicator? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(4):190-195.

Our aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of three different modalities for testing sensory neuropathy in diabetic patients with and without diabetic foot problems. The three devices used included the pin-prick testing using the Neurotip® (PPT), the Semmes-Weinstein 5.07/10 g monofilament testing (SWMT), and the rapid-current perception threshold (R-CPT) measurements using the Neurometer® testing. Our study population consisted of 54 patients (108 feet) with diabetic foot problems treated at the National University Hospital in Singapore by our multi-disciplinary diabetic foot care team. Our results showed no difference in sensory neuropathy detected by PPT and 5.07/10 g SWMT in both the pathological and normal foot. In the pathological foot, there was significant increase in sensory neuropathy detected by the Neurometer® device at both the big toe and ankle sites as compared to PPT and 5.07/10 g SWMT. In the normal foot, there was a significant increase in sensory neuropathy detected by the Neurometer® device at the big toe site only as compared to PPT and 5.07/10 g SWMT. Finally, the Neurometer® measurements detected a statistically higher proportion of feet with sensory neuropathy as compared to detection by the PPTor 5.07/ 10 g SWMT. Keywords: diabetic foot; neuropathy; neurometer; Semmes-monofilament; ulcers(Published: 16 June 2011)Citation: Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2011, 2: 6367 - DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v2i0.6367

This study aimed to find the correlation between conventional Arch Index (AI) measurements and our prototype of a simplified insole-based plantar pressure measurement system and to find out the effective plantar pressure sensor position. Twenty-one subjects participated in this study, which was divided into two groups: 10 subjects with flatfoot and 11 subjects with normal foot. Five force sensitive resistance sensors were used on this prototype using Arduino as the data acquisition device. Two types of trials, namely static and dynamic, were conducted to validate our system against the ink-type AI measurement as a golden standard. The results showed that in the static trial, there was a high linear correlation with the medial arch sensor configuration, while in the dynamic trial, there was a high linear correlation in the medial arch sensor configuration and sensor 5 configuration. This study showed that both static and dynamic tests using the self-developed device could effectively determine most of the flatfoot subjects and suggests that in the future, it can be applied in clinical applications because of its advantages when compared to the expensive-high tech graphic input board and conventional tools, like ink-type based measurements.

Summary The angiographic features of the metacarpus, phalanges and foot of 20 donkeys was studied. The normal foot was characterized by complete filling of the terminal arch which gave off 12–14 main branches between 0.05 and 0.1 cm in diameter, forming an asymmetrical net-like pattern in the foot corium and numerous fine vessels in the corium of the coronary band and digital cushion. The feet affected with subacute laminitis showed arterial beading with irregular foot vascularity. The terminal arch consisted of 18 constricted branches. Collateral circulation, which was sufficient to maintain the viability of the foot, was observed in one case of bilateral obstruction of the digital arteries. Zusammenfassung Angiographische Darstellung von Metacarpus, Phalangen und Huf beim Esel Das angiographische Bild von Metacarpus, Phalangen und Huf von 20 Eseln wurde ausgewertet. Der gesunde Fus ist charakterisiert durch eine vollstandige Fullung des Arcus terminalis, aus dem 12 bis 14 Seitenaste mit einem Durchmesser zwischen 0,5 und 1 mm abzweigen. Diese bilden in der Lederhaut des Hufes ein asymmetrisches netzahnliches Muster sowie zahlreiche feine Gefase in der Kronlederhaut und im Ballenpolster. In Hufen mit subakuter Rehe wiesen die Arterien perlartige Erweiterungen auf und die Vaskularisierung war unregelmasig. Der Arcus terminalis bestand aus 18 verengten Gefasasten. Kollaterale Gefase, die zur Erhaltung der Lebensfahigkeit des Hufes ausreichten, wurden in einem Fall mit bilateraler Obstruktion der Digitalarterien festgestellt. Resume Representation angiographique du metacarpe, des phalanges et du sabot chez l'âne La representation angiographique du metacarpe, des phalanges et du sabot de 20 ânes a ete interpretee. Le pied sain est caracterise par un remplissage complet d'Arcus terminalis, a partir duquel se divisent 12 a 14 branches laterales d'un diametre de 0,5 a 1 mm. Ces branches forment une sorte de filet asymetrique dans le chorion et de nombreux vaisseaux fins dans le bourrelet principal et dans les coussinets. Dans les sabots presentant une fourbure subaigue, les arteres presentaient des elargissements en forme de perles et la vascularisation etait irregulieres. L'Arcus terminalis etait forme de 18 branches vasculaires retrecies. Les vaisseaux collateraux qui permettent le maintien en vie du sabot ont ete fixes dans un cas avec une obstruction bilaterale des arteres digitales. Resumen La representacion angiografica del metacarpo, falanges y casco en el asno Se evaluan las imagenes angiograficas del metacarpo, falanges y cascos de 20 asnos. El pie normal se halla caracterizado por la henchidura completa del arco terminal, del cual emanan desde 12 hasta 14 ramas laterales con un diametro comprendido entre 0,5 y 1 mm. Estas forman en el corion del casco un modelo asimetrico plexiforme asi como numerosos vasos finos en el rodete perioplico y en la almohadilla plantar. En los cascos con pododermatitis subaguda, las arterias presentaron dilataciones en forma de perlas y la vascularizacion era irregular. El arco terminal estaba formado por 18 ramas vasculares estrechadas. Circulacion colateral, la cual era suficiente para mantener la viabilidad del pie, se observo en un caso con obstruccion bilateral de las arterias digitales.

There is a range of normal development in the shape of children's feet and legs, as well as their pattern of walking. Deviations from parents' expectations of normal foot or leg shape or function are frequent triggers for medical consultation. These consultations require a clinical assessment with an awareness of the common variations of normal development and the less common but important pathologies such as rickets and neuromuscular diseases.

In horses with chronic laminitis, an abnormal horn structure called the lamellar wedge develops within the lamellar region of the foot. This pathologic structure adversely affects normal foot function, and influences return to previous performance levels. Understanding the pathologic process that leads to the development of this structure is essential for correct supportive foot management of the horse with chronic laminitis. The ability to prevent or reduce the formation of the lamellar wedge may eventually lead to better outcomes in cases of laminitis.

The purpose of this study was to determine if foot type (flat or normal) resulted in loading differences during four sport-specific tasks (cross-cut, side-cut, shuttle run, and landing from a simulated lay-up). Twenty-two healthy subjects (12 normal feet and 10 flat feet) completed five trials in each condition, while in-shoe pressure data was collected at 50 Hz. Contact area, maximum force, and the force time integral were analyzed under the entire foot and in eight-foot regions. Foot type was determined by examining navicular height, arch angle, rearfoot angle, and a clinical score. A series of independent sample t-tests were used to determine statistical differences (alpha

Traumatic, degenerative and rheumatological injuries of the foot are common and can be managed by an ever increasing number of treatments and surgical interventions. High-frequency sonography is inexpensive, portable and is unique in allowing true dynamic assessment of the ligamentous, muscular and tendinous structures. The ultrasound technique demonstrates a steep learning curve and requires detailed knowledge of the foot anatomy. Ultrasound assessment plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of injuries of these structures by guiding rehabilitation and surgical intervention without delay. However, intimate knowledge of the ultrasound appearances of the foot anatomy and normal variants is paramount to correctly identify pathological conditions. We describe the normal sonographic appearances of the foot musculoskeletal structures with MR correlation including joints and their ligaments, dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot, and the arches of the foot and their supporting structures.

A doppler ultrasound study investigated vascularity in congenital idiopathic clubfeet (talipes equinovarus, (TEV) pretreated only by casting and physiotherapy. The studies were performed on 40 TEV (27 patients) aged 4-72 months (average 15.1). In 12 unilateral cases of TEV, the opposite normal foot and 74 normal feet of 37 healthy children aged 3-35 months (average 8.7) were used as controls. Dorsalis pedis (DP), posterior tibial (PT), and peroneal (P) pulses were recorded by an unidirectional 8 MHZ continuous wave technique. At rest, DP pulses and PT pulses were present in all investigated TEVs. P pulse was absent in only one case of TEV. In the group of controls DP pulse was absent in one case and P pulse was absent in an other case of normal foot with contralateral TEV. All the other pulses in normal feet were present at physiological location. We propose that a vascular etiology for the origin of congenital idiopathic clubfoot, as reported in literature, is unlikely. The influence of postnatal casting in TEV on the vascular arterial condition is slight or even absent. Doppler assessment is readily available, noninvasive, and a reproducible mean of monitoring vascular integrity in clubfeet. Relating to vascular complications after surgery, perhaps caused by a preextant arterial anomaly, doppler assessment is indicated routinely in syndromes of multiple malformations with clubfoot deformity before surgical treatment. In congenital idiopathic clubfeet it is not necessary as a routine check.

Motion of a reduced quantity has been referred to as 'equinus' and the widely accepted theory is that when equinus is present, an abnormal foot function occurs. For normal foot function and human ambulation the amount of ankle joint dorsiflexion required is claimed to be 10 degrees. The main purpose of this study was to determine and investigate this arbitrary figure of 10 degrees. Fourteen normal adult subjects with a normal range of motion at the ankle joint and no known gait abnormalities took part in the study. Predetermined suitable anatomical landmarks were marked by reflective skin markers. Data was collected at a frequency of 120Hz using a three-dimensional opto electronic motion analysis system and the three-dimensional co-ordinates were smoothed using a Butterworth filter (Fc = 7Hz) and analysed. All foot angles were expressed relative to the sub talar neutral position and were expressed as joint co-ordinate system (JCS) angles. Results indicated a ankle joint dorsiflexion value of between 12 and 22 degrees with a wide variation between subjects (Coefficient of Multiple correlation (CMC) values 0.723–0.992). The results appear to show ankle joint dorsiflexion in normal subjects is greater than the value traditionally espoused by clinicians for walking. This is as a result of the anatomical basis on which measurements are currently made. Although, this may have clinical implications in terms of orthotic prescriptions, more research is needed to determine the effect of terrain, footwear and muscle length on the measurements.

[Purpose] Walking with the feet turned inward or outward often causes issues for the people with these walking patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of in-toeing and out-toeing on maximum force and the center of pressure (COP) trajectory length during stair walking. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 30 female university students without orthopedic diseases of the foot. The foot angle was divided into three types: in-toeing, normal, and out-toeing. A plantar pressure measurement instrument was used, and the maximum force was obtained by dividing the foot into six regions covering the anterior medial-lateral, middle medial-lateral, and posterior medial-lateral regions. The COP trajectory length was statistically calculated by measuring the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and total travel distances. [Results] During stair climbing, the maximum force was significantly different in the anterior lateral region. During stair descending, the maximum force was significantly different in the anterior lateral, middle medial, middle lateral, posterior medial, and posterior lateral regions. The COP trajectory length showed a statistically significant difference in the medio-lateral travel distance. [Conclusion] Walking with abnormal foot angles causes deformed foot structures and can result in musculoskeletal disabilities in the long term. Therefore, therapeutic intervention is required to maintain normal foot angles.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine differences in the muscle tone and stiffness of leg muscles according to types of flexible flat foot. [Subjects and Methods] For 30 subjects 10 in a normal foot group (NFG), 10 in group with both flexible flat feet (BFFG), and 10 in a group with flexible flat feet on one side (OFFG), myotonometry was used to measure the muscle tone and stiffness of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), the rectus femoris muscle (RF), the medial gastrocnemius (MG), and the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (BF) of both lower extremities. [Results] In the measurement results, only the stiffness of TA and MG of the NFG and the BFFG showed significant differences. The muscle tone and stiffness were highest in the BFFG, followed by the OFFG and NFG, although the difference was insignificant. In the case of the OFFG, there was no significant difference in muscle tone and stiffness compared to that in the NGF and the BFFG. Furthermore, in the NFG, the non-dominant leg showed greater muscle tone and stiffness than the dominant leg, although the difference was insignificant. [Conclusion] During the relax condition, the flexible flat foot generally showed a greater muscle tone and stiffness of both lower extremities compared to the normal foot. The stiffness was particularly higher in the TA and MG muscles. Therefore, the muscle tone and stiffness of the lower extremity muscles must be considered in the treatment of flat foot.

Human foot plays vital role in our body movement. The peak pressure measurement of plantar surface of human foot is very important for diagnosis of diseases and in research field for biomedical engineers. Depending on footprint image parameters like A intercept, B intercept, Footprint Index(FPI) and Footprint Geometry Index(FGI), Human foot can be classified in Flat Foot, Normal Foot and High arch Foot. Hence using this result further diagnosis and treatment is possible for that individual patient gives in an efficient way. These results are helpful for gait analysis and in sports biomechanics.

Foot inversion was the most common injury of lower limb injury, it seriously affected the foot balance and posture control during standing and walking. The purpose of this study was to describe the rationality of biomechanical modeling for foot inversion. Plantar pressure measurements and foot roentgenogram had been reported. However, direct measurement of the internal tissues stress was difficult. A three-dimensional finite element model of foot inversion was developed to investigate the region of foot inversion injury. Compared with normal foot, the results showed that subtalar joint region was mainly weight-bearing region. Peak von Mises stress of the internal bones was transferred to the lateral longitudinal arch. The simulation in this study would provide the suggestion of therapeutic planning to foot inversion.

1. A field experiment was conducted to identify the macroscopic and histological changes associated with the development of foot pad dermatitis (FPD) in growing turkeys. Two affected and two unaffected turkeys were sampled weekly from 1 to 8 and at 10 and 21 weeks of age. 2. At one week old, birds with external signs of FPD (surface skin discolouration) showed abnormal cellular changes of the foot pad integument. As the flock aged the reactions intensified, with one sample exhibiting a fully developed macroscopic lesion at 3 weeks. 3. Major pathological changes had occurred by 6 weeks and all turkeys with external signs of lesions had fully developed microscopic inflammatory cellular lesions. From 6 weeks of age onwards lesions were increasingly numerous and became more overtly necrotic. 4. Externally normal foot pads showed microscopic evidence of lesions after the turkeys reached 4 weeks. 5. We conclude that FPD lesions become severe over a short period of time and at a very early age.

Footprint evaluation is a widely used method for the determination of foot morphology, but its efficacy and validity are considered controversial. Dynamic footprints were obtained from both feet of 5,866 school-aged children (6-17 years old) to detect any foot changes during growth. The interpretation of the imprint was performed using a classification scheme consisting of 6 types of footprints. In this scheme, footprint types I and II represent the typical and intermediate high-arched foot, respectively. Types III and IV represent normal foot variants, while type V corresponds to the low-arched foot and type VI to the severe flat foot, the latter often encountered in pathological conditions. There was statistically significant difference (P.05) in footprint-type frequencies between boys and girls of ages 7, 9, 11, 14, and 15, which probably indicates the difference in growth potential of the foot between sexes. The proportion of high- and low-arched foot types decreased with increasing age in both boys and girls. Even though critical changes of the foot are believed to occur during pre-school development, this study shows that considerable changes also take place during school age and until late adolescence.

In this study using two-dimensional system of the analysis of image, when normal males in their twenties who have normal foot and step with heel first are walking and running, they who are wearing running shoes or barefoot are testing and comparing the exchange factors of heel control. There are following results of this test by verifying them with T-Test. 1) When they are running, there are two big different gap which is between barefoot and wearing the running shoes. The former is and the latter is . But it is not statistically significant. The angle of first step with heel is with barefoot and with wearing the running shoes. In this case, it is statistically significant(p between barefoot and wearing the running shoes. The former is and the latter is . It is not statistically significant. The angle of minimal step with heel is with barefoot and with wearing the running shoes. In this case, it is statistically significant(p between barefoot and wearing the running shoes. The former is and the latter is . It is not statistically significant. The angle of first step with heel is with barefoot and with wearing the running shoes. It is not statistically significant. 4) In the angle of the take-off of Achilles` tendon, when they are walking, the angle of the take-off of Achilles` tendon has different gap which is between barefoot and wearing the running shoes. The former is and the latter is . It is statistically significant(p with barefoot and with wearing the running shoes. It is statistically significant(p

This study was conducted to determine what effects would the midsole hardness of running shoes have on shoe flex angle and maximum propulsive force. Furthermore, the relationship between the shoes flex angle and maximum propulsive force was elucidated in order to provide basic data for developing running shoes to improve sports performances and prevent injuries. The subjects employed in the study were 10 college students majoring in physical education who did not have lower limbs injuries for the last one year and whose running pattern was rearfoot strike pattern of normal foot. The shoes used in this study had 3different hardness, shore A 40(soft), 50(medium) and 60(hard). The subjects were asked to run at a speed of , and their movements were videotaped with 2 S-VHS video-cameras and measured with a force platform. And the following results were obtained after analyzing and comparing the variables. 1. Although the minimum angle of shoes flex angle was estimated to appear at SFA4, it appeared at SFA2 except in those shoes with the hardness of 40. 2. The minimum angle of shoes flex angle was with barefoot. Among the shoes with different hardness, it was the smallest when the hardness was 50 at . The time to the minimum angle was 70.7% of the total ground contact time. 3. Maximum propulsive force according to midsole hardness was the largest when the hardness was 50 at . There was a low correlation between maximum propulsive force and shoes flex angle.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can clearly visualize both the ossification centers and surrounding cartilage of growing bones and enable a three-dimensional analysis of their positional relationships by using overlapping images. The calcaneal position was evaluated based on five newly proposed parameters of magnetic resonance images in 30 clubfeet of 18 infants with the bimalleolar and lower leg axes as reference lines. Sixteen unaffected feet in the unilateral cases were analyzed as normal feet. MRI showed that the calcaneus in clubfoot rotated internally, medially and posteriorly with reference to the bimallelar axis and that it took an equinus and a varus position with reference to the lower leg axis as compared with the normal foot. These five parameters and their normal values on the calcaneal position should be useful for the evaluation of infantile clubfeet.